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Fulton BB, Hartzell AJ, Dias HVR, Lovely CJ. Room Temperature Diels-Alder Reactions of 4-Vinylimidazoles. Molecules 2024; 29:1902. [PMID: 38675720 PMCID: PMC11053432 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the course of studying Diels-Alder reactions of 4-vinylimidazoles with N-phenylmaleimide, it was discovered that they engage in cycloaddition at room temperature to give high yields of the initial cycloadduct as a single stereoisomer. In certain cases, the product precipitated out of the reaction mixture and could be isolated by simple filtration, thereby avoiding issues with aromatization observed during chromatographic purification. Given these results, intramolecular variants using doubly activated dienophiles were also investigated at room temperature. Amides underwent cycloaddition at room temperature in modest yields, but the initial adducts were not isolable with Nimid-benzyl-protected systems. Attempts to extend these results to the corresponding esters and hydroxamate were less successful with these substrates only undergoing cycloaddition at elevated temperatures in lower yields. Density functional theory calculations were performed to evaluate the putative transition states for both the inter- and intramolecular variants to rationalize experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carl J. Lovely
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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Zanakhov TO, Galenko EE, Novikov MS, Khlebnikov AF. Divergent Diazo Approach toward Alkyl 5/4-Hydroxy-3 H-benzo[ e]indole-4/5-carboxylates. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13191-13204. [PMID: 37672038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
A divergent diazo approach toward alkyl 5/4-hydroxy-3H-benzo[e]indole-4/5-carboxylates has been developed. The reaction of 1,3-diketones with alkyl 2-diazo-3-oxo-3-(2H-azirin-2-yl)propanoates catalyzed by Co(acac)3 or Ni(acac)2 gives various alkyl 3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-2-diazo-3-oxopropanoate in good yields. The latter undergo Wolff rearrangement followed by the 6π-cyclization of transient ketene to form alkyl 5-hydroxy-3H-benzo[e]indole-4-carboxylates bearing various substituents in positions 1, 2, 7, and 8, as well as derivatives of methyl 4-hydroxy-6H-thieno[2,3-e]indole-5-carboxylates and methyl 5-hydroxy-7H-benzo[c]carbazole-6-carboxylate under thermolysis or Rh2(OAc)4 catalysis. Isomeric benzoindoles, alkyl 4-hydroxy-3H-benzo[e]indole-5-carboxylates, have been prepared by Boc-protection of the pyrrole nitrogen of alkyl 3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-2-diazo-3-oxopropanoates followed by an intramolecular formal carbene insertion into the aromatic C-H bond catalyzed by Cu(OTf)2. The hydroxyl group of alkyl 5/4-hydroxy-3H-benzo[e]indole-4/5-carboxylates, through the formation of the corresponding triflates, allows the introduction of various substituents into the 5/4 position of benzo[e]indoles using the cross-coupling reaction and even form a new heterocyclic backbone, benzo[k]pyrrolo[2,3-i]phenanthridine, via a tandem Suzuki reaction/nucleophilic acyl substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur O Zanakhov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Ekaterina E Galenko
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Alexander F Khlebnikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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Yu H, Xu F. Advances in the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds by in situ benzyne cycloaddition. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8238-8253. [PMID: 36922948 PMCID: PMC10010163 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00400g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds are prevalent in various natural products, medicines, agrochemicals, and organic functional materials. Among strategies to prepare nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, pathways involving benzyne intermediates are attractive given that they can readily assemble highly diverse heterocyclic compounds in a step-economical manner under transition-metal-free conditions. The synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds from benzyne intermediates offers an alternative strategy to the conventional metal-catalyzed activation approaches. In the past years, chemists have witnessed the revival of benzyne chemistry, mainly attributed to the wide application of various novel benzyne precursors. The cycloaddition of benzynes is a powerful tool for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, which can be constructed by [n + 2] cyclization of benzyne intermediates in situ generated from benzyne precursors under mild reaction conditions. This review focuses on the application of cycloaddition reactions involving in situ benzynes in the construction of various nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shizhen College of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guiyang Guizhou 550200 China
| | - Feng Xu
- School of Mathematics and Information Science, Guiyang University Guiyang Guizhou 550005 P. R. China
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Liu J, Tang S, Zhao M, Huai J, Yu J, Zhao J, Li P. Reactivity of Vinