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Wang X, Hua X, Zhang H, Wu L, Yuan C, Liu Z, Zhang HL, Shao X. Transforming Hetera-Buckybowls into Chiral Conjugated Polycycles Incorporating Epoxycyclooctadiene: a Two-Step Approach. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202303085. [PMID: 37877318 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Chiral π-conjugated polycycles have garnered increasing attention due to versatile applications in optoelectronic materials and biological sciences. In this study, we report the synthesis of chiral π-conjugated polycycles incorporating a chiral epoxycyclooctadiene moiety. Our synthetic strategy capitalizes on the novel reactions of hetera-buckybowl triselenasumanene (TSS) and is achieved in two-step manner. Firstly, the TSS is regio-selectively transformed into its ortho-quinone form. Subsequently, the nucleophilic addition reactions of TSS ortho-quinone by phenylethynides are metal ion-dependent. When utilizing (phenylethynyl)magnesium bromide as the nucleophile, two phenylethynyls are furnished onto the edged benzene ring of TSS. When the nucleophile is (phenylethynyl)lithium, a cascade of nucleophilic addition, intermolecular electron-transfer, ring-opening, and tetradehydro-Diels-Alder (TDDA) reactions occur sequentially in one-pot, ultimately affording chiral π-conjugated polycycles featuring the epoxycyclooctadiene moiety as an integral part of their backbones. This work represents a step forward in the synthesis of chiral π-conjugated polycycles using TSS as synthon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Research Centre for Free Radical Chemistry of Lanzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Southern Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xinqiang Hua
- Research Centre for Free Radical Chemistry of Lanzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Southern Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Haomin Zhang
- Research Centre for Free Radical Chemistry of Lanzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Southern Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Lingxi Wu
- Research Centre for Free Radical Chemistry of Lanzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Southern Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Chengshan Yuan
- Research Centre for Free Radical Chemistry of Lanzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Southern Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zitong Liu
- Research Centre for Free Radical Chemistry of Lanzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Southern Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Hao-Li Zhang
- Research Centre for Free Radical Chemistry of Lanzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Southern Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiangfeng Shao
- Research Centre for Free Radical Chemistry of Lanzhou University, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Southern Road 222, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
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Upshur MA, Bé AG, Luo J, Varelas JG, Geiger FM, Thomson RJ. Organic synthesis in the study of terpene-derived oxidation products in the atmosphere. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:890-921. [PMID: 36938683 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00064d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 1997 up to 2022Volatile biogenic terpenes involved in the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles participate in rich atmospheric chemistry that impacts numerous aspects of the earth's complex climate system. Despite the importance of these species, understanding their fate in the atmosphere and determining their atmospherically-relevant properties has been limited by the availability of authentic standards and probe molecules. Advances in synthetic organic chemistry directly aimed at answering these questions have, however, led to exciting discoveries at the interface of chemistry and atmospheric science. Herein we provide a review of the literature regarding the synthesis of commercially unavailable authentic standards used to analyze the composition, properties, and mechanisms of SOA particles in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Alice Upshur
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Ariana Gray Bé
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Jingyi Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Jonathan G Varelas
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Franz M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Regan J Thomson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Muniappan Thirumalaikumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Pennalur, Tamil Nadu, India
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4
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Shen S, Doubleday PF, Weerawarna PM, Zhu W, Kelleher NL, Silverman RB. Mechanism-Based Design of 3-Amino-4-Halocyclopentenecarboxylic Acids as Inactivators of GABA Aminotransferase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1949-1955. [PMID: 33062178 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminotransferases are pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes that catalyze reversible transamination reactions between an amino acid and an α-keto acid, playing a critical role in cellular nitrogen metabolism. It is evident that γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT), which balances the levels of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for epilepsy and cocaine addiction based on mechanism-based inactivators (MBIs). In this work, we established an integrated approach using computational simulation, organic synthesis, biochemical evaluation, and mass spectrometry to facilitate our design and mechanistic studies of MBIs, which led to the identification of a new cyclopentene-based analogue (6a), 25-times more efficient as an inactivator of GABA-AT compared to the parent compound (1R,3S,4S)-3-amino-4-fluorocyclopentane carboxylic acid (FCP, 4).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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5
