1
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Chebieb A, Cha JK. A Cascade Synthesis of Indoles. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10293-10298. [PMID: 38963688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
We report herein an expedient method for the regioselective synthesis of indoles from o-haloanilines and α-ketol-derived N-tosylhydrazones. This two-step, modular synthesis of N-H indoles can be carried out conveniently without purification of intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assia Chebieb
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis LCSCO, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Jin Kun Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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2
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Mari G, De Crescentini L, Favi G, Mantellini F, Olivieri D, Santeusanio S. Challenge N- versus O-six-membered annulation: FeCl 3-catalyzed synthesis of heterocyclic N, O-aminals. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1412-1420. [PMID: 38952961 PMCID: PMC11216082 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A new class of heterocyclic N,O-aminal and hemiaminal scaffolds was successfully obtained by means of a three-component reaction (3-CR) of 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes (DDs), α-aminoacetals and iso(thio)cyanates. These stable imine surrogates are generated from key-substituted (thio)hydantoin intermediates through selective FeCl3-catalyzed intramolecular N-annulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University "Carlo Bo" of Urbino, Via Ca' le Suore 2-4, 61029, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Lucia De Crescentini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University "Carlo Bo" of Urbino, Via Ca' le Suore 2-4, 61029, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Gianfranco Favi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University "Carlo Bo" of Urbino, Via Ca' le Suore 2-4, 61029, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Fabio Mantellini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University "Carlo Bo" of Urbino, Via Ca' le Suore 2-4, 61029, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Diego Olivieri
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University "Carlo Bo" of Urbino, Via Ca' le Suore 2-4, 61029, Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Stefania Santeusanio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University "Carlo Bo" of Urbino, Via Ca' le Suore 2-4, 61029, Urbino (PU), Italy
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3
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Sukhorukov AY. Editorial: Heterodienes in organic synthesis. Front Chem 2024; 12:1403024. [PMID: 38650672 PMCID: PMC11033432 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1403024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Yu. Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Organic and Metal-Organic Nitrogen-Oxygen Systems, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Liu X, Shi W, Sun J, Yan CG. Construction of diazepine-containing spiroindolines via annulation reaction of α-halogenated N-acylhydrazones and isatin-derived MBH carbonates. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1923-1932. [PMID: 38170011 PMCID: PMC10760482 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A straightforward synthetic protocol for the efficient construction of diazepine-containing spiroindolines has been developed and proceeds through a by base-promoted annulation reaction of α-halogenated N-acylhydrazones and isatin-derived MBH carbonates. The reaction mechanism of this formal [4 + 3] annulation includes the in situ generated allylic ylide, nucleophilic substitution, Michael additon, and elimination processes. Additionally, the similar reaction with α-halogenated N-tosylhydrazones also afforded N-tosyl-substituted spiro[indoline-3,5'-[1,2]diazepine] in satisfactory yields. This protocol provides a convenient approach for the assembly of diverse highly functionalized spiro[indoline-3,5'-[1,2]diazepines] and also features a broad substrate scope, simple reaction conditions, and high molecular convergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Chao-Guo Yan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou 225002, China
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5
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Yang FY, Han TJ, Jia SK, Wang MC, Mei GJ. Catalytic [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of sulfonium ylides derived from azoalkenes: non-carbenoid Doyle-Kirmse reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3107-3110. [PMID: 36808428 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00160a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The Sc(III)-catalyzed [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of sulfonium ylides derived from azoalkenes has been established. Owing to the absence of a carbenoid intermediate, this protocol represents the first non-carbenoid variant of the Doyle-Kirmse reaction. Under mild conditions, a variety of tertiary thioethers have been readily prepared in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Yuan Yang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Tian-Jiao Han
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Shi-Kun Jia
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Min-Can Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Guang-Jian Mei
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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6
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Kokuev AO, Sukhorukov AY. Michael addition of P-nucleophiles to azoalkenes provides simple access to phosphine oxides bearing an alkylhydrazone moiety. Front Chem 2023; 11:1177680. [PMID: 37123875 PMCID: PMC10133514 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1177680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Hydrazonophosphine oxides are precursors of useful organophosphorus compounds, including phosphorylated N-heterocycles, α-aminophosphonates, and vinylphosphonates. In this work, a general transition metal-free synthesis of β-hydrazonophosphine oxides was developed. The method relies on the Michael addition of phosphine oxides R2P(O)H to reactive azoalkenes (1,2-diaza-1,3-butadienes), which are generated in situ from α-halohydrazones and Hunig's base. The reaction stereoselectively leads to Z-isomers of β-hydrazonophosphine oxides that are stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The conversion of the products thus obtained into potential chelating ligands was showcased.
