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Alemi H, Dehghani S, Forouzanfar K, Surico PL, Narimatsu A, Musayeva A, Sharifi S, Wang S, Dohlman TH, Yin J, Chen Y, Dana R. Insights into mustard gas keratopathy- characterizing corneal layer-specific changes in mice exposed to nitrogen mustard. Exp Eye Res 2023; 236:109657. [PMID: 37722586 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to mustard agents, such as sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM), often results in ocular surface damage. This can lead to the emergence of various corneal disorders that are collectively referred to as mustard gas keratopathy (MGK). In this study, we aimed to develop a mouse model of MGK by using ocular NM exposure, and describe the subsequent structural changes analyzed across the different layers of the cornea. A 3 μL solution of 0.25 mg/mL or 5 mg/mL NM was applied to the center of the cornea via a 2-mm filter paper for 5 min. Mice were evaluated prior to and after exposure on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 for 4 weeks using slit lamp examination with fluorescein staining. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) tracked changes in the epithelium, stroma, and endothelium of the cornea. Histologic evaluation was used to examine corneal cross-sections collected at the completion of follow-up. Following exposure, mice experienced central corneal epithelial erosion and thinning, accompanied by a decreased number of nerve branches in the subbasal plexus and increased activated keratocytes in the stroma in both dosages. The epithelium was recovered by day 3 in the low dose group, followed by exacerbated punctuate erosions alongside persistent corneal edema that arose and continued onward to four weeks post-exposure. The high dose group showed persistent epitheliopathy throughout the study. The endothelial cell density was reduced, more prominent in the high dose group, early after NM exposure, which persisted until the end of follow-up, along with increased polymegethism and pleomorphism. Microstructural changes in the central cornea at 4 weeks post-exposure included dysmorphic basal epithelial cells and reduced epithelial thickness, and in the limbal cornea included decreased cellular layers. We present a mouse model of MGK using NM that successfully replicates ocular injury caused by SM in humans who have been exposed to mustard gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Alemi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shima Dehghani
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katayoon Forouzanfar
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pier Luigi Surico
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akitomo Narimatsu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aytan Musayeva
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sina Sharifi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shudan Wang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas H Dohlman
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jia Yin
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yihe Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Alemi H, Dehghani S, Musayeva A, Nadari A, Narimatsu A, Sharifi S, Forouzanfar K, Wang S, Dohlman TH, Yin J, Chen Y, Dana R. Insights into mustard gas keratopathy: Characterizing corneal layer-specific changes in mice exposed to nitrogen mustard. Exp Eye Res 2023:109495. [PMID: 37142048 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to mustard agents, such as sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM), often results in ocular surface damage. This can lead to the emergence of various corneal disorders that are collectively referred to as mustard gas keratopathy (MGK). In this study, we aimed to develop a mouse model of MGK by using ocular NM exposure, and describe the subsequent structural changes analyzed across the different layers of the cornea. A 3 μL solution of 0.25 mg/mL NM was applied to the center of the cornea via a 2-mm filter paper for 5 min. Mice were evaluated prior to and after exposure on days 1 and 3, and weekly for 4 weeks using slit lamp examination with fluorescein staining. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) tracked changes in the epithelium, stroma, and endothelium of the cornea. Histologic evaluation and immunostaining were used to examine corneal cross-sections collected at the completion of follow-up. A biphasic ocular injury was observed in mice exposed to NM, most prominent in the corneal epithelium and anterior stroma. Following exposure, mice experienced central corneal epithelial erosions and thinning, accompanied by a decreased number of nerve branches in the subbasal plexus and increased activated keratocytes in the stroma. The epithelium was recovered by day 3, followed by exacerbated punctuate erosions alongside persistent stromal edema that arose and continued onward to four weeks post-exposure. The endothelial cell density was reduced on the first day after NM exposure, which persisted until the end of follow-up, along with increased polymegethism and pleomorphism. Microstructural changes in the central cornea at this time included dysmorphic basal epithelial cells, and in the limbal cornea included decreased cellular layers and p63+ area, along with increased DNA oxidization. We present a mouse model of MGK using NM that successfully replicates ocular injury caused by SM in humans who have been exposed to mustard gas. Our research suggests DNA oxidation contributes to the long-term effects of nitrogen mustard on limbal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Alemi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shima Dehghani
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aytan Musayeva
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amirreza Nadari
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akitomo Narimatsu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sina Sharifi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katayoun Forouzanfar
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shudan Wang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas H Dohlman
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jia Yin
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yihe Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Annatelli M, Trapasso G, Salaris C, Salata C, Castellano S, Aricò F. Mustard Carbonate Analogues as Sustainable Reagents for the Aminoalkylation of Phenols. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Annatelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics Ca' Foscari University Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155 30172 Venezia Mestre Italy
| | - Giacomo Trapasso
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics Ca' Foscari University Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155 30172 Venezia Mestre Italy
| | - Claudio Salaris
- Department of Molecular Medicine Padua University via Gabelli 63 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Cristiano Salata
