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Abstract
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5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a bio-based platform
chemical
that can be used as a building block to produce several compounds
with diverse applications. Even though HMF synthesis holds promise
for a greener future, the current state of technology and the high
production cost limit its competitiveness on an industrial scale.
In this prospect, we have developed a multigram-scale procedure for
HMF by reacting d-fructose with Purolite CT275DR—an
acidic resin—in a dimethyl carbonate (DMC)/tetraethyl ammonium
bromide (TEAB) biphasic system. Reactions performed in an autoclave
for 2 h at 110 °C using up to 40 gram of d-fructose
resulted in an overall HMF yield of 70%. HMF was purified by a custom-made
procedure leading to ca 50% of the pure crystalline product; meanwhile,
the residual HMF-rich oil was directly reduced to bis(hydroxymethyl)furan
(BHMF). Green metrics and the Ecoscale algorithm were used to evaluate
the sustainability of the herein-proposed procedure in comparison
with previously reported works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Trapasso
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30170 Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mazzi
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30170 Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Beatriz Chícharo
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30170 Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Mattia Annatelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30170 Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Davide Dalla Torre
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30170 Mestre, Venezia, Italy
| | - Fabio Aricò
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30170 Mestre, Venezia, Italy
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Aricò F, Viviano M, Trapasso G, Annatelli M, Milite C, Castellano S. Microwave-Assisted Aminoalkylation of Phenols via Mustard Carbonate Analogues. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1742-3723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA microwave-assisted chlorine-free direct phenol substitution is presented, which is indicated as a key green chemistry research area for pharmaceuticals manufacturers. The reaction of β-aminocarbonates (mustard carbonates) with several substituted phenols in the presence of a polar solvent (acetonitrile or butanol) led to the related aminoalkylated products via the anchimeric assistance of the nitrogen incorporated in the organic carbonate backbone. The aminoalkylation required short reaction time (7 min) and the related products were isolated in high yields (>90%) via quick liquid-liquid extraction or column chromatography depending on the solvent employed. Furthermore, microwave irradiation also promoted the one-pot aminoalkylation of phenol in excellent yield. In this approach a β-aminoalcohol was reacted with phenol in the presence of diethyl carbonate, used for the in situ formation β-aminocarbonate, key intermediate in the consequent anchimerically driven alkylation. The resulting product, namely N,N-dimethyl-2-phenoxyethanamine, was isolated as pure in almost quantitative yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Aricò
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Campus Scientifico
| | | | - Giacomo Trapasso
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Campus Scientifico
| | - Mattia Annatelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Campus Scientifico
| | - Ciro Milite
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno
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Trapasso G, Chiesa S, Freitas R, Pereira E. What do we know about the ecotoxicological implications of the rare earth element gadolinium in aquatic ecosystems? Sci Total Environ 2021; 781:146273. [PMID: 33813143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd) is one of the most commercially exploited rare earth elements, commonly employed in magnetic resonance imaging as a contrast agent. The present review was performed aiming to identify the Gd concentrations in marine and freshwater environments. In addition, information on Gd speciation in the environment is discussed, in order to understand how each chemical form affects its fate in the environment. Biological responses caused by Gd exposure and its bioaccumulation in different aquatic invertebrates are also discussed. This review was devoted to aquatic invertebrates, since this group of organisms includes species widely used as bioindicators of pollution and they represent important resources for human socio-economic development, as edible seafood, fishing baits and providing food resources for other species. From the literature, most of the published data are focused on freshwater environments, revealing concentrations from 0.347 to 80 μg/L, with the highest Gd anomalies found close to highly industrialized areas. In marine environments, the published studies identified a range of concentrations between 0.36 and 26.9 ng/L (2.3 and 171.4 pmol/kg), reaching 409.4 ng/L (2605 pmol/kg) at a submarine outfall. Concerning the bioaccumulation and effects of Gd in aquatic species, most of the literature regards to freshwater species, revealing concentration ranging from 0.006 to 0.223 μg/g, with high variability in the bioaccumulation extent according to Gd complexes chemical speciation. Conversely, no field data concerning Gd bioaccumulation in tissues of marine species have been published. Finally, impacts of Gd in invertebrate aquatic species were identified at different biological levels, including alterations on gene expression, cellular homeostasis, shell formation, metabolic capacity and antioxidant mechanisms. The information here presented highlights that Gd may represent an environmental threat and a risk to human health, demonstrating the need for further research on Gd toxicity towards aquatic wildlife and the necessity for new water remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Trapasso