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7
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Vida V, Minisini M, Mardirossian M, Brancolini C, Scocchi M, Forzato C, Berti F. Novel synthesis of 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes with potential biological activity from cinnamic acids and diazonium salts of anilines. RSC Adv 2022; 13:456-463. [PMID: 36605622 PMCID: PMC9769088 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07515f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamic acids are an important class of phenolic compounds, which have many beneficial effects on human health but are also interesting synthetic intermediates thanks to the presence of several reactive sites. While studying the reactivity of cinnamic acids with diazonium salts from aromatic amines, an unexpected reactivity has been discovered, leading to the formation of 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes instead of traditional diazo-coupling products. The new compounds have been fully characterized by mono and bidimensional NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Preliminary studies on the biological activity of the compounds have been carried out testing both their antibacterial and antitumor activity, leading to promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Vida
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di TriesteVia Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Martina Minisini
- Dipartimento di Area Medica, Università di UdinePiazzale Kolbe 433100UdineItaly
| | - Mario Mardirossian
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di TriesteVia Giorgieri 834127TriesteItaly
| | - Claudio Brancolini
- Dipartimento di Area Medica, Università di UdinePiazzale Kolbe 433100UdineItaly
| | - Marco Scocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di TriesteVia Giorgieri 834127TriesteItaly
| | - Cristina Forzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di TriesteVia Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
| | - Federico Berti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di TriesteVia Giorgieri 134127TriesteItaly
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8
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Sun Y, Yang Z, Lu SN, Chen Z, Wu XF. Formal [4+1] Annulation of Azoalkenes with CF 3-Imidoyl Sulfoxonium Ylides and Dual Double Bond Isomerization Cascade: Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl-Containing Pyrazole Derivatives. Org Lett 2022; 24:6822-6827. [PMID: 36082936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward strategy for the metal-free construction of trifluoromethyl-containing pyrazole derivatives has been achieved from readily available α-halo hydrazones and CF3-imidoyl sulfoxonium ylides. The cascade transformation proceeds through the formal [4+1] cycloaddition followed by an unexpected dual double bond isomerization. The protocol features mild conditions, easy operation, excellent substrate compatibility, and good regioselectivity. The synthetic utility is demonstrated by scale-up reaction and further elaboration of the obtained pyrazole products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zuguang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shu-Ning Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhengkai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China.,Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V., Albert-Einstein-Straβe 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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9
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Han T, Zhang Z, Wang M, Xu L, Mei G. The Rational Design and Atroposelective Synthesis of Axially Chiral C2‐Arylpyrrole‐Derived Amino Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207517. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian‐Jiao Han
- Green Catalysis Center College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Zheng‐Xu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 Shandong China
| | - Min‐Can Wang
- Green Catalysis Center College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Li‐Ping Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University of Technology Zibo 255000 Shandong China
| | - Guang‐Jian Mei
- Green Catalysis Center College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
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10
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Gao HJ, Miao YH, Jia SK, Li N, Xu LP, Wang W, Wang MC, Mei GJ. Azo group-enabled metal- and oxidant-free alkenyl C–H thiolation: Access to stereodefined tetrasubstituted acyclic olefins. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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11
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Jiménez-Aberásturi X, Palacios F, de Los Santos JM. Sc(OTf) 3-Mediated [4 + 2] Annulations of N-Carbonyl Aryldiazenes with Cyclopentadiene to Construct Cinnoline Derivatives: Azo-Povarov Reaction. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11583-11592. [PMID: 35972474 PMCID: PMC9447289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We disclose the first accomplishment of the azo-Povarov reaction involving Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed [4 + 2] annulations of N-carbonyl aryldiazenes with cyclopentadiene in chloroform, in which N-carbonyl aryldiazenes act as 4π-electron donors. Hence, this protocol offers a rapid access to an array of cinnoline derivatives in moderate to good yields for substrates over a wide scope. The synthetic potential of the protocol was achieved by the gram-scale reaction and further derivatization of the obtained polycyclic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Jiménez-Aberásturi
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Pharmacy and Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria 01006, Spain
| | - Francisco Palacios
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Pharmacy and Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria 01006, Spain
| | - Jesús M de Los Santos
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Pharmacy and Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria 01006, Spain
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12
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Han TJ, Zhang ZX, Wang MC, Xu LP, Mei GJ. The Rational Design and Atroposelective Synthesis of Axially Chiral C2‐Arylpyrrole‐Derived Amino Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zheng-Xu Zhang
- Shandong University of Technology College of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Li-Ping Xu
- Shandong University of Technology College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Guang-Jian Mei
- Zhengzhou University Chemistry Zhengzhou 450001 450001 Zhengzhou CHINA
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13
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Mari G, De Crescentini L, Favi G, Santeusanio S, Mantellini F. A facile protocol for the preparation of 2-carboxylated thieno [2,3- b] indoles: a de novo access to alkaloid thienodolin. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4167-4175. [PMID: 35531860 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00440b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free strategy, alternative to the known complex cycloaddition reactions, towards 2-carboxylated thieno [2,3-b] indole derivatives has been successfully developed. The novel approach involves as starting materials easy accessible 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes and indoline 2-thione and requires mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, the easy work-up required makes this method amenable for a one-pot approach as demonstrated in the preparation of thienodolin, a natural product isolated from Streptomyces albogriseolus that exhibits valuable biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Via I Maggetti 24, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy.