- Department of Molecular Medicine Padua University via Gabelli 63 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Department of Pharmacy University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano, Salerno Italy
| | - Fabio Aricò
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics Ca' Foscari University Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155 30172 Venezia Mestre Italy
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Vedaiyan RK, Thyriyalakshmi P. Utilization of biodegradable chitosan-derived sponges as oil retainers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:28123-28131. [PMID: 32410191 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An innovative approach of chitosan-derived biodegradable sponges with high sorption capacity, excellent recyclability, and inherent oleophilic properties have been developed for the first time to remove the crude oil polluting the environment. Chitosan-nitrogen mustard ionic carbonate-β-cyclodextrin (CH-NMIC-CD), chitosan-nitrogen mustard ionic carbonate (CH-NMIC), and chitosan (CH) sponges with macropores were prepared using tripolylphosphate (TPP) by adopting subsequent lyophilization. Detailed characterization such as FTIR, TGA, XRD, and SEM has been done to confirm the formation, stability, crystalline nature, and morphology of the prepared sponges. The FTIR spectra confirmed the successful incorporation of NMIC in CH-NMIC-CD and CH-NMIC and the presence of β-CD in the (CH-NMIC-CD). It was found from the TGA results that the presence of β-CD makes the sponge CH-NMIC-CD stable. SEM analysis showed the morphology of the sponges found to be highly porous with interconnected macropores. The oil absorption capacity was 12.30 goil/gns higher for the sponge CH-NMIC-CD followed by CH-NMIC and CH. The sponges showed reusability excellently even after consecutive sorption-desorption separation cycles for five times. Moreover, the sponges were completely biodegraded within 25 days. The finding holds a promising future to use CH-NMIC-CD sponges in pollutant entrapment particularly in the removal of crude oil and allied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Kuravappullam Vedaiyan
- Bio-products Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C. College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, Chennai-25, India.
| | - Palanivel Thyriyalakshmi
- Bio-products Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C. College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, Chennai-25, India
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Cui X, Yang R, Li S, Liu J, Wu Q, Li X. Modeling and insights into molecular basis of low molecular weight respiratory sensitizers. Mol Divers 2020; 25:847-859. [PMID: 32166484 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory sensitization has been considered an important toxicological endpoint, because of the severe risk to human health. A great part of sensitization events were caused by low molecular weight (< 1000) respiratory sensitizers in the past decades. However, there is currently no widely accepted test method that can identify prospective low molecular weight respiratory sensitisers. Herein, we performed the study of modeling and insights into molecular basis of low molecular weight respiratory sensitizers with a high-quality data set containing 136 respiratory sensitizers and 518 nonsensitizers. We built a number of classification models by using OCHEM tools, and a consensus model was developed based on the ten best individual models. The consensus model showed good predictive ability with a balanced accuracy of 0.78 and 0.85 on fivefold cross-validation and external validation, respectively. The readers can predict the respiratory sensitization of organic compounds via https://ochem.eu/article/114857 . The effect of several molecular properties on respiratory sensitization was also evaluated. The results indicated that these properties differ significantly between respiratory sensitizers and nonsensitizers. Furthermore, 14 privileged substructures responsible for respiratory sensitization were identified. We hope the models and the findings could provide useful help for environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Cui
- Department of Clinical pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Clinical pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Siwen Li
- Department of Clinical pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Clinical pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Qiuyun Wu
- Department of Clinical pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Clinical pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China. .,Department of Clinical pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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6
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Thyriyalakshmi P, Radha KV. Fabrication of chitosan-bis (4-formyl-2 methoxy phenyl carbonate) Schiff base nanoparticles and evaluation of their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4333-4347. [PMID: 31115838 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study details on the mechanism of synthesis of bis (4-formyl-2 methoxy phenyl carbonate), using two green reagents dimethyl carbonate and vanillin for application as therapeutic agent. The synthesized FMPC was identified from the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The novel modified Schiff base nanoparticles resulted from the crosslinking of FMPC with chitosan were confirmed by cross-polarization magic angle spinning carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The incorporation of the FMPC was identified from the amorphous X-ray diffraction patterns of C-FMPC-Nps. The thermal stability of the formed nanoparticles was predicted using thermogravimetric analysis. The morphology of the nanoparticles as observed from HRTEM was found to be smooth and spherical in nature. Both FMPC and C-FMPC-Nps showed significant radical scavenging potential and anticancer property. The carbonate ester backbone and the moiety present in chitosan-FMPC-nanoparticles, underwent hydrolysis at the targeted cancer causing microenvironment to release vanillin and chitosan and enhance the anticancer activity. Both FMPC and C-FMPC-Nps exhibits a dose dependent cytotoxicity towards the different cell lines and it was tested with a commercial drug for application studies. Effective synthesis of FMPC, successful incorporation onto chitosan nanoparticles for the formation of C-FMPC-Nps. The formed Schiff base compound proves to have enhanced antioxidant and anticancer efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thyriyalakshmi
- Bioproducts Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C. Tech, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India
| | - K V Radha
- Bioproducts Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C. Tech, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India.