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Shi X, Qiu X, Cheng Z, Chen Q, Rudich Y, Zhu T. Isomeric Identification of Particle-Phase Organic Nitrates through Gas Chromatography and Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Coupled with an Electron Capture Negative Ionization Source. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:707-713. [PMID: 31865702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic nitrates (ONs) are an important component of secondary organic aerosols that play significant roles in atmospheric chemical processes such as ozone formation and as a reservoir of nitrogen oxides (NOx). However, hindered by the availability of analytical techniques, characteristics of ON molecules remain unclear in regions influenced by anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and pollution. In this study, we achieved isomeric identification of particle-phase ONs in such regions. Using gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry with an electron capture negative ionization source, we established a systematic procedure for screening unknown ONs in fine particulate matter (PM) collected in Beijing based primarily on the characteristic fragment ions of NO2- and [M-NO2]-/[M-NO2-H2]-. We found 78 ON candidates, 12 of which were confirmed using synthesized standards. Seventy-three of these detected ONs might originate from anthropogenic VOC precursors especially alkenes. Significantly, we observed two isomers generated from straight-chain 1-alkenes, namely, 2-hydroxy-1-nitrate and 1-hydroxy-2-nitrate. The signal ratios of the two isomers suggested that these hydroxy nitrates are mainly produced photochemically rather than through nighttime reactions. This study provides a promising method for identifying ONs in atmospheric PM and elucidating their formation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P.R. China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P.R. China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P.R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P.R. China
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P.R. China
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6
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Vander Wall AC, Perraud V, Wingen LM, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Evidence for a kinetically controlled burying mechanism for growth of high viscosity secondary organic aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:66-83. [PMID: 31670732 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00379g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles are ubiquitous in air and understanding the mechanism by which they grow is critical for predicting their effects on visibility and climate. The uptake of three organic nitrates into semi-solid SOA particles formed by α-pinene ozonolysis either with or without an OH scavenger was investigated. Four types of experiments are presented here. In Series A, uptake of the selected organic nitrates (2-ethylhexyl nitrate (2EHN); β-hydroxypropyl nitrate (HPN); β-hydroxyhexyl nitrate (HHN)) into impacted SOA particles was interrogated by attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-FTIR. In this case, equilibrium was reached and partition coefficients (KSOA = [-ONO2]SOA/[-ONO2]air) were measured to be K2EHN = (3.2-11) × 104, KHPN = (4.4-5.4) × 105, and KHHN = (4.9-9.0) × 106. In Series B, SOA particles were exposed on-the-fly to gas phase organic nitrates for comparison to Series A, and uptake of organic nitrates was quantified by HR-ToF-AMS analysis, which yielded similar results. In Series C (AMS) and D (ATR-FTIR), each organic nitrate was incorporated into the SOA as the particles formed and grew. The incorporation of the RONO2 was much larger in Series C and D (during growth), exceeding equilibrium values determined in Series A and B (after growth). This suggests that enhanced uptake of organic nitrates during SOA formation and growth is due to a kinetically controlled "burying" mechanism, rather than equilibrium partitioning. This has important implications for understanding SOA formation and growth under conditions where the particles are semi-solid, which is central to accurately predicting properties for such SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Lisa M Wingen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
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7
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Vander Wall AC, Lakey PSJ, Rossich Molina E, Perraud V, Wingen LM, Xu J, Soulsby D, Gerber RB, Shiraiwa M, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Understanding interactions of organic nitrates with the surface and bulk of organic films: implications for particle growth in the atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1593-1610. [PMID: 30382275 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00348c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding impacts of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in air requires a molecular-level understanding of particle growth via interactions between gases and particle surfaces. The interactions of three gaseous organic nitrates with selected organic substrates were measured at 296 K using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The organic substrates included a long chain alkane (triacontane, TC), a keto-acid (pinonic acid, PA), an amorphous ester oligomer (poly(ethylene adipate) di-hydroxy terminated, PEA), and laboratory-generated SOA from α-pinene ozonolysis. There was no uptake of the organic nitrates on the non-polar TC substrate, but significant uptake occurred on PEA, PA, and α-pinene SOA. Net uptake coefficients (γ) at the shortest reaction times accessible in these experiments ranged from 3 × 10-4 to 9 × 10-6 and partition coefficients (K) from 1 × 107 to 9 × 104. Trends in γ did not quantitatively follow trends in K, suggesting that the intermolecular forces involved in gas-surface interactions are not the same as those in the bulk, which is supported by theoretical calculations. Kinetic modeling showed that nitrates diffused throughout the organic films over several minutes, and that the bulk diffusion coefficients evolved as uptake/desorption occurred. A plasticizing effect occurred upon incorporation of the organic nitrates, whereas desorption caused decreases in diffusion coefficients in the upper layers, suggesting a crusting effect. Accurate predictions of particle growth in the atmosphere will require knowledge of uptake coefficients, which are likely to be several orders of magnitude less than one, and of the intermolecular interactions of gases with particle surfaces as well as with the particle bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Vander Wall