| | - Lucia De Crescentini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Via I Maggetti 24, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco Favi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Via I Maggetti 24, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy.
| | - Stefania Santeusanio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Via I Maggetti 24, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy.
| | - Fabio Mantellini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Via I Maggetti 24, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy.
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14
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Diastereodivergent formal [4 + 1] cycloaddition of azoalkenes as one-carbon synthons. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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15
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Aza-Diels-Alder reaction of both electron-deficient azoalkenes with electron-deficient 3-phencaylideneoxindoles and 3-aryliminooxindol-2-ones. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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16
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Crescentini LD, Favi G, Mari G, Ciancaleoni G, Costamagna M, Santeusanio S, Mantellini F. Experimental and Theoretical DFT Investigations in the [2,3]-Wittig-Type Rearrangement of Propargyl/Allyl-Oxy-Pyrazolones. Molecules 2021; 26:6557. [PMID: 34770965 PMCID: PMC8587800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the synthesis of interesting 3-alkyl-4-hydroxy-1-aryl-4-(propa-1,2-dienyl)1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-ones and 9-alkyl-7-aryl-1-oxa-7,8-diazaspiro[4.4]nona-3,8-dien-6-ones, starting from 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes (DDs) and propargyl alcohol. The reaction proceeds through a sequence Michael-type nucleophilic attack/cyclization/[2,3]-Wittig rearrangement. In the same way, the reaction between the aforementioned DDs and allyl alcohol furnished 4-allyl-4-hydroxy-3-alkyl-1-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-ones. A DFT study was also carried out, in order to have decisive clarifications about the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia De Crescentini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Organic Chemistry and Organic Natural Compounds, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Via I Maggetti 24, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy; (G.F.); (G.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Gianfranco Favi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Organic Chemistry and Organic Natural Compounds, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Via I Maggetti 24, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy; (G.F.); (G.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Giacomo Mari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Organic Chemistry and Organic Natural Compounds, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Via I Maggetti 24, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy; (G.F.); (G.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, PI, Italy; (G.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Marcello Costamagna
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, PI, Italy; (G.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Stefania Santeusanio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Organic Chemistry and Organic Natural Compounds, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Via I Maggetti 24, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy; (G.F.); (G.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Fabio Mantellini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Organic Chemistry and Organic Natural Compounds, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Via I Maggetti 24, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy; (G.F.); (G.M.); (S.S.)
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17
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Mari G, Corrieri M, De Crescentini L, Favi G, Santeusanio S, Mantellini F. FeCl
3
‐Catalyzed Formal [3+2] Cyclodimerization of 4‐Carbonyl‐1,2‐diaza‐1,3‐dienes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino (PU) Italy
| | - Matteo Corrieri
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino (PU) Italy
| | - Lucia De Crescentini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino (PU) Italy
| | - Gianfranco Favi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino (PU) Italy
| | - Stefania Santeusanio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino (PU) Italy
| | - Fabio Mantellini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino (PU) Italy
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18
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Addition of malonic esters to azoalkenes generated in situ from α-bromo- and α-chlorohydrazones. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Kumar A, Katiyar S, Kumar Jaiswal A, Kant R, Sashidhara KV. PIDA-mediated oxidative aromatic C N bond cleavage: Efficient methodology for the synthesis of 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes under ambient conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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20
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Wang C, Fang L, Wang Z. Base-induced inverse-electron-demand aza-Diels-Alder reaction of azoalkenes and 1,3,5-triazinanes: Facile approaches to tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazines. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Mlostoń G, Urbaniak K, Sobiecka M, Heimgartner H, Würthwein EU, Zimmer R, Lentz D, Reissig HU. Hetero-Diels-Alder Reactions of In Situ-Generated Azoalkenes with Thioketones; Experimental and Theoretical Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:2544. [PMID: 33925483 PMCID: PMC8123831 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hetero-Diels-Alder reactions of in situ-generated azoalkenes with thioketones were shown to offer a straightforward method for an efficient and regioselective synthesis of scarcely known N-substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazine derivatives. The scope of the method was fairly broad, allowing the use of a series of aryl-, ferrocenyl-, and alkyl-substituted thioketones. However, in the case of N-tosyl-substituted cycloadducts derived from 1-thioxo-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutan-3-one and the structurally analogous 1,3-dithione, a more complicated pathway was observed. By elimination of toluene sulfinic acid, the initially formed cycloadducts afforded 2H-1,3,4-thiadiazines as final products. Advanced DFT calculations revealed that the observed high regioselectivity was due to kinetic reaction control and that the (4 + 2)-cycloadditions of sterically less unhindered thiones occurred via highly unsymmetric transition states with shorter C..S-distances (2.27-2.58 Å) and longer N..C-distances (3.02-3.57 Å). In the extreme case of the sterically very hindered 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutan-1,3-dione-derived thioketones, a zwitterionic intermediate with a fully formed C‒S bond was detected, which underwent ring closure to the 1,3,4-thiadiazine derivative in a second step. For the hypothetical formation of the regioisomeric 1,2,3-thiadiazine derivatives, the DFT calculations proposed more symmetric transition states with considerably higher energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Mlostoń
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 12 Tamka Street, 91-403 Lodz, Poland; (K.U.); (M.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Urbaniak
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 12 Tamka Street, 91-403 Lodz, Poland; (K.U.); (M.S.)
