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Wu KY, Wei YT, Luo YS, Shen LC, Chang BS, Chen YY, Huang YC, Huang HF, Chung WS, Chiang SY. Dose-response formation of N7-(3-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-2-hydroxypropyl)guanine in liver and urine correlates with micronucleated reticulocyte frequencies in mice administered safrole oxide. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114056. [PMID: 37739051 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Safrole oxide (SAFO), a metabolite of naturally occurring hepatocarcinogen safrole, is implicated in causing DNA adduct formation. Our previous study first detected the most abundant SAFO-induced DNA adduct, N7-(3-benzo[1,3] dioxol-5-yl-2-hydroxypropyl)guanine (N7γ-SAFO-G), in mouse urine using a well-developed isotope-dilution high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ID-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method. This study further elucidated the genotoxic mode of action of SAFO in mice treated with SAFO 30, 60, 90, or 120 mg/kg for 28 days. The ID-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method detected N7γ-SAFO-G with excellent sensitivity and specificity in mouse liver and urine of SAFO-treated mice. Our data provide the first direct evidence of SAFO-DNA adduct formation in rodent tissues. N7γ-SAFO-G levels in liver were significantly increased by SAFO 120 mg/kg compared with SAFO 30 mg/kg, suggesting rapid spontaneous or enzymatic depurination of N7γ-SAFO-G in tissue DNA. Urinary N7γ-SAFO-G exhibited a sublinear dose response. Moreover, the micronucleated peripheral reticulocyte frequencies increased dose-dependently and significantly correlated with N7γ-SAFO-G levels in liver (r = 0.8647; p < 0.0001) and urine (r = 0.846; p < 0.0001). Our study suggests that safrole-mediated genotoxicity may be caused partly by its metabolic activation to SAFO and that urinary N7γ-SAFO-G may serve as a chemically-specific cancer risk biomarker for safrole exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuen-Yuh Wu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Wei
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Syuan Luo
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Bao-Suei Chang
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yin Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Chi Huang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fen Huang
- School of Post-baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sheng Chung
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Su-Yin Chiang
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Alhaffar MT, Akhtar MN, Ali SA. Utilization of catecholic functionality in natural safrole and eugenol to synthesize mussel-inspired polymers. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21265-21277. [PMID: 35521353 PMCID: PMC9066001 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04719k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring safrole I upon epoxidation gave safrole oxide II, which underwent ring opening polymerization using a Lewis acid initiator/catalyst comprising of triphenylmethylphosphonium bromide/triisobutylaluminum to afford new polyether III in excellent yields. Epoxy monomer II and allyl glycidyl ether IV in various proportions have been randomly copolymerized to obtain copolymer V. A mechanism has been proposed for the polymerization reaction involving chain transfer to the monomers. A strategy has been developed for the deprotection of the methylene acetal of V using Pb(OAc)4 whereby one of the methylene protons is replaced with a labile OAc group to give VI. The pendant allyl groups in VI have been elaborated via a thiol–ene reaction using cysteamine hydrochloride and thioglycolic acid to obtain cationic VII and anionic VIII polymers, both containing a mussel-inspired Dopa-based catechol moiety. During aqueous work up, the protecting group containing OAc was deprotected under mild conditions. Cationic VII and anionic VIII were also obtained via an alternate route using epoxide IX derived from 3,4-bis[tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy]allylbenzene. Monomer IX was homo- as well as copolymerized with IV using Lewis acid initiator/catalyst system to obtain homopolymer X and copolymer X1. Copolymer XI was then elaborated using a thiol–ene reaction followed by F− catalysed silyl deprotection to obtain mussel inspired polymers VII and VIII, which by virtue of having charges of opposite algebraic signs were used to form their coacervate. Naturally occurring safrole I upon epoxidation gave safrole oxide II, which underwent polymerization using a Lewis acid initiator/catalyst of triphenylmethylphosphonium bromide/triisobutylaluminum to afford new polyether III in excellent yields.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouheddin T. Alhaffar
- Chemistry Department
- King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
- Dhahran 31261
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad N. Akhtar
- Center for Refining and Petrochemicals
- RI, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
- Dhahran 31261
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaikh A. Ali
- Chemistry Department
- King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
- Dhahran 31261
- Saudi Arabia
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Triple quadrupole mass spectrometry comparative DNA adductomics of Hep G2 cells following exposure to safrole. Toxicol Lett 2019; 300:92-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Dracínský M, Pohl R. Determination of the Nucleic Acid Adducts Structure at the Nucleoside/Nucleotide Level by NMR Spectroscopy. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 28:155-65. [PMID: 25584790 DOI: 10.1021/tx5004535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
All living organisms are exposed to xenobiotics from the environment. The exposure can lead to the formation of covalent adducts of xenobiotics or their metabolites with nucleic acids (NAs).The knowledge of NA adduct structure provides valuable information n the mechanism of carcinogenesis on a molecular level. While NMR spectroscopy is extremely successful in structural analysis of many classes of molecules ranging from small inorganic and organic molecules to large biomacromolecules, the structural analysis of NA adducts by NMR spectroscopy is accompanied by some challenges. First, the structural diversity of the adducts is very large; the electrophilic species generated from the metabolism of xenobiotics can attack various atoms of the nucleobases, and new rings are frequently formed. The second challenge in the DNA adducts structure determination is the low sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy and low amount of the adducts isolated from in vivo experiments. Recent developments of NMR hardware and experimental methods have led, however, to unprecedented sensitivity. This contribution reviews NMR techniques that are commonly applied in the determination of nucleic acid adducts structure at the nucleoside/nucleotide level. These NMR techniques and the large structural heterogeneity of NA adducts are demonstrated on recent examples (mostly published after 2000) of NA adducts structure determined by NMR. Most of the examples report 2′-deoxyribonucles(t)ide derivatives, but RNA adducts are also briefly discussed. The influence of the formation of NA adducts on nucleoside conformation (particularly syn/anti orientation of the base) is also demonstrated on recent examples.
