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Luo T, Xu TT, Guo YF, Dong H. SnCl 4 Promoted Efficient Cleavage of Acetal/Ketal Groups with the Assistance of Water in CH 2Cl 2. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238258. [PMID: 36500346 PMCID: PMC9736348 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acetalization and deacetalation are a pair of routine manipulations to protect and deprotect the 4- and 6-hydroxyl groups of glycosides in the synthesis of glycosyl building blocks. In this study, we found that treatment of SnCl4 with various carbohydrates containing acetal/ketal groups with the assistance of water in CH2Cl2 led to deacetalization/deketalization products in almost quantitative yields. In addition, for substrates containing both acetal/ketal and p-methoxylbenzyl groups, we also found that the p-methoxylbenzyl group was selectively cleaved by the use of a catalytic amount of SnCl4, while the acetal/ketal groups remained. Furthermore, based on this, 4,6-benzylidene glycosides can be conveniently converted to 4,6-OAc or 4-OH, 6-OAc glycosides.
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2
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Xiao G, Su G, Slawin AMZ, Westwood N. From Biomass to the Karrikins
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Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Hemicellulose‐Derived Butyl Xylosides and Glucosides. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganyuan Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Gerard Su
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Nicholas Westwood
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM North Haugh St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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3
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Lluna‐Galán C, Izquierdo‐Aranda L, Adam R, Cabrero‐Antonino JR. Catalytic Reductive Alcohol Etherifications with Carbonyl-Based Compounds or CO 2 and Related Transformations for the Synthesis of Ether Derivatives. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3744-3784. [PMID: 34237201 PMCID: PMC8518999 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ether derivatives have myriad applications in several areas of chemical industry and academia. Hence, the development of more effective and sustainable protocols for their production is highly desired. Among the different methodologies reported for ether synthesis, catalytic reductive alcohol etherifications with carbonyl-based moieties (aldehydes/ketones and carboxylic acid derivatives) have emerged in the last years as a potential tool. These processes constitute appealing routes for the selective production of both symmetrical and asymmetrical ethers (including O-heterocycles) with an increased molecular complexity. Likewise, ester-to-ether catalytic reductions and hydrogenative alcohol etherifications with CO2 to dialkoxymethanes and other acetals, albeit in less extent, have undergone important advances, too. In this Review, an update of the recent progresses in the area of catalytic reductive alcohol etherifications using carbonyl-based compounds and CO2 have been described with a special focus on organic synthetic applications and catalyst design. Complementarily, recent progress made in catalytic acetal/ketal-to-ether or ester-to-ether reductions and other related transformations have been also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Lluna‐Galán
- Instituto de Tecnología QuímicaUniversitat Politécnica de València-Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC)Avda. de los Naranjos s/n46022ValenciaSpain
| | - Luis Izquierdo‐Aranda
- Instituto de Tecnología QuímicaUniversitat Politécnica de València-Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC)Avda. de los Naranjos s/n46022ValenciaSpain
| | - Rosa Adam
- Instituto de Tecnología QuímicaUniversitat Politécnica de València-Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC)Avda. de los Naranjos s/n46022ValenciaSpain
| | - Jose R. Cabrero‐Antonino
- Instituto de Tecnología QuímicaUniversitat Politécnica de València-Consejo Superior Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC)Avda. de los Naranjos s/n46022ValenciaSpain
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4
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Deen MC, Proceviat C, Shan X, Wu L, Shen DL, Davies GJ, Vocadlo DJ. Selective Fluorogenic β-Glucocerebrosidase Substrates for Convenient Analysis of Enzyme Activity in Cell and Tissue Homogenates. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:824-829. [PMID: 32109051 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Within mammals, there are often several functionally related glycoside hydrolases, which makes monitoring their activities problematic. This problem is particularly acute for the enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), the malfunction of which is a key driver of Gaucher's disease (GD) and a major risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Humans harbor two other functionally related β-glucosidases known as GBA2 and GBA3, and the currently used fluorogenic substrates are not selective, which has driven the use of complicated subtractive assays involving the use of detergents and inhibitors. Here we describe the preparation of fluorogenic substrates based on the widely used nonselective substrate resorufin β-d-glucopyranoside. Using recombinant enzymes, we show that these substrates are highly selective for GCase. We also demonstrate their value through the analysis of GCase activity in brain tissue homogenates from transgenic mice expressing mutant human GCase and patient fibroblasts expressing mutant GCase. This approach simplifies the analysis of cell and tissue homogenates and should facilitate the analysis of clinical and laboratory tissues and samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Deen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Cameron Proceviat
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Xiaoyang Shan
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Liang Wu
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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5