| | - Malwina Sobiecka
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 12 Tamka Street, 91-403 Lodz, Poland; (K.U.); (M.S.)
| | - Heinz Heimgartner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Ernst-Ulrich Würthwein
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation (CMTC), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Reinhold Zimmer
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (R.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Dieter Lentz
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (R.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Hans-Ulrich Reissig
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (R.Z.); (D.L.)
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22
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Abstract
The nucleophilic reactivities of substituted thiophenolates were determined by following the kinetics of their reactions with a series of quinone methides (reference electrophiles) in DMSO at 20 °C. The experimentally determined second-order rate constants were analyzed according to the Mayr-Patz equation log k = sN(N + E) to derive the nucleophile-specific reactivity parameters N and sN for ten thiophenolate ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Jüstel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Cedric D Pignot
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Armin R Ofial
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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23
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Vinogradov MG, Turova OV, Zlotin SG. Catalytic Asymmetric Aza‐Diels‐Alder Reaction: Pivotal Milestones and Recent Applications to Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim G. Vinogradov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Olga V. Turova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Sergei G. Zlotin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
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24
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Chen T, Che C, Guo Z, Dong XQ, Wang CJ. Diastereoselective synthesis of functionalized tetrahydropyridazines containing indole scaffolds via an inverse-electron-demand aza-Diels–Alder reaction. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00623a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A base-promoted and catalyst-free unprecedented inverse-electron-demand aza-Diels–Alder reaction between the in situ generated azoalkenes and 3-vinylindoles has been developed to afford tetrahydropyridazines containing indole scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Chen
- Engineering Research Centre of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
| | - Chao Che
- Engineering Research Centre of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
| | - Zhefei Guo
- Engineering Research Centre of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
| | - Xiu-Qin Dong
- Engineering Research Centre of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
| | - Chun-Jiang Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan
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25
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Mei GJ, Koay WL, Tan CXA, Lu Y. Catalytic asymmetric preparation of pyrroloindolines: strategies and applications to total synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5985-6012. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00530d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pyrroloindolines are widely present in natural products. In this review, we summarize state-of-the-art of catalytic asymmetric synthesis of pyrroloindolines, as well as related applications to natural products total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Jian Mei
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Wai Lean Koay
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS)
- National University of Singapore
| | - Chuan Xiang Alvin Tan
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS)
- National University of Singapore
| | - Yixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
- Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS)
- National University of Singapore
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26
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Ye R, Sun J, Han Y, Yan CG. Molecular diversity of TEMPO-mediated cycloaddition of ketohydrazones and 3-phenacylideneoxindoles. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj06036d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This reaction selectively proceeded via aza-Diels–Alder reaction, [3+2] cycloaddition and ring-opening of oxindole to give diverse spirooxindoles and polysubstituted pyrazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ye
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Han
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Guo Yan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225002
- People's Republic of China
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27
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Matsuzaki H, Takeda N, Yasui M, Ito Y, Konishi K, Ueda M. Synthesis of Pyrazoles Utilizing the Ambiphilic Reactivity of Hydrazones. Org Lett 2020; 22:9249-9252. [PMID: 33196204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A Brønsted acid-mediated synthesis of pyrazoles from conjugated hydrazones through a β-protonation/nucleophilic addition/cyclization/aromatization sequence was developed. This protocol utilizing the ambiphilic reactivity of hydrazones enables not only self-condensation but also cross-condensation, affording multisubstituted pyrazoles in high yields, with a broad substrate scope. This sequential reaction proceeds under mild conditions via a simple operation. Moreover, the method can be applied to the synthesis of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Lonazolac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Matsuzaki
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Norihiko Takeda
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Motohiro Yasui
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Yuta Ito
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Keiji Konishi
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ueda
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
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28
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Sergeev PG, Khrustalev VN, Nenajdenko VG. Synthesis of Pyridazin‐3(2
H