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Adfa M, Rahmad R, Ninomiya M, Yudha S S, Tanaka K, Koketsu M. Antileukemic activity of lignans and phenylpropanoids of Cinnamomum parthenoxylon. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:761-764. [PMID: 26774581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity of fractions and isolated constituents from Cinnamomum parthenoxylon woods against human leukemia HL-60 and U937 cells. The n-Hex, EtOAc, and MeOH-H2O fractions of the woods inhibited cell proliferation in both cell lines. Our phytochemical investigation of the n-Hex and EtOAc fractions led to the isolation of lignans and phenylpropanoids, whose chemical structures were confirmed by spectroscopic analyses. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antileukemic activity; especially, hinokinin and cubebin exhibited strong inhibition toward U937 cell proliferation. Morphological observation indicated that these cytotoxic actions were mediated by apoptosis. Our findings suggested that an oxygenated functional group at the C-9 position in dibenzylfuran skeleton contributed their potency. In addition, these results enhanced the ethnopharmacological value of C. parthenoxylon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morina Adfa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bengkulu University, Jalan Raya W.R. Supratman, Kandang Limun, Bengkulu 38371, Indonesia
| | - Rizki Rahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bengkulu University, Jalan Raya W.R. Supratman, Kandang Limun, Bengkulu 38371, Indonesia
| | - Masayuki Ninomiya
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Salprima Yudha S
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bengkulu University, Jalan Raya W.R. Supratman, Kandang Limun, Bengkulu 38371, Indonesia
| | - Kaori Tanaka
- Division of Anaerobe Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medicinal Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Mamoru Koketsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Shen LC, Chiang SY, Lin MH, Chung WS, Wu KY. In vivo formation of N7-guanine DNA adduct by safrole 2',3'-oxide in mice. Toxicol Lett 2012; 213:309-15. [PMID: 22820429 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Safrole, a naturally occurring product derived from spices and herbs, has been shown to be associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in rodents. Safrole 2',3'-oxide (SFO), an electrophilic metabolite of safrole, was shown to react with DNA bases to form detectable DNA adducts in vitro, but not detected in vivo. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the formation of N7-(3-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-2-hydroxypropyl)guanine (N7γ-SFO-Gua) resulting from the reaction of SFO with the most nucleophilic site of guanine in vitro and in vivo with a newly developed isotope-dilution high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method. N7γ-SFO-Gua and [(15)N(5)]-N7-(3-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-2-hydroxypropyl)guanine ([(15)N(5)]-N7γ-SFO-Gua) were first synthesized, purified, and characterized. The HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed to measure N7γ-SFO-Gua in calf thymus DNA treated with 60 μmol of SFO for 72 h and in urine samples of mice treated with a single dose of SFO (30 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally). In calf thymus DNA, the level of N7γ-SFO-Gua was 2670 adducts per 10(6)nucleotides. In urine of SFO-treated mice, the levels of N7γ-SFO-Gua were 1.02±0.14 ng/mg creatinine (n=4) on day 1, 0.73±0.68 ng/mg creatinine (n=4) on day 2, and below the limit of quantitation on day 3. These results suggest that SFO can cause in vivo formation of N7γ-SFO-Gua, which may then be rapidly depurinated from the DNA backbone and excreted through urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ching Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
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