1
|
Purification, characterization and tyrosinase inhibition activity of polysaccharides from chestnut (Castanea mollissima Bl.) kernel. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:309-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
2
|
Scott NE, Kinsella RL, Edwards AVG, Larsen MR, Dutta S, Saba J, Foster LJ, Feldman MF. Diversity within the O-linked protein glycosylation systems of acinetobacter species. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:2354-70. [PMID: 24917611 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.038315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii is a concern to health care systems worldwide because of its persistence in clinical settings and the growing frequency of multiple drug resistant infections. To combat this threat, it is necessary to understand factors associated with disease and environmental persistence of A. baumannii. Recently, it was shown that a single biosynthetic pathway was responsible for the generation of capsule polysaccharide and O-linked protein glycosylation. Because of the requirement of these carbohydrates for virulence and the non-template driven nature of glycan biogenesis we investigated the composition, diversity, and properties of the Acinetobacter glycoproteome. Utilizing global and targeted mass spectrometry methods, we examined 15 strains and found extensive glycan diversity in the O-linked glycoproteome of Acinetobacter. Comparison of the 26 glycoproteins identified revealed that different A. baumannii strains target similar protein substrates, both in characteristics of the sites of O-glycosylation and protein identity. Surprisingly, glycan micro-heterogeneity was also observed within nearly all isolates examined demonstrating glycan heterogeneity is a widespread phenomena in Acinetobacter O-linked glycosylation. By comparing the 11 main glycoforms and over 20 alternative glycoforms characterized within the 15 strains, trends within the glycan utilized for O-linked glycosylation could be observed. These trends reveal Acinetobacter O-linked glycosylation favors short (three to five residue) glycans with limited branching containing negatively charged sugars such as GlcNAc3NAcA4OAc or legionaminic/pseudaminic acid derivatives. These observations suggest that although highly diverse, the capsule/O-linked glycan biosynthetic pathways generate glycans with similar characteristics across all A. baumannii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nichollas E Scott
- From the ‡Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rachel L Kinsella
- §Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Alistair V G Edwards
- ¶Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5000, Denmark
| | - Martin R Larsen
- ¶Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5000, Denmark
| | | | - Julian Saba
- ‖Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California 95134
| | - Leonard J Foster
- From the ‡Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mario F Feldman
- §Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kenyon JJ, Holt KE, Pickard D, Dougan G, Hall RM. Insertions in the OCL1 locus of Acinetobacter baumannii lead to shortened lipooligosaccharides. Res Microbiol 2014; 165:472-5. [PMID: 24861001 PMCID: PMC4110982 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genomes of 82 Acinetobacter baumannii global clones 1 (GC1) and 2 (GC2) isolates were sequenced and different forms of the locus predicted to direct synthesis of the outer core (OC) of the lipooligosaccharide were identified. OCL1 was in all GC2 genomes, whereas GC1 isolates carried OCL1, OCL3 or a new locus, OCL5. Three mutants in which an insertion sequence (ISAba1 or ISAba23) interrupted OCL1 were identified. Isolates with OCL1 intact produced only lipooligosaccharide, while the mutants produced lipooligosaccharide of reduced molecular weight. Thus, the assignment of the OC locus as that responsible for the synthesis of the OC is correct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna J Kenyon
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Derek Pickard
- Wellcome Sanger Trust Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Sanger Trust Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth M Hall
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu D, Liu B, Dijkshoorn L, Wang L, Reeves PR. Diversity in the major polysaccharide antigen of Acinetobacter baumannii assessed by DNA sequencing, and development of a molecular serotyping scheme. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70329. [PMID: 23922982 PMCID: PMC3726653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have sequenced the gene clusters for type strains of the Acinetobacter baumannii serotyping scheme developed in the 1990s, and used the sequences to better understand diversity in surface polysaccharides of the genus. We obtained genome sequences for 27 available serovar type strains, and identified 25 polysaccharide gene cluster sequences. There are structures for 12 of these polysaccharides, and in general the genes present are appropriate to the structure where known. This greatly facilitates interpretation. We also find 53 different glycosyltransferase genes, and for 7 strains can provisionally allocate specific genes to all linkages. We identified primers that will distinguish the 25 sequence forms by PCR or microarray, or alternatively the genes can be used to determine serotype by “molecular serology”. We applied the latter to 190 Acinetobacter genome-derived gene-clusters, and found 76 that have one of the 25 gene-cluster forms. We also found novel gene clusters and added 52 new gene-cluster sequence forms with different wzy genes and different gene contents. Altogether, the strains that have one of the original 25 sequence forms include 98 A. baumannii (24 from our strains) and 5 A. nosocomialis (3 from our strains), whereas 32 genomes from 12 species other than A. baumannii or A. nosocomialis, all have new sequence forms. One of the 25 serovar type sequences is found to be in European clone I (EC I), 2 are in EC II but none in EC III. The public genome strains add an additional 52 new sequence forms, and also bring the number found in EC I to 5, in EC II to 9 and in EC III to 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalong Hu