)‐one Derivatives by the Reaction of CH‐Acids with Dichlorodiazadienes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel G. Sergeev
- Department of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University 119899 Moscow Russia
| | - Victor N. Khrustalev
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia 117198 Moscow Russia
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of RAS 47 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russia
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29
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Ciccolini C, De Crescentini L, Mantellini F, Mari G, Santeusanio S, Favi G. Construction of Unusual Indole-Based Heterocycles from Tetrahydro-1 H-pyridazino[3,4- b]indoles. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184124. [PMID: 32916997 PMCID: PMC7571100 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the successful syntheses of scarcely represented indole-based heterocycles which have a structural connection with biologically active natural-like molecules. The selective oxidation of indoline nucleus to indole, hydrolysis of ester and carbamoyl residues followed by decarboxylation with concomitant aromatization of the pyridazine ring starting from tetrahydro-1H-pyridazino[3,4-b]indole derivatives lead to fused indole-pyridazine compounds. On the other hand, non-fused indole-pyrazol-5-one scaffolds are easily prepared by subjecting the same C2,C3-fused indoline tetrahydropyridazines to treatment with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). These methods feature mild conditions, easy operation, high yields in most cases avoiding the chromatographic purification, and broad substrate scope. Interestingly, the formation of indole linked pyrazol-5-one system serves as a good example of the application of the umpolung strategy in the synthesis of C3-alkylated indoles.
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30
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Mari G, De Crescentini L, Favi G, Santeusanio S, Mantellini F. Metal and Oxidant Free Construction of Substituted‐ and/or Polycyclic Indoles: A Useful Alternative to Bischler and Related Syntheses. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino (PU) Italy
| | - Lucia De Crescentini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino (PU) Italy
| | - Gianfranco Favi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino (PU) Italy
| | - Stefania Santeusanio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino (PU) Italy
| | - Fabio Mantellini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” Via I Maggetti 24 61029 Urbino (PU) Italy
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31
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Ciccolini C, Mari G, Gatti FG, Gatti G, Giorgi G, Mantellini F, Favi G. Synthesis of Polycyclic Fused Indoline Scaffolds through a Substrate-Guided Reactivity Switch. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11409-11425. [PMID: 32786612 PMCID: PMC8010796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Zn(II)-catalyzed
divergent synthesis of functionalized polycyclic
indolines through formal [3 + 2] and [4 + 2] cycloadditions of indoles
with 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes (DDs) is reported. The nature and type of
substituents of substrates are found to act as a chemical switch to
trigger two distinct reaction pathways and to obtain two different
types of products upon the influence of the same catalyst. The mechanism
of both [4 + 2] and [3 + 2] cycloadditions was investigated and fully
rationalized by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ciccolini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Via I Maggetti 24, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Giacomo Mari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Via I Maggetti 24, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesco G Gatti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gatti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Via I Maggetti 24, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giorgi
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Mantellini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Via I Maggetti 24, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Favi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Via I Maggetti 24, 61029 Urbino, Italy
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32
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Sergeev PG, Khrustalev VN, Nenajdenko VG. Construction of 6-Aminopyridazine Derivatives by the Reaction of Malononitrile with Dichloro-Substituted Diazadienes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel G. Sergeev
- Department of Chemistry; Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119899 Moscow Russia
| | - Victor N. Khrustalev
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia; 117198 Moscow Russia
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of RAS; 47 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russia
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33
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Sánchez-León AM, Cintas P, Light ME, Palacios JC. Thermal and Photochemical Switching of Chiral Sugar Azoalkenes: A Mechanistic Interrogation. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Sánchez-León
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica; Facultad de Ciencias, and; IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible; Universidad de Extremadura; 06006 Badajoz Spain
| | - Pedro Cintas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica; Facultad de Ciencias, and; IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible; Universidad de Extremadura; 06006 Badajoz Spain
| | - Mark E. Light
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences; University of Southampton; SO 17 1BJ Southampton U.K
| | - Juan Carlos Palacios
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica; Facultad de Ciencias, and; IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible; Universidad de Extremadura; 06006 Badajoz Spain
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34