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Tundo P, Musolino M, Aricò F. Dialkyl Carbonates in the Green Synthesis of Heterocycles. Front Chem 2019; 7:300. [PMID: 31134180 PMCID: PMC6514103 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the use of dialkyl carbonates (DACs) as green reagents and solvents for the synthesis of several 5- and 6-membered heterocycles including: tetrahydrofuran and furan systems, pyrrolidines, indolines, isoindolines, 1,4-dioxanes, piperidines, and cyclic carbamates. Depending on the heterocycle investigated, the synthetic approach used was different. Tetrahydrofuran systems, pyrrolidines, indolines, isoindoline, and 1,4-dioxanes were synthesized using dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as sacrificial molecule (BAc2/BAl2 mechanism). Cyclic carbamates, namely 1,3-oxazin-2-ones, were prepared employing DACs as carbonylating agents, either by BAc2/BAl2 mechanism or through a double BAc2 mechanism. Piperidines were synthetized taking advantage of the anchimeric effect of a new family of dialkyl carbonates, i.e., mustard carbonates. Finally, in the case 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), DMC has been employed as efficient extracting solvent of this extensively investigated bio-based platform chemical from the reaction mixture. These synthetic approaches demonstrate, once again, the great versatility of DACs and their-yet to be fully explored-potential as green reagents and solvents in the synthesis of heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Tundo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Scientifico, Venice, Italy
- Institute for the Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - Manuele Musolino
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Scientifico, Venice, Italy
| | - Fabio Aricò
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Scientifico, Venice, Italy
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Aricò F, Maranzana A, Musolino M, Tundo P. 5-Membered cyclic ethers via phenonium ion mediated cyclization through carbonate chemistry. PURE APPL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cyclization of 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenol via DMC chemistry in acidic conditions is herein discussed for the first time. Reaction conditions have been investigated and optimized. This substrate is quite appealing as it incorporates a 2-hydroxyethyl moiety in ortho to the aromatic hydroxyl group capable of stabilizing the related phenonium ion. When the reaction mechanism was investigated via theoretical calculations, the results suggest that the most favorable pathway encompasses a DMC-mediated formation of the phenonium ion that is converted into the 2-(2-methoxyethyl)phenol. The related cyclic ether is then formed via intramolecular cyclization of this intermediate. This peculiar cyclization reaction is another example of the versatility of DMC herein used as solvent, methoxycarbonylation agent and leaving group in the intramolecular cyclization leading to the phenonium ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Aricò
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics , Ca’ Foscari University , Scientific Campus Via Torino 155 , 30172 Venezia Mestre , Italy
| | - Andrea Maranzana
- Department of Chemistry , Turin University , Via Pietro Giuria, 7 , 10125 Torino , Italy
| | - Manuele Musolino
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics , Ca’ Foscari University , Scientific Campus Via Torino 155 , 30172 Venezia Mestre , Italy
| | - Pietro Tundo
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics , Ca’ Foscari University , Scientific Campus Via Torino 155 , 30172 Venezia Mestre , Italy
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9
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Aricò F, Aldoshin AS, Musolino M, Crisma M, Tundo P. β-Aminocarbonates in Regioselective and Ring Expansion Reactions. J Org Chem 2017; 83:236-243. [PMID: 29172495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of β-aminocarbonates as anisotropic electrophiles has been investigated with several phenols. Products distribution shows that the regioselectivity of the anchimerically driven alkylation reaction depends on the nucleophiles. The results suggest that in the presence of nucleophiles that are also good leaving groups, the reaction takes place under thermodynamic control favoring the attack on the most sterically hindered carbon of the cyclic aziridinium intermediate. Furthermore, when an enantiomerically pure pyrrolidine-based carbonate was used, the reaction with phenols proceeds via a bicyclic aziridinium intermediate leading to the stereoselective synthesis of optically active 3-substituted piperidines via ring expansion reaction. These results were confirmed both by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Aricò
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University , Scientific Campus Via Torino 155, 30170 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Alexander S Aldoshin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University , Scientific Campus Via Torino 155, 30170 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Manuele Musolino
