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Dourado DFAR, Rowan AS, Maciuk S, Brown G, Gray D, Spratt J, Carvalho ATP, Pavlović D, Tur F, Caswell J, Quinn DJ, Moody TS, Mix S. Application of rational enzyme engineering in a new route to etonogestrel and levonorgestrel: carbonyl reductase bioreduction of ethyl secodione. Faraday Discuss 2024; 252:450-467. [PMID: 38864241 DOI: 10.1039/d4fd00011k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Women in developing countries still face enormous challenges when accessing reproductive health care. Access to voluntary family planning empowers women allowing them to complete their education and join the paid workforce. This effectively helps to end poverty, hunger and promotes good health for all. According to the United Nations (UN) organization, in 2022, an estimated 257 million women still lacked access to safe and effective family planning methods globally. One of the main barriers is the associated cost of modern contraceptive methods. Funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Almac Group worked on the development of a novel biocatalytic route to etonogestrel and levonorgestrel, two modern contraceptive APIs, with the goal of substantially decreasing the cost of production and so enabling their use in developing nations. This present work combines the selection and engineering of a carbonyl reductase (CRED) enzyme from Almac's selectAZyme™ panel, with process development, to enable efficient and economically viable bioreduction of ethyl secodione to (13R,17S)-secol, the key chirality introducing intermediate en route to etonogestrel and levonorgestrel API. CRED library screening returned a good hit with an Almac CRED from Bacillus weidmannii, which allowed for highly stereoselective bioreduction at low enzyme loading of less than 1% w/w under screening assay conditions. However, the only co-solvent tolerated was DMSO up to ∼30% v/v, and it was impossible to achieve reaction completion with any enzyme loading at substrate titres of 20 g L-1 and above, due to the insolubility of the secodione. This triggered a rapid enzyme engineering program fully based on computational mutant selection. A small panel of 93 CRED mutants was rationally designed to increase the catalytic activity as well as thermal and solvent stability. The best mutant, Mutant-75, enabled a reaction at 45 °C to go to completion at 90 g L-1 substrate titre in a buffer/DMSO/heptane reaction medium fed over 6 h with substrate DMSO stock solution, with a low enzyme loading of 3.5% w/w wrt substrate. In screening assay conditions, Mutant-75 also showed a 2.2-fold activity increase. Our paper shows which computations and rational decisions enabled this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew S Rowan
- Almac Sciences, Department of Biocatalysis and Isotope Chemistry, UK.
| | - Sergej Maciuk
- Almac Sciences, Department of Biocatalysis and Isotope Chemistry, UK.
| | - Gareth Brown
- Almac Sciences, Department of Biocatalysis and Isotope Chemistry, UK.
| | - Darren Gray
- Almac Sciences, Department of Biocatalysis and Isotope Chemistry, UK.
| | - Jenny Spratt
- Almac Sciences, Department of Biocatalysis and Isotope Chemistry, UK.
| | | | - Dražen Pavlović
- Almac Sciences, Department of Biocatalysis and Isotope Chemistry, UK.
| | - Fernando Tur
- Almac Sciences, Department of Biocatalysis and Isotope Chemistry, UK.
| | - Jill Caswell
- Almac Sciences, Department of Biocatalysis and Isotope Chemistry, UK.
| | - Derek J Quinn
- Almac Sciences, Department of Biocatalysis and Isotope Chemistry, UK.
| | - Thomas S Moody
- Almac Sciences, Department of Biocatalysis and Isotope Chemistry, UK.
| | - Stefan Mix
- Almac Sciences, Department of Biocatalysis and Isotope Chemistry, UK.
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2
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Chadha A, Padhi SK, Stella S, Venkataraman S, Saravanan T. Microbial alcohol dehydrogenases: recent developments and applications in asymmetric synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:228-251. [PMID: 38050738 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01447a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenases are a well-known group of enzymes in the class of oxidoreductases that use electron transfer cofactors such as NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H for oxidation or reduction reactions of alcohols or carbonyl compounds respectively. These enzymes are utilized mainly as purified enzymes and offer some advantages in terms of green chemistry. They are environmentally friendly and a sustainable alternative to traditional chemical synthesis of bulk and fine chemicals. Industry has implemented several whole-cell biocatalytic processes to synthesize pharmaceutically active ingredients by exploring the high selectivity of enzymes. Unlike the whole cell system where cofactor regeneration is well conserved within the cellular environment, purified enzymes require additional cofactors or a cofactor recycling system in the reaction, even though cleaner reactions can be carried out with fewer downstream work-up problems. The challenge of producing purified enzymes in large quantities has been solved in large part by the use of recombinant enzymes. Most importantly, recombinant enzymes find applications in many cascade biotransformations to produce several important chiral precursors. Inevitably, several dehydrogenases were engineered as mere recombinant enzymes could not meet the industrial requirements for substrate and stereoselectivity. In recent years, a significant number of engineered alcohol dehydrogenases have been employed in asymmetric synthesis in industry. In a parallel development, several enzymatic and non-enzymatic methods have been established for regenerating expensive cofactors (NAD+/NADP+) to make the overall enzymatic process more efficient and economically viable. In this review article, recent developments and applications of microbial alcohol dehydrogenases are summarized by emphasizing notable examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Chadha
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Santosh Kumar Padhi
- Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India.