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Catalytic Asymmetric Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition of Azoalkenes with 3-Vinylindoles: Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydropyrroles. iScience 2020; 23:100873. [PMID: 32062452 PMCID: PMC7021545 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed highly enantioselective formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of azoalkenes with 3-vinylindoles has been established. Under mild conditions, the projected cycloaddition proceeded smoothly, affording a variety of 2,3-dihydropyrroles in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities, and also in a diastereospecific manner. As opposed to the common 4-atom synthons in the previous literature reports, azoalkenes served as 3-atom synthons. Besides, the observed selectivity was supported by primary theoretical calculation. The unique chemistry of azoalkenes disclosed herein will empower asymmetric synthesis of nitrogen-containing ring structural motifs in a broader context. Chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction 2,3-Dihydropyrroles were enantioselectively synthesized Azoalkenes served as 3-atom synthons
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35
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Mei G, Tang X, Tasdan Y, Lu Y. Enantioselective Dearomatization of Indoles by an Azoalkene‐Enabled (3+2) Reaction: Access to Pyrroloindolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang‐Jian Mei
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Xiwen Tang
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yildiz Tasdan
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Yixin Lu
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City Fuzhou Fujian 359297 P. R. China
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute 377 Lin Quan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
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36
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Mei GJ, Tang X, Tasdan Y, Lu Y. Enantioselective Dearomatization of Indoles by an Azoalkene-Enabled (3+2) Reaction: Access to Pyrroloindolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:648-652. [PMID: 31592562 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective dearomatization of indoles by an organocatalytic (3+2) reaction has been established. The reaction makes use of simple indole derivatives as substrates, and employs azoalkenes reaction partners. A wide range of pyrroloindolines containing an all-carbon quaternary stereogenic center were readily prepared in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Jian Mei
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiwen Tang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yildiz Tasdan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, Fujian, 359297, P. R. China.,National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Lin Quan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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37
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Sequential MCR via Staudinger/Aza-Wittig versus Cycloaddition Reaction to Access Diversely Functionalized 1-Amino-1 H-Imidazole-2(3 H)-Thiones. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203785. [PMID: 31640206 PMCID: PMC6832714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A multicomponent reaction (MCR) strategy, alternative to the known cycloaddition reaction, towards variously substituted 1-amino-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-thione derivatives has been successfully developed. The novel approach involves α-halohydrazones whose azidation process followed by tandem Staudinger/aza-Wittig reaction with CS2 in a sequential MCR regioselectively leads to the target compounds avoiding the formation of the regioisomer iminothiazoline heterocycle. The approach can be applied to a range of differently substituted α-halohydrazones bearing also electron-withdrawing groups confirming the wide scope and the substituent tolerance of the process for the synthesis of the target compounds. Interestingly, the concurrent presence of reactive functionalities in the scaffolds so obtained ensures post-modifications in view of N-bridgeheaded heterobicyclic structures.
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38
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Mari G, Ciccolini C, De Crescentini L, Favi G, Santeusanio S, Mancinelli M, Mantellini F. Metal and Oxidant-Free Brønsted Acid-Mediated Cascade Reaction to Substituted Benzofurans. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10814-10824. [PMID: 31407579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Substituted hydroxy-benzofurans are easily accessible by treatment of resorcinols and 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes (DDs) under acidic conditions. The reaction happens through an uncommon Michael reaction between aromatic derivatives as aromatic C(sp2)-H nucleophiles and DDs as acceptors. Also, the behavior of different phenols and 2-naphthol was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences , University of Urbino "Carlo Bo" , Via I Maggetti 24 , 61029 Urbino , Province of Pesaro and Urbino , Italy
| | - Cecilia Ciccolini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences , University of Urbino "Carlo Bo" , Via I Maggetti 24 , 61029 Urbino , Province of Pesaro and Urbino , Italy
| | - Lucia De Crescentini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences , University of Urbino "Carlo Bo" , Via I Maggetti 24 , 61029 Urbino , Province of Pesaro and Urbino , Italy
| | - Gianfranco Favi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences , University of Urbino "Carlo Bo" , Via I Maggetti 24 , 61029 Urbino , Province of Pesaro and Urbino , Italy
| | - Stefania Santeusanio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences , University of Urbino "Carlo Bo" , Via I Maggetti 24 , 61029 Urbino , Province of Pesaro and Urbino , Italy
| | - Michele Mancinelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari" , University of Bologna , Viale del Risorgimento 4 , 40136 Bologna (Bo) , Italy
| | - Fabio Mantellini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences , University of Urbino "Carlo Bo" , Via I Maggetti 24 , 61029 Urbino , Province of Pesaro and Urbino , Italy
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39
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Yin W, Fang L, Wang Z, Gao F, Li Z, Wang Z. Synthesis of Bicyclo[4.1.0]tetrahydropyridazines by a Sequential [4 + 2] and [1 + 2] Annulation Reaction of Azoalkenes and Crotonate-Derived Sulfur Ylides. Org Lett 2019; 21:7361-7364. [PMID: 31483675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The base-induced unprecedented tandem [4 + 2] and [1 + 2] annulation reaction of in situ formed 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes and crotonate-derived sulfur ylides is reported. This protocol provides a novel and practical method for the synthesis of cyclopropane-fused tetrahydropyridazines with a quaternary carbon center in synthetically useful yield. In this tandem reaction, three new bonds were formed in one pot, and the crotonate-derived sulfur ylide serves as a C3 synthon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Ling Fang