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University , Scientific Campus Via Torino 155, 30170 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Marco Crisma
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry , Padova Unit, CNR, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Pietro Tundo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University , Scientific Campus Via Torino 155, 30170 Venezia Mestre, Italy
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Aricò F, Aldoshin AS, Tundo P. One-Pot Preparation of Dimethyl Isosorbide from d-Sorbitol via Dimethyl Carbonate Chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:53-57. [PMID: 27922205 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Direct synthesis of dimethyl isosorbide (DMI) from d-sorbitol via dimethyl carbonate (DMC) chemistry is herein first reported. High yield of DMI was achieved using the nitrogen superbase 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) as catalyst and performing the reaction in a stainless steel autoclave by increasing the temperature from 90 to 200 °C. In this procedure, DMC features its full capacity acting in the different steps of the process as carboxymethylating, leaving-group (cyclization), and methylating agent; DMC is also employed as the reaction media.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Aricò
- Department of Environmental Science, informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Campus Universitario, Via Torino 155, 30170, Venezia mestre, Italy
| | - A S Aldoshin
- Department of Environmental Science, informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Campus Universitario, Via Torino 155, 30170, Venezia mestre, Italy
| | - P Tundo
- Department of Environmental Science, informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Campus Universitario, Via Torino 155, 30170, Venezia mestre, Italy
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Aricò F, Tundo P. Isosorbide and dimethyl carbonate: a green match. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:2256-2266. [PMID: 28144292 PMCID: PMC5238621 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review the reactivity of the bio-based platform compounds D-sorbitol and isosorbide with green reagents and solvent dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is reported. Dehydration of D-sorbitol via DMC in the presence of catalytic amounts of base is an efficient and viable process for the preparation of the industrially relevant anhydro sugar isosorbide. This procedure is "chlorine-free", one-pot, environmental friendly and high yielding. The reactivity of isosorbide with DMC is equally interesting as it can lead to the formation of dicarboxymethyl isosorbide, a potential monomer for isosorbide-based polycarbonate, and dimethyl isosorbide, a high boiling green solvent. The peculiar reactivity of isosorbide and the non-toxic properties of DMC represent indeed a green match leading to several industrial appealing potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Aricò
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Scientific Campus Via Torino 155 , 30170 Venezia Mestre, Italy
| | - Pietro Tundo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University, Scientific Campus Via Torino 155 , 30170 Venezia Mestre, Italy
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12
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Aricò F, Evaristo S, Tundo P. The neighbouring effect of isosorbide and its epimers in their reactions with dimethyl carbonate. SCIENCEOPEN RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-chem.ab3r7e.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The reactions of isosorbide and its epimers, isomannide and isoidide, with dimethyl carbonate have been herein investigated as easy access to bio-based products by a free-halogen chemistry approach. Isosorbide and its epimers show a different reactivity in bimolecular nucleophilic substitution with dimethyl carbonate (DMC). Carboxymethylation reaction was carried out in the presence of DMC and a weak base resulting in the high-yielding synthesis of dicarboxymethyl derivatives. Isomannide was the most reactive anhydro sugar due to the less sterically hindered exo position of the OH groups. On the other hand, methylation of isosorbide and its epimers, conducted in the presence of a strong base and DMC, showed the higher reactivity of the endo hydroxyl group, isoidide being the most reactive epimer. This result has been ascribed to the neighboring effect due to the combination of the oxygen in β-position and the intramolecular hydrogen bond within the anhydro sugar structure. Methylation reactions were also conducted in autoclave at high temperature with the amphoteric catalyst hydrotalcite using DMC as reagent and solvent. In this case, the reactivity of the epimers resulted quite differently with isosorbide being the most reactive reagent possibly as a result of the structure of hydrotalcite comprising of both acidic and basic sites. The neighboring effect was observed with good evidence in these methylation reactions.