| | - Selvaraj Stella
- Department of Chemistry, Sarah Tucker College (Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University), Tirunelveli-627007, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sowmyalakshmi Venkataraman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, 600116, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Thangavelu Saravanan
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India.
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3
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Zhang H, Zhu L, Feng J, Liu X, Chen X, Wu Q, Zhu D. Directed evolution of an alcohol dehydrogenase for the desymmetric reduction of 2,2-disubstituted cyclopenta-1,3-diones by enzymatic hydrogen transfer. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00559j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Directed evolution of carbonyl reductase TbADH created mutant Tb2 with balanced activity toward ethyl secodione and isopropanol, enabling the desymmetric reduction of ethyl secodione to give (13R,17S)-ethyl secol with 94% yield, >99% ee and >99% de.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliu Zhang
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes and National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
| | - Liangyan Zhu
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes and National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049 P.R. China
| | - Jinhui Feng
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes and National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes and National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes and National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049 P.R. China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes and National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Enzymes and National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, 32 Xi Qi Dao, Tianjin 300308, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049 P.R. China
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4
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Simić S, Zukić E, Schmermund L, Faber K, Winkler CK, Kroutil W. Shortening Synthetic Routes to Small Molecule Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Employing Biocatalytic Methods. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1052-1126. [PMID: 34846124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis, using enzymes for organic synthesis, has emerged as powerful tool for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The first industrial biocatalytic processes launched in the first half of the last century exploited whole-cell microorganisms where the specific enzyme at work was not known. In the meantime, novel molecular biology methods, such as efficient gene sequencing and synthesis, triggered breakthroughs in directed evolution for the rapid development of process-stable enzymes with broad substrate scope and good selectivities tailored for specific substrates. To date, enzymes are employed to enable shorter, more efficient, and more sustainable alternative routes toward (established) small molecule APIs, and are additionally used to perform standard reactions in API synthesis more efficiently. Herein, large-scale synthetic routes containing biocatalytic key steps toward >130 APIs of approved drugs and drug candidates are compared with the corresponding chemical protocols (if available) regarding the steps, reaction conditions, and scale. The review is structured according to the functional group formed in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Simić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Erna Zukić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Luca Schmermund
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph K Winkler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth─University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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5
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Kõllo M, Kasari M, Kasari V, Pehk T, Järving I, Lopp M, Jõers A, Kanger T. Designed whole-cell-catalysis-assisted synthesis of 9,11-secosterols. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:581-588. [PMID: 33747232 PMCID: PMC7940815 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of 9,11-secosteroids starting from the natural corticosteroid cortisol is described. There are two key steps in this approach, combining chemistry and synthetic biology. Stereo- and regioselective hydroxylation at C9 (steroid numbering) is carried out using whole-cell biocatalysis, followed by the chemical cleavage of the C-C bond of the vicinal diol. The two-step method features mild reaction conditions and completely excludes the use of toxic oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kõllo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marje Kasari
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50104 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Villu Kasari
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50104 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnis Pehk
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ivar Järving
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Margus Lopp
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Arvi Jõers
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50104 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnis Kanger
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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6
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Qin L, Wu L, Nie Y, Xu Y. Biosynthesis of chiral cyclic and heterocyclic alcohols via CO/C–H/C–O asymmetric reactions. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00113b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the recent progress in various biological approaches applied to the synthesis of enantiomerically pure cyclic and heterocyclic alcohols through CO/C–H/C–O asymmetric reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - Lunjie Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - Yao Nie
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology at Jiangnan University
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology at Jiangnan University
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7
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Breaking Molecular Symmetry through Biocatalytic Reactions to Gain Access to Valuable Chiral Synthons. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12091454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review the recent reports of biocatalytic reactions applied to the desymmetrization of meso-compounds or symmetric prochiral molecules are summarized. The survey of literature from 2015 up to date reveals that lipases are still the most used enzymes for this goal, due to their large substrate tolerance, stability in different reaction conditions and commercial availability. However, a growing interest is focused on the use of other purified enzymes or microbial whole cells to expand the portfolio of exploitable reactions and the molecular diversity of substrates to be transformed. Biocatalyzed desymmetrization is nowadays recognized as a reliable and efficient approach for the preparation of pharmaceuticals or natural bioactive compounds and many processes have been scaled up for multigram preparative purposes, also in continuous-flow conditions.