- College of Environment and Resources , Chongqing Technology and Business University , Chongqing 400067 , China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Fang Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Zhefeng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , Chongqing 401331 , China
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40
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Zhang Y, Cao Y, Lu L, Zhang S, Bao W, Huang S, Rao Y. Perylenequinonoid-Catalyzed [4 + 1] and [4 + 2] Annulations of Azoalkenes: Photocatalytic Access to 1,2,3-Thiadiazole/1,4,5,6-Tetrahydropyridazine Derivatives. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7711-7721. [PMID: 31117482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocycles are especially considered "privileged" structural scaffolds for the development of new drugs. However, traditional methods of organic synthesis are mainly based on thermal cycloaddition reaction; thus, the exploration of new strategies for the rapid assembly of N-heterocycles under mild conditions is highly desirable. Here, we developed a new method that visible light along with 1 mol % cercosporin, which is one of the perylenequinonoid pigments with excellent properties of photosensitization and can be easily produced by a new isolated endophytic fungus Cercospora sp. JNU001 strain with high yield through microbial fermentation, catalyzes the synthesis of 1,2,3-thiadiazoles and 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazines by a photocatalytic process with good regioselectivity and broad functional-group compatibility under mild conditions. Thus, a bridge between microbial fermentation and organic photocatalysis for the construction of nitrogen-containing heterocycles was set up in a sustainable, environmentally friendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shuping Huang
- College of Chemistry , Fuzhou University, Fuzhou , Fujian 350108 , P. R. China
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41
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Ciccolini C, De Crescentini L, Mantellini F, Santeusanio S, Favi G. Zn(II)-Catalyzed Addition of Aromatic/Heteroaromatic C(sp 2)-H to Azoalkenes: A Polarity-Reversed Arylation of Carbonyl Compounds. Org Lett 2019; 21:4388-4391. [PMID: 31117718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An umpolung α-(hetero)arylation strategy that involves the Michael-type reaction between electron-rich (hetero)aromatic substrates and azoalkenes is developed. The reaction proceeds under very mild conditions at room temperature and in the presence of inexpensive, nontoxic ZnCl2 catalyst to provide access to otherwise inaccessible hydrazone structures. Subsequent hydrolysis of these latter to ketones as well as other valuable synthetic transformations to a variety of heterocyclic scaffolds demonstrate the usefulness of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Ciccolini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies , University of Urbino "Carlo Bo" , Via I Maggetti 24 , 61029 Urbino , Italy
| | - Lucia De Crescentini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies , University of Urbino "Carlo Bo" , Via I Maggetti 24 , 61029 Urbino , Italy
| | - Fabio Mantellini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies , University of Urbino "Carlo Bo" , Via I Maggetti 24 , 61029 Urbino , Italy
| | - Stefania Santeusanio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies , University of Urbino "Carlo Bo" , Via I Maggetti 24 , 61029 Urbino , Italy
| | - Gianfranco Favi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technologies , University of Urbino "Carlo Bo" , Via I Maggetti 24 , 61029 Urbino , Italy
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42
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Hu S, Du S, Yang Z, Ni L, Chen Z. Synthesis of Multi‐substituted Dihydropyrazoles by Copper‐Mediated [4+1] Cycloaddition Reaction of
N
‐Sulfonylhydrazones and Sulfoxonium Ylides. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sipei Hu
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Shiying Du
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Zuguang Yang
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Lingfang Ni
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengkai Chen
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 People's Republic of China
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43
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Chen Z, Meng L, Ding Z, Hu J. Construction of Versatile N-Heterocycles from in situ Generated 1,2-Diaza-1,3-dienes. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190227162840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic architectures are omnipresent in many bioactive natural
products, synthetic drugs, and materials science, thus have evoked a vast research interest
of academic, as well as industrial chemists. Recently, several efficient methods have been
developed for the preparation of various nitrogen-containing compounds with in situ generated
1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes from the easily available precursors including α -haloketohydrazones,
α-hydroxyl ketohydrazones, thiadiazole dioxides or their analogues, and
other simple hydrazones. These methods are considered powerful tools in the synthesis of
five-, six- and seven-membered ring heterocyclic compounds with good to excellent levels
of conversions and selectivities. This review mainly summarizes recent advances on the
chemistry of construction of versatile N-heterocycles from in situ generated 1,2-diaza-1,3-
dienes and presents an extensive summary of the application scopes and limitations of the corresponding cyclization
reactions. Moreover, enantioselective approaches are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangpei Chen
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Lingxin Meng
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ding
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Jianshe Hu
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
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44
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Rossi R, Angelici G, Casotti G, Manzini C, Lessi M. Catalytic Synthesis of 1,2,4,5‐Tetrasubstituted 1