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Liu
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Lenie Dijkshoorn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochip, Tianjin, China
| | - Peter R. Reeves
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kenyon JJ, Hall RM. Variation in the complex carbohydrate biosynthesis loci of Acinetobacter baumannii genomes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62160. [PMID: 23614028 PMCID: PMC3628348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular polysaccharides are major immunogenic components of the bacterial cell envelope. However, little is known about their biosynthesis in the genus Acinetobacter, which includes A. baumannii, an important nosocomial pathogen. Whether Acinetobacter sp. produce a capsule or a lipopolysaccharide carrying an O antigen or both is not resolved. To explore these issues, genes involved in the synthesis of complex polysaccharides were located in 10 complete A. baumannii genome sequences, and the function of each of their products was predicted via comparison to enzymes with a known function. The absence of a gene encoding a WaaL ligase, required to link the carbohydrate polymer to the lipid A-core oligosaccharide (lipooligosaccharide) forming lipopolysaccharide, suggests that only a capsule is produced. Nine distinct arrangements of a large capsule biosynthesis locus, designated KL1 to KL9, were found in the genomes. Three forms of a second, smaller variable locus, likely to be required for synthesis of the outer core of the lipid A-core moiety, were designated OCL1 to OCL3 and also annotated. Each K locus includes genes for capsule export as well as genes for synthesis of activated sugar precursors, and for glycosyltransfer, glycan modification and oligosaccharide repeat-unit processing. The K loci all include the export genes at one end and genes for synthesis of common sugar precursors at the other, with a highly variable region that includes the remaining genes in between. Five different capsule loci, KL2, KL6, KL7, KL8 and KL9 were detected in multiply antibiotic resistant isolates belonging to global clone 2, and two other loci, KL1 and KL4, in global clone 1. This indicates that this region is being substituted repeatedly in multiply antibiotic resistant isolates from these clones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna J. Kenyon
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth M. Hall
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fujimoto Y, Pradipta AR, Inohara N, Fukase K. Peptidoglycan as Nod1 ligand; fragment structures in the environment, chemical synthesis, and their innate immunostimulation. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:568-79. [PMID: 22370813 DOI: 10.1039/c2np00091a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2011. This review focuses on the recent revealing of the immunostimulatory bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan (PGN) fragments as Nod1 ligands, especially a newly developed chemical synthesis of the partial structures, fragment structures in the environment and bacterial supernatant, and the immunostimulatory activities of the Nod1 ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fischer K, Stein K, Ulmer AJ, Lindner B, Heine H, Holst O. Cytokine-inducing lipoteichoic acids of the allergy-protective bacterium Lactococcus lactis G121 do not activate via Toll-like receptor 2. Glycobiology 2011; 21:1588-95. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
8
|
Larkin A, Imperiali B. The expanding horizons of asparagine-linked glycosylation. Biochemistry 2011; 50:4411-26. [PMID: 21506607 DOI: 10.1021/bi200346n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine-linked glycosylation involves the sequential assembly of an oligosaccharide onto a polyisoprenyl donor, followed by the en bloc transfer of the glycan to particular asparagine residues within acceptor proteins. These N-linked glycans play a critical role in a wide variety of biological processes, such as protein folding, cellular targeting and motility, and the immune response. In the past decade, research in the field of N-linked glycosylation has achieved major advances, including the discovery of new carbohydrate modifications, the biochemical characterization of the enzymes involved in glycan assembly, and the determination of the biological impact of these glycans on target proteins. It is now firmly established that this enzyme-catalyzed modification occurs in all three domains of life. However, despite similarities in the overall logic of N-linked glycoprotein biosynthesis among the three kingdoms, the structures of the appended glycans are markedly different and thus influence the functions of elaborated proteins in various ways. Though nearly all eukaryotes produce the same nascent tetradecasaccharide (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)), heterogeneity is introduced into this glycan structure after it is transferred to the protein through a complex series of glycosyl trimming and addition steps. In contrast, bacteria and archaea display diversity within their N-linked glycan structures through the use of unique monosaccharide building blocks during the assembly process. In this review, recent progress toward gaining a deeper biochemical understanding of this modification across all three kingdoms will be summarized. In addition, a brief overview of the role of N-linked glycosylation in viruses will also be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelyn Larkin