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Li FS, Phyo P, Jacobowitz J, Hong M, Weng JK. The molecular structure of plant sporopollenin. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:41-46. [PMID: 30559416 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sporopollenin is a ubiquitous and extremely chemically inert biopolymer that constitutes the outer wall of all land-plant spores and pollen grains1. Sporopollenin protects the vulnerable plant gametes against a wide range of environmental assaults, and is considered a prerequisite for the migration of early plants onto land2. Despite its importance, the chemical structure of plant sporopollenin has remained elusive1. Using a newly developed thioacidolysis degradative method together with state-of-the-art solid-state NMR techniques, we determined the detailed molecular structure of pine sporopollenin. We show that pine sporopollenin is primarily composed of aliphatic-polyketide-derived polyvinyl alcohol units and 7-O-p-coumaroylated C16 aliphatic units, crosslinked through a distinctive dioxane moiety featuring an acetal. Naringenin was also identified as a minor component of pine sporopollenin. This discovery answers the long-standing question about the chemical make-up of plant sporopollenin, laying the foundation for future investigations of sporopollenin biosynthesis and for the design of new biomimetic polymers with desirable inert properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Shuang Li
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pyae Phyo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Jacobowitz
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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6
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Li FS, Phyo P, Jacobowitz J, Hong M, Weng JK. The molecular structure of plant sporopollenin. NATURE PLANTS 2019. [PMID: 30559416 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0330-337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sporopollenin is a ubiquitous and extremely chemically inert biopolymer that constitutes the outer wall of all land-plant spores and pollen grains1. Sporopollenin protects the vulnerable plant gametes against a wide range of environmental assaults, and is considered a prerequisite for the migration of early plants onto land2. Despite its importance, the chemical structure of plant sporopollenin has remained elusive1. Using a newly developed thioacidolysis degradative method together with state-of-the-art solid-state NMR techniques, we determined the detailed molecular structure of pine sporopollenin. We show that pine sporopollenin is primarily composed of aliphatic-polyketide-derived polyvinyl alcohol units and 7-O-p-coumaroylated C16 aliphatic units, crosslinked through a distinctive dioxane moiety featuring an acetal. Naringenin was also identified as a minor component of pine sporopollenin. This discovery answers the long-standing question about the chemical make-up of plant sporopollenin, laying the foundation for future investigations of sporopollenin biosynthesis and for the design of new biomimetic polymers with desirable inert properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Shuang Li
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pyae Phyo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Jacobowitz
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Janssens J, Risseeuw MDP, Van der Eycken J, Van Calenbergh S. Regioselective Ring Opening of 1,3-Dioxane-Type Acetals in Carbohydrates. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Janssens
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry; Department of Pharmaceutics (FFW); Ghent University; Ottergemsesteenweg 460 9000 Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 (S4) 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Martijn D. P. Risseeuw
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry; Department of Pharmaceutics (FFW); Ghent University; Ottergemsesteenweg 460 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Johan Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 (S4) 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry; Department of Pharmaceutics (FFW); Ghent University; Ottergemsesteenweg 460 9000 Ghent Belgium
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8
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Niu Q, Xing L, Li C. From organocatalysed desilylations to high-yielding benzylidenations of electron-deficient benzaldehydes. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/174751917x14955339414758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new type of organoprecatalyst (MeSCH2Cl/KI) for desilylation and benzylidenation reactions has been designed. Both reactions are user friendly and high yielding (71–>99%) and have fast reaction rates. The desilylation of iodo silyl ethers was achieved with no sequential etherification side reactions like those seen for reactions when using TBAF. In the application of the catalytic system to a 6-TBDMS ether of a glucoside, glucoside benzylidenations using electron-deficient benzaldehydes were achieved in 87% yield compared with the previously reported yields of 69–77%. Altogether, 14 benzylidenation reactions were realised using silyloxy alcohols and electron-deficient benzaldehydes instead of their activated acetal forms. In terms of reaction rates and yields, the order of the benzylidenations is p-fluorobenzaldehyde > benzaldehyde > p-anisaldehyde, and a possible mechanism is discussed. These experiments have preliminarily differentiated this cost-effective catalytic system from the classic Lewis acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Niu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300354, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Xing
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300354, P.R. China
| | - Chunbao Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, 135 Yaguan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300354, P.R. China
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9
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Banerjee A, Senthilkumar S, Baskaran S. Benzylidene Acetal Protecting Group as Carboxylic Acid Surrogate: Synthesis of Functionalized Uronic Acids and Sugar Amino Acids. Chemistry 2015; 22:902-6. [PMID: 26572799 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Direct oxidation of the 4,6-O-benzylidene acetal protecting group to C-6 carboxylic acid has been developed that provides an easy access to a wide range of biologically important and synthetically challenging uronic acid and sugar amino acid derivatives in good yields. The RuCl3 -NaIO4 -mediated oxidative cleavage method eliminates protection and deprotection steps and the reaction takes place under mild conditions. The dual role of the benzylidene acetal, as a protecting group and source of carboxylic acid, was exploited in the efficient synthesis of six-carbon sialic acid analogues and disaccharides bearing uronic acids, including glycosaminoglycan analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-, 600036, India
| | | | - Sundarababu Baskaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-, 600036, India.