H
‐Imidazole Derivatives: State of the Art. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversity of Pisa via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Gaetano Angelici
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversity of Pisa via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Gianluca Casotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversity of Pisa via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Chiara Manzini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversity of Pisa via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Marco Lessi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica IndustrialeUniversity of Pisa via G. Moruzzi 13 56124 Pisa Italy
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45
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Ushakov PY, Tabolin AA, Ioffe SL, Sukhorukov AY. In Situ Generated Magnesium Cyanide as an Efficient Reagent for Nucleophilic Cyanation of Nitrosoalkenes and Parent Nitronates. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Yu. Ushakov
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Compounds; N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Leninsky prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russia
- Department of Chemistry; M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A. Tabolin
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Compounds; N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Leninsky prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Sema L. Ioffe
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Compounds; N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Leninsky prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Alexey Yu. Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Compounds; N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Leninsky prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russia
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics; Stremyanny per. 36 117997 Moscow Russia
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46
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Wei L, Shen C, Hu YZ, Tao HY, Wang CJ. Enantioselective synthesis of multi-nitrogen-containing heterocycles using azoalkenes as key intermediates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6672-6684. [PMID: 31134230 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02371b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chiral multi-nitrogen-containing heterocycles, such as pyrazole, imidazole and pyridazine, are widely found in naturally occurring organic compounds and pharmaceuticals, and hence, their stereoselective and efficient synthesis is an important issue in organic synthesis. Out of the variety of methods that have been developed over the past century, the catalytic asymmetric cyclization and cycloaddition reactions are recognized as the most synthetically useful strategies due to their step-, atom- and redox-economic nature. In particular, the recently developed annulation reactions using azoalkenes as key intermediates show their great ability to construct diverse types of multi-nitrogen-containing heterocycles. In this feature article, we critically analyse the strategic development and the efficient transformation of azoalkenes to chiral heterocycles and α-functionalized ketone derivatives since 2010. The plausible mechanism for each reaction model is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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47
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Shastin AV, Tsyrenova BD, Sergeev PG, Roznyatovsky VA, Smolyar IV, Khrustalev VN, Nenajdenko VG. Synthesis of a New Family of 1,1-Diazidoethenes: One-Pot Construction of 4-Azido-1,2,3-triazoles via Nitrene Cyclization. Org Lett 2018; 20:7803-7806. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Shastin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Biligma D. Tsyrenova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel G. Sergeev
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ivan V. Smolyar
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor N. Khrustalev
- Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklay St., 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Sq., 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
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48
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Lopes SMM, Cardoso AL, Lemos A, Pinho E Melo TMVD. Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Conjugated Nitrosoalkenes and Azoalkenes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:11324-11352. [PMID: 30495939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to present the most recent contributions in the chemistry of nitrosoalkenes and azoalkenes, highlighting the chemical behavior that makes them important and versatile building blocks in organic synthesis. These are heterodienes used in the assembly of a variety of heterocyclic systems, spanning from five- to seven-membered heterocycles, as well as for the functionalization of heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana M M Lopes
- CQC and Department of Chemistry , University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Ana L Cardoso
- CQC and Department of Chemistry , University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Américo Lemos
- Centro de Investigação em Química do Algarve, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia , University of Algarve , Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro , Portugal
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49
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Dichloro-Substituted 1,2-Diazabuta-1,3-dienes as Highly Reactive Electrophiles in the Reaction with Amines and Diamines: Efficient Synthesis of α-Hydrazo Amidinium Salts. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Shao J, Chen W, Zhao M, Shu K, Liu H, Tang P. Substrate-Controlled Synthesis of Spirocyclopropylpyrazolones and Bicyclic 4,5-Dihydropyrazoles from 1,2-Diaza-1,3-dienes with Sulfur Ylides. Org Lett 2018; 20:3992-3995. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaan Shao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
| | - Wenteng Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Menghao Zhao
- Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Ke Shu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Pai Tang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
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