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8
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Contente ML, Dall’Oglio F, Annunziata F, Molinari F, Rabuffetti M, Romano D, Tamborini L, Rother D, Pinto A. Stereoselective Reduction of Prochiral Cyclic 1,3-Diketones Using Different Biocatalysts. Catal Letters 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-03015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Efficient reductive desymmetrization of bulky 1,3-cyclodiketones enabled by structure-guided directed evolution of a carbonyl reductase. Nat Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-019-0347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Recent examples of the use of biocatalysts with high accessibility and availability in natural product synthesis. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Self-sustaining closed-loop multienzyme-mediated conversion of amines into alcohols in continuous reactions. Nat Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-018-0082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Albarrán-Velo J, González-Martínez D, Gotor-Fernández V. Stereoselective biocatalysis: A mature technology for the asymmetric synthesis of pharmaceutical building blocks. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2017.1340457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Albarrán-Velo
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Institute of Asturias (IUBA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Daniel González-Martínez
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Institute of Asturias (IUBA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Vicente Gotor-Fernández
- Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Institute of Asturias (IUBA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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13
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Dall'Oglio F, Contente ML, Conti P, Molinari F, Monfredi D, Pinto A, Romano D, Ubiali D, Tamborini L, Serra I. Flow-based stereoselective reduction of ketones using an immobilized ketoreductase/glucose dehydrogenase mixed bed system. CATAL COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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14
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Serra I, Guidi B, Burgaud G, Contente ML, Ferraboschi P, Pinto A, Compagno C, Molinari F, Romano D. Seawater-Based Biocatalytic Strategy: Stereoselective Reductions of Ketones with Marine Yeasts. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Serra
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science (DeFENS); University of Milan; via Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Benedetta Guidi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine; University of Milan; Via Saldini 50 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Gaetan Burgaud
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne; Université de Brest; 29280 Plouzane France
| | - Martina L. Contente
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science (DeFENS); University of Milan; via Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Patrizia Ferraboschi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine; University of Milan; Via Saldini 50 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM); University of Milan; Via Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Concetta Compagno
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science (DeFENS); University of Milan; via Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Francesco Molinari
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science (DeFENS); University of Milan; via Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Diego Romano
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science (DeFENS); University of Milan; via Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milan Italy
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15
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Preparation of enantiomerically enriched aromatic β-hydroxynitriles and halohydrins by ketone reduction with recombinant ketoreductase KRED1-Pglu. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Hill RA, Sutherland A. Hot off the Press. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:742-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c6np90022d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A personal selection of 33 recent papers is presented covering various aspects of current developments in bioorganic chemistry and novel natural products, such as epicochalasine A from Aspergillus flavipes.
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17
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Contente ML, Serra I, Palazzolo L, Parravicini C, Gianazza E, Eberini I, Pinto A, Guidi B, Molinari F, Romano D. Enzymatic reduction of acetophenone derivatives with a benzil reductase from Pichia glucozyma (KRED1-Pglu): electronic and steric effects on activity and enantioselectivity. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3404-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00047a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Enantioselective reduction of mono-substituted acetophenones by ketoreductase KRED1-Pglu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina L. Contente
- Department of Food
- Nutritional and Environmental Sciences (DeFENS)
- University of Milan
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Immacolata Serra
- Department of Food
- Nutritional and Environmental Sciences (DeFENS)
- University of Milan
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Luca Palazzolo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB)
- University of Milan
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Chiara Parravicini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB)
- University of Milan
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gianazza
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB)
- University of Milan
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB)
- University of Milan
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM)
- University of Milan
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Benedetta Guidi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA)
- University of Milan
- 20129 Milano
- Italy
| | - Francesco Molinari
- Department of Food
- Nutritional and Environmental Sciences (DeFENS)
- University of Milan
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Diego Romano
- Department of Food
- Nutritional and Environmental Sciences (DeFENS)
- University of Milan
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
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