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Abstract
AbstractSulfur and nitrogen (half-)mustard carbonate analogues are a new class of compounds, easily synthesized by methoxycarbonylation reaction of the parent alcohols with dialkyl carbonates. In this work, their reactivity as novel, green electrophiles is reported. Reactions have been conducted in autoclave conditions at high temperature (180°C), under pressure and in absence of any base, as well as, in neat at atmospheric pressure, lower temperature (150°C) and in the presence of a catalytic amount of a base. Several nucleophiles have been investigated resulting, in some cases, in unexpected compounds, i.e., six-membered heterocycle piperidine. Reaction mechanism and kinetics have been studied confirming that these compounds retain the anchimeric effect of their mustard gas analogues, without being toxic. Noteworthy, a symmetrical nitrogen mustard carbonate has also been employed as reagent in the preparation of a new family of macrocycles i.e., azacrowns, before not easily accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Aricò
- 1Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University, 2137 Dorsoduro, 30123 Venezia
| | - Pietro Tundo
- 1Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University, 2137 Dorsoduro, 30123 Venezia
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14
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Thyriyalakshmi P, Radha KV. Synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) based biodegradable nitrogen mustard ionic carbonate (NMIC) nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13290d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard ionic carbonate with stable carbonate moiety was synthesized and cross-linked with the biopolymer chitosan. Subsequently, nanoparticles of cross linked chitosan were prepared for wound healing application.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Thyriyalakshmi
- Bio-Products Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering
- A.C. Tech
- Anna University
- Chennai-25
- India
| | - K. V. Radha
- Bio-Products Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering
- A.C. Tech
- Anna University
- Chennai-25
- India
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Aricò F, Evaristo S, Tundo P. The neighbouring effect of isosorbide and its epimers in their reactions with dimethyl carbonate. SCIENCEOPEN RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-chem.ab3r7e.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT – The reactions of isosorbide and its epimers, isomannide and isoidide, with dimethyl carbonate have been herein investigated as easy access to bio-based products by a free-halogen chemistry approach. Isosorbide and its epimers show a different reactivity in bimolecular nucleophilic substitution with DMC. Carboxymethylation reaction was carried out in the presence of DMC and a weak base resulting in the high-yielding synthesis of dicarboxymethyl derivatives. Isomannide was the most reactive anydro sugars due to the less sterically hindered exo position of the OH groups. On the other hand, methylation of isosorbide and its epimers, conducted in the presence of a strong base and DMC, showed the higher reactivity of the endo hydroxyl group, isoidide being the most reactive epimer. This result has been ascribed to the neighbouring effect due to the combination of the oxygen in β-position and the intramolecular hydrogen bond within the anhydro sugar structure. Methylation reactions were also conducted in autoclave at high temperature with the amphoteric catalyst hydrotalcite using DMC as reagent and solvent. In this case, the reactivity of the epimers resulted quite different with isosorbide being the most reactive reagent possibly as a result of the structure of hydrotalcite comprising of both acidic and basic sites. The neighbouring effect was observed with good evidence in these methylation reactions.
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16
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Aricò F, Udrea I, Crisma M, Tundo P. Azacrown Ethers from Mustard Carbonate Analogues. Chempluschem 2014; 80:471-474. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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17
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Tena-Solsona M, Angulo-Pachón CA, Escuder B, Miravet JF. Mechanistic Insight into the Lability of the Benzyloxycarbonyl (Z) Group in N-Protected Peptides under Mild Basic Conditions. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201400154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Arico' F, Evaristo S, Tundo P. Behaviour of iprit carbonate analogues in solventless reactions. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03254c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur iprit carbonate analogues showed to undergo nucleophilic substitution with several substrates in neat conditions at atmospheric pressure, in the presence and in the absence of a catalytic amount of base.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Arico'
- Green Chemistry Group
- Department of Environmental Sciences
- Informatics and Statistics
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice
- Venezia 30123, Italy
| | - S. Evaristo
- Green Chemistry Group
- Department of Environmental Sciences
- Informatics and Statistics
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice
- Venezia 30123, Italy
| | - P. Tundo
- Green Chemistry Group
- Department of Environmental Sciences
- Informatics and Statistics
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice
- Venezia 30123, Italy
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