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Matviyishyn M, Szyszko B. Tying a knot between crown ethers and porphyrins. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1630-1650. [PMID: 37915556 PMCID: PMC10616700 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrins and crown ether hybrids have emerged as a promising class of molecules composed of elements of a tetrapyrrole macrocycle and an oligo(ethylene glycol) segment. These hybrid systems constitute a broad group of compounds, including crowned porphyrins, crownphyrins, and calixpyrrole-crown ether systems forming Pacman complexes with transition metals. Their unique nature accustoms them as excellent ligands and hosts capable of binding guest molecules/ions, but also to undergo unusual transformations, such as metal-induced expansion/contraction. Depending on the design of the particular hybrid, they present unique features involving intriguing redox chemistry, interesting optical properties, and reactivity towards transition metals. In this perspective article, the overview of both the early designs of porphyrin-crown ether hybrids, as well as the most recent advances in the synthesis and characterisation of this remarkable group of macrocyclic systems, are addressed. The discussion covers the strategies employed in synthesising these systems, including cyclisation reactions, self-assembly, and their remarkable reactivity. The potential applications of porphyrin-crown ether hybrids are also highlighted. Moreover, the discussion identifies the challenges associated with synthesising and characterising hybrids, outlining the possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksym Matviyishyn
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartosz Szyszko
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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Roy I, David AHG, Das PJ, Pe DJ, Stoddart JF. Fluorescent cyclophanes and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5557-5605. [PMID: 35704949 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With the serendipitous discovery of crown ethers by Pedersen more than half a century ago and the subsequent introduction of host-guest chemistry and supramolecular chemistry by Cram and Lehn, respectively, followed by the design and synthesis of wholly synthetic cyclophanes-in particular, fluorescent cyclophanes, having rich structural characteristics and functions-have been the focus of considerable research activity during the past few decades. Cyclophanes with remarkable emissive properties have been investigated continuously over the years and employed in numerous applications across the field of science and technology. In this Review, we feature the recent developments in the chemistry of fluorescent cyclophanes, along with their design and synthesis. Their host-guest chemistry and applications related to their structure and properties are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Arthur H G David
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Partha Jyoti Das
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - David J Pe
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA. .,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310021, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou, 311215, China
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Comprehensive review of photophysical parameters (ε, Φf, τs) of tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) and zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) – Critical benchmark molecules in photochemistry and photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2020.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Alcântara AFP, Fontana LA, Almeida MP, Rigolin VH, Ribeiro MA, Barros WP, Megiatto JD. Control over the Redox Cooperative Mechanism of Radical Carbene Transfer Reactions for the Efficient Active‐Metal‐Template Synthesis of [2]Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2020; 26:7808-7822. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur F. P. Alcântara
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Sertão Pernambucano Estrada do Tamboril 56200-000 Ouricuri Brazil
| | - Liniquer A. Fontana
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Marlon P. Almeida
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Vitor H. Rigolin
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Marcos A. Ribeiro
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514 29075-910 Vitória Brazil
| | - Wdeson P. Barros
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
| | - Jackson D. Megiatto
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Campinas (UNICAMP) PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas Brazil
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Martinez-Bulit P, Wilson BH, Loeb SJ. One-pot synthesis of porphyrin-based [5]rotaxanes. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4395-4400. [PMID: 32463405 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00906g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot reaction is used to make a series of [5]rotaxanes. The protocol involves simultaneous threading-followed-by-stoppering to trap a macrocycle (dibenzo[24]crown-8, DB24C8) on an axle to form a mechanically interlocked molecule (MIM) - in this case a rotaxane - and the condensation of an aldehyde with a pyrrole to form a porphyrin precursor. For each [5]rotaxane, a different combination of recognition site and stoppering group was used; the protonation state of the [5]rotaxane can be used to generate different co-conformational states for each [5]rotaxane making these systems potential multi-state switches for further study in solution or the solid-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Martinez-Bulit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Benjamin H Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Stephen J Loeb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.
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Xu C, Chen Y, Zhang HY, Liu Y. Photo-induced secondary assembly of bis(terpyridyl)dibenzo-24-crown-8/Zn2+ supramolecular polymer. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Li SH, Zhang HY, Xu X, Liu Y. Mechanically selflocked chiral gemini-catenanes. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7590. [PMID: 26126502 PMCID: PMC4506498 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked and entangled molecular architectures represent one of the elaborate topological superstructures engineered at a molecular resolution. Here we report a methodology for fabricating mechanically selflocked molecules (MSMs) through highly efficient one-step amidation of a pseudorotaxane derived from dual functionalized pillar[5]arene (P[5]A) threaded by α,ω-diaminoalkane (DA-n; n=3-12). The monomeric and dimeric pseudo[1]catenanes thus obtained, which are inherently chiral due to the topology of P[5]A used, were isolated and fully characterized by NMR and circular dichroism spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and DFT calculations. Of particular interest, the dimeric pseudo[1]catenane, named 'gemini-catenane', contained stereoisomeric meso-erythro and dl-threo isomers, in which two P[5]A moieties are threaded by two DA-n chains in topologically different patterns. This access to chiral pseudo[1]catenanes and gemini-catenanes will greatly promote the practical use of such sophisticated chiral architectures in supramolecular and materials science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hua Li
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Heng-Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiufang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Bilbeisi RA, Olsen JC, Charbonnière LJ, Trabolsi A. Self-assembled discrete metal–organic complexes: Recent advances. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dong S, Gao L, Li J, Xu D, Zhou Q. Photo-responsive linear and cross-linked supramolecular polymers based on host–guest interactions. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00494e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dong S, Gao L, Chen J, Yu G, Zheng B, Huang F. A supramolecular polymer formed by the combination of crown ether-based and charge-transfer molecular recognition. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py21028b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Li Z, Liu W, Wu J, Liu SH, Yin J. Synthesis of [2]Catenanes by Template-Directed Clipping Approach. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7129-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3012804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology,
Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Wenju Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology,
Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3,
Singapore, 117543
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology,
Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology,
Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
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Wang XY, Han JM, Pei J. Energy Transfer and Concentration-Dependent Conformational Modulation: A Porphyrin-Containing [3]Rotaxane. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:2429-37. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ngo TH, Nitychoruk KA, Lentz D, Rzymowski T, Dehaen W, Maes W. Oligoether-strapped meso-pyrimidinylporphyrins. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.02.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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