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10
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Zhu Y, Laval S, Tang Y, Lian G, Yu B. A Polystyrene-Bound Triphenylphosphine Gold(I) Catalyst for the Glycosylation of Glycosylortho-Hexynylbenzoates. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yugen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry; ?Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Stéphane Laval
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry; ?Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry; ?Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Gaoyan Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry; ?Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry; ?Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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11
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Guyon C, Duclos MC, Sutter M, Métay E, Lemaire M. Reductive alkylation of active methylene compounds with carbonyl derivatives, calcium hydride and a heterogeneous catalyst. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7067-75. [PMID: 26053131 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00849b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot two-step reaction (Knoevenagel condensation - reduction of the double bond) has been developed using calcium hydride as a reductant in the presence of a supported noble metal catalyst. The reaction between carbonyl compounds and active methylene compounds such as methylcyanoacetate, 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid, dimedone and the more challenging dimethylmalonate, affords the corresponding monoalkylated products in moderate to good yields (up to 83%) with minimal reduction of the starting carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Guyon
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR-CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, Bâtiment Curien, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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12
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Guyon C, Métay E, Popowycz F, Lemaire M. Synthetic applications of hypophosphite derivatives in reduction. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7879-906. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01032b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to collect the applications in fine synthesis of hypophosphite derivatives as reducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Guyon
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- UMR-CNRS 5246
- Université de Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1
| | - Estelle Métay
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- UMR-CNRS 5246
- Université de Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1
| | - Florence Popowycz
- Equipe Chimie Organique et Bioorganique
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- UMR-CNRS 5246
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA Lyon)
- F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex
| | - Marc Lemaire
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- UMR-CNRS 5246
- Université de Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1
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13
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Guyon C, Da Silva E, Lafon R, Métay E, Lemaire M. Reductive amination using a combination of CaH2 and noble metal. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14808h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amines were prepared by a reductive amination reaction in the presence of calcium hydride and Pt/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Guyon
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- UMR-CNRS 5246
- Université de Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1
| | - Eric Da Silva
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- UMR-CNRS 5246
- Université de Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1
| | - Romain Lafon
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- UMR-CNRS 5246
- Université de Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1
| | - Estelle Métay
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- UMR-CNRS 5246
- Université de Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1
| | - Marc Lemaire
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- UMR-CNRS 5246
- Université de Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1
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14
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Gozlan C, Lafon R, Duguet N, Redl A, Lemaire M. Catalytic reductive cleavage of methyl α-d-glucoside acetals to ethers using hydrogen as a clean reductant. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09350j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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15
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Liotta LJ, Chalmers JF, Falco Marshall JN, Ferreira TE, Mullen HE, Pace NJ. Selective 4,6-O-benzylidene formation of methyl α-D-mannopyranoside using 2,6-dimethylbenzaldehyde. Carbohydr Res 2014; 391:31-6. [PMID: 24785384 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
While methyl α-d-glucopyranosides and α-d-galactopyranosides selectively form 4,6-O-benzylidenes when reacted with excess benzaldehyde in the presence of acid catalyst methyl α-d-mannopyranosides does not exhibit the same selectivity because of the cis-arrangement of the C2 and C3 hydroxyl groups. The selectivity for the 4,6-O-benzylidene is restored by using 2,6-dimethylbenzaldehyde instead of benzaldehyde. In addition the excess 2,6-dimethylbenzaldehyde is easily recovered from the reaction by extraction with petroleum ether and can be reused without further purification. The 2,6-dimethylbenzylidene exhibits properties similar to the unsubstituted benzylidene with regard to chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Liotta
- Stonehill College, 320 Washington Street, Easton, MA 02357, United States.
| | | | | | - Timothy E Ferreira
- Stonehill College, 320 Washington Street, Easton, MA 02357, United States
| | - Hannah E Mullen
- Stonehill College, 320 Washington Street, Easton, MA 02357, United States
| | - Nicholas J Pace
- Stonehill College, 320 Washington Street, Easton, MA 02357, United States
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18
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Da Silva É, Dayoub W, Duguet N, Métay E, Popowycz F, Lemaire M. New research areas inspired by sustainable development. CR CHIM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2012.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Copper(II) triflate-catalyzed reduction of carboxylic acids to alcohols and reductive etherification of carbonyl compounds. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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