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fujimoto Y, Fukase K. Structures, synthesis, and human Nod1 stimulation of immunostimulatory bacterial peptidoglycan fragments in the environment. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:518-525. [PMID: 21341753 DOI: 10.1021/np100795d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria release immunostimulatory compounds to the environment, and one of the stimulants is the ligand of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 1 (Nod1), an intracellular protein involved in the recognition of the bacterial component peptidoglycans having a diaminopimelic acid (DAP) structure. The polymorphisms of Nod1 have been linked to several inflammatory diseases and allergies that are strongly affected by environmental factors. The present paper summarizes recent results on the isolation and structural elucidation of natural human Nod1 (hNod1) ligands from the Escherichia coli (E. coli) K-12 culture supernatant, the first chemical synthesis of these natural ligands and related PGN fragments structures, and the hNod1 stimulatory activities of the chemically synthesized DAP-type PGN fragments. For structural characterization studies, the 7-(diethylamino)coumarin-3-carbonyl (DEAC) labeling method was also used to enhance the sensitivity in mass spectrometry studies, in order to observe PGN fragments in a comprehensive manner. The results suggest that DAP-containing bacteria release certain hNod1 ligands to the environment and that these ligands accumulate in the environment and regulate the immune system through Nod1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fregolino E, Gargiulo V, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Holst O, Castro CD. Identification and structural determination of the capsular polysaccharides from two Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates, MG1 and SMAL. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:973-7. [PMID: 21463855 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The structures of the capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) of the two clinical isolates Acinetobacter baumannii SMAL and MG1 were elucidated. Hot phenol/water extractions of the dry biomasses, followed by enzymatic digestions and repeated ultracentrifugations led to the isolation of polysaccharides that were negative in Western blot analysis utilizing an anti-lipid A antibody, thus proving that they were not the LPS O-antigens but CPSs. Their structures were established on the basis of NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS analyses. The A. baumannii MG1 CPS consisted of a linear aminopolysaccharide with acyl substitution heterogeneity at the N-4 amino group of QuipN4N: 4)-α-d-GlcpNAc-(1→4)-α-l-GalpNAcA-(1→3)-β-d-QuipNAc4NR-(1→ R=3-hydroxybutyrryl or acetyl. The repeating unit of the CPS produced by strain SMAL is a pentasaccharide, already reported for the O-antigen moiety from A. baumannii strain ATCC 17961:
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Fregolino
- Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Peters M, Kauth M, Scherner O, Gehlhar K, Steffen I, Wentker P, von Mutius E, Holst O, Bufe A. Arabinogalactan isolated from cowshed dust extract protects mice from allergic airway inflammation and sensitization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:648-56.e1-4. [PMID: 20621350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extract from cowshed dust (CDE) is a source of immunomodulating substances. We have previously shown that such substances protect from experimental allergic disorders in a mouse model of asthma. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify immunomodulatory molecules in extracts of dust from an allergy protective farming environment. METHODS Polysaccharides were isolated from CDE and plants by chromatography and precipitation with specific reagents. Polysaccharides were then characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Subsequently, the allergy-protective potential of isolated polysaccharides was tested in a mouse model of asthma. RESULTS The authors demonstrate that plant arabinogalactans are contained in CDE in high concentrations. The source of this arabinogalactan is fodder, in particular a prevalent grass species known as Alopecurus pratensis. Treatment of murine dendritic cells with grass arabinogalactan resulted in autocrine IL-10 production. Interestingly, these dendritic cells were not able to induce an allergic immune response. Furthermore, intranasal application of grass arabinogalactan protected mice from developing atopic sensitization, allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in a mouse model of allergic asthma. This allergy-protective effect is specific for grass arabinogalactan because control experiments with arabinogalactan from gum arabic and larch revealed that these molecules do not show allergy-protective properties. This is likely because of structural differences because we were able to show by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy that although they are predominantly composed of arabinose and galactose, the molecules differ in structure. CONCLUSIONS The authors conclude that grass arabinogalactans are important immunomodulatory substances that contribute to the protection from allergic airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and atopic sensitization in a mouse model of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Peters
- Department of Experimental Pneumology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|