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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8
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Ng NL, Brown SS, Archibald AT, Atlas E, Cohen RC, Crowley JN, Day DA, Donahue NM, Fry JL, Fuchs H, Griffin RJ, Guzman MI, Herrmann H, Hodzic A, Iinuma Y, Jimenez JL, Kiendler-Scharr A, Lee BH, Luecken DJ, Mao J, McLaren R, Mutzel A, Osthoff HD, Ouyang B, Picquet-Varrault B, Platt U, Pye HOT, Rudich Y, Schwantes RH, Shiraiwa M, Stutz J, Thornton JA, Tilgner A, Williams BJ, Zaveri RA. Nitrate radicals and biogenic volatile organic compounds: oxidation, mechanisms, and organic aerosol. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:2103-2162. [PMID: 30147712 PMCID: PMC6104845 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-2103-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) by the nitrate radical (NO3) represents one of the important interactions between anthropogenic emissions related to combustion and natural emissions from the biosphere. This interaction has been recognized for more than 3 decades, during which time a large body of research has emerged from laboratory, field, and modeling studies. NO3-BVOC reactions influence air quality, climate and visibility through regional and global budgets for reactive nitrogen (particularly organic nitrates), ozone, and organic aerosol. Despite its long history of research and the significance of this topic in atmospheric chemistry, a number of important uncertainties remain. These include an incomplete understanding of the rates, mechanisms, and organic aerosol yields for NO3-BVOC reactions, lack of constraints on the role of heterogeneous oxidative processes associated with the NO3 radical, the difficulty of characterizing the spatial distributions of BVOC and NO3 within the poorly mixed nocturnal atmosphere, and the challenge of constructing appropriate boundary layer schemes and non-photochemical mechanisms for use in state-of-the-art chemical transport and chemistry-climate models. This review is the result of a workshop of the same title held at the Georgia Institute of Technology in June 2015. The first half of the review summarizes the current literature on NO3-BVOC chemistry, with a particular focus on recent advances in instrumentation and models, and in organic nitrate and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation chemistry. Building on this current understanding, the second half of the review outlines impacts of NO3-BVOC chemistry on air quality and climate, and suggests critical research needs to better constrain this interaction to improve the predictive capabilities of atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Elliot Atlas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, RSMAS, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John N. Crowley
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Douglas A. Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juliane L. Fry
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung: Troposphäre (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Robert J. Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alma Hodzic
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - José L. Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
- Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung: Troposphäre (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ben H. Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah J. Luecken
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jingqiu Mao
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Robert McLaren
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anke Mutzel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans D. Osthoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bin Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benedicte Picquet-Varrault
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systemes Atmospheriques (LISA), CNRS, Universities of Paris-Est Créteil and ì Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Ulrich Platt
- Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rebecca H. Schwantes
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joel A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brent J. Williams
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rahul A. Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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Kleinpeter E, Krüger S, Koch A. Anisotropy Effect of Three-Membered Rings in 1H NMR Spectra: Quantification by TSNMRS and Assignment of the Stereochemistry. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:4268-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erich Kleinpeter
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam (Golm), Germany
| | - Stefanie Krüger
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam (Golm), Germany
| | - Andreas Koch
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam (Golm), Germany
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10
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Lee L, Teng AP, Wennberg PO, Crounse JD, Cohen RC. On rates and mechanisms of OH and O3 reactions with isoprene-derived hydroxy nitrates. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:1622-37. [PMID: 24555928 DOI: 10.1021/jp4107603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Eight distinct hydroxy nitrates are stable products of the first step in the atmospheric oxidation of isoprene by OH. The subsequent chemical fate of these molecules affects global and regional production of ozone and aerosol as well as the location of nitrogen deposition. We synthesized and purified 3 of the 8 isoprene hydroxy nitrate isomers: (E/Z)-2-methyl-4-nitrooxybut-2-ene-1-ol and 3-methyl-2-nitrooxybut-3-ene-1-ol. Oxidation of these molecules by OH and ozone was studied using both chemical ionization mass spectrometry and thermo-dissociation laser induced fluorescence. The OH reaction rate constants at 300 K measured relative to propene at 745 Torr are (1.1 ± 0.2) × 10(-10) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for both the E and Z isomers and (4.2 ± 0.7) × 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for the third isomer. The ozone reaction rate constants for (E/Z)-2-methyl-4-nitrooxybut-2-ene-1-ol are (2.7 ± 0.5) × 10(-17) and (2.9 ± 0.5) × 10(-17) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), respectively. 3-Methyl-2-nitrooxybut-3-ene-1-ol reacts with ozone very slowly, within the range of (2.5-5) × 10(-19) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). Reaction pathways, product yields, and implications for atmospheric chemistry are discussed. A condensed mechanism suitable for use in atmospheric chemistry models is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94709, United States