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Italy
| | - Stefania Chiesa
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Italy; ISPRA, The Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- Departamento de Química & REQUIMTE, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
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Annatelli M, Trapasso G, Salaris C, Salata C, Castellano S, Aricò F. Mustard Carbonate Analogues as Sustainable Reagents for the Aminoalkylation of Phenols. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Annatelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics Ca' Foscari University Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155 30172 Venezia Mestre Italy
| | - Giacomo Trapasso
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics Ca' Foscari University Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155 30172 Venezia Mestre Italy
| | - Claudio Salaris
- Department of Molecular Medicine Padua University via Gabelli 63 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Cristiano Salata
- Department of Molecular Medicine Padua University via Gabelli 63 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Department of Pharmacy University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano, Salerno Italy
| | - Fabio Aricò
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics Ca' Foscari University Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155 30172 Venezia Mestre Italy
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Annatelli M, Trapasso G, Salaris C, Salata C, Castellano S, Aricò F. Front Cover: Mustard Carbonate Analogues as Sustainable Reagents for the Aminoalkylation of Phenols (24/2021). European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Annatelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics Ca' Foscari University Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155 30172 Venezia Mestre Italy
| | - Giacomo Trapasso
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics Ca' Foscari University Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155 30172 Venezia Mestre Italy
| | - Claudio Salaris
- Department of Molecular Medicine Padua University via Gabelli 63 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Cristiano Salata
- Department of Molecular Medicine Padua University via Gabelli 63 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Department of Pharmacy University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano, Salerno Italy
| | - Fabio Aricò
- Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics Ca' Foscari University Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155 30172 Venezia Mestre Italy
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Trapasso G, Coppola F, Queirós V, Henriques B, Soares AMVM, Pereira E, Chiesa S, Freitas R. How Ulva lactuca can influence the impacts induced by the rare earth element Gadolinium in Mytilus galloprovincialis? The role of macroalgae in water safety towards marine wildlife. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 215:112101. [PMID: 33765593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are gaining growing attention in environmental and ecotoxicological studies due to their economic relevance, wide range of applications and increasing environmental concentrations. Among REEs, special consideration should be given to Gadolinium (Gd), whose wide exploitation as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent is enhancing the risk of its occurrence in aquatic environments and impacts on aquatic organisms. A promising approach for water decontamination from REEs is sorption, namely through the use of macroalgae and in particular Ulva lactuca that already proved to be an efficient biosorbent for several chemical elements. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of Gd, comparing the biochemical effects induced by this element in the presence or absence of algae. Using the bivalve species Mytilus galloprovincialis, Gd toxicity was evaluated by assessing changes on mussels' metabolic capacity and oxidative status. Results clearly showed the toxicity of Gd but further revealed the capacity of U. lactuca to prevent injuries to M. galloprovincialis, mainly reducing the levels of Gd in water and thus the bioaccumulation and toxicity of this element by the mussels. The results will advance the state of the art not only regarding the effects of REEs but also with regard to the role of algae in accumulation of metals and protection of aquatic organisms, generating new insights on water safety towards aquatic wildlife and highlighting the possibility for resources recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Trapasso
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Francesca Coppola
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Queirós
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Henriques
- CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; LAVQ-REQUIMTE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; LAVQ-REQUIMTE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Stefania Chiesa
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, 30172 Venice, Italy; ISPRA, The Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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