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11
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D'Accolti L, Annese C, Aresta A, Fusco C. Stereoselective Epoxidation of Cyclic Dienes and Trienes by Dioxiranes. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia D'Accolti
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università di Bari “A. Moro”; v. Orabona, 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Cosimo Annese
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università di Bari “A. Moro”; v. Orabona, 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Antonella Aresta
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università di Bari “A. Moro”; v. Orabona, 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Caterina Fusco
- CNR-ICCOM, Dipartimento di Chimica; Università di Bari; v. Orabona, 4 70126 Bari Italy
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12
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Abstract
In recent years, the chemical potential of bismuth and bismuth compounds has been actively exploited. Bismuth salts are known for their low toxicity, making them potential valuable reagents for large-scale synthesis, which becomes more obvious when dealing with products such as active pharmaceutical ingredients or synthetic intermediates. Conversely, bismuth compounds have been widely used in medicine. After extensive use in the treatments of syphilis and other bacterial infections before the advent of modern antibiotics, bismuth compounds remain important for the treatment of several gastrointestinal disorders and also exhibit antimicrobial properties and cytotoxic activity, among others. This review updates relevant advances in the past few years, concerning the application of bismuth reagents and catalysts in innovative synthetic processes for the preparation of compounds of medicinal interest, as well as the preparation, biological evaluation and potential medicinal uses of bismuth compounds.
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13
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Fan L, Zhang M, Zhang S. An efficient synthetic method for allyl-epoxides via allylation of α-haloketones or esters with allylmagnesium bromide. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3182-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob00051b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Çavdar H, Ekinci D, Talaz O, Saraçoğlu N, Şentürk M, Supuran CT. α-Carbonic anhydrases are sulfatases with cyclic diol monosulfate esters. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 27:148-54. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.629198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Çavdar
- Department of Elementary Education, Dumlupınar University,
Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Deniz Ekinci
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ondokuz Mayıs University,
Samsun, Turkey
| | - Oktay Talaz
- Department of Chemistry, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University,
Karaman, Turkey
| | | | - Murat Şentürk
- Department of Chemistry, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University,
Ağrı, Turkey
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Florence,
Sesto Fiorentino Firenz, Italy
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15
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Salvador JAR, Silvestre SM, Pinto RMA, Santos RC, Leroux C. New applications for bismuth(III) salts in organic synthesis: from bulk chemicals to steroid and terpene chemistry. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 311:143-77. [PMID: 21647840 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bismuth(III) salts are currently considered efficient and "ecofriendly" reagents and catalysts for the development of new applications in organic synthesis. The preparation of bismuth(III) triflate and its analogues is reviewed as well as some of their applications to the synthesis of bulk chemicals via electrophilic addition and cyclization reactions. The use of bismuth(III) salts in the development of new chemical processes involving steroids and terpenes as substrates is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A R Salvador
- Universidade de Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Bothwell JM, Krabbe SW, Mohan RS. Applications of bismuth(III) compounds in organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4649-707. [PMID: 21589974 DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00206b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review article summarizes the applications of bismuth(III) compounds in organic synthesis since 2002. Although there are an increasing number of reports on applications of bismuth(III) salts in polymerization reactions, and their importance is acknowledged, they are not included in this review. This review is largely organized by the reaction type although some reactions can clearly be placed in multiple sections. While every effort has been made to include all relevant reports in this field, any omission is inadvertent and we apologize in advance for the same (358 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Bothwell
- Laboratory for Environmentally Friendly Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL 61701, USA
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Ring opening of epoxides with NaHSO4: isolation of β-hydroxy sulfate esters and an effective synthesis for trans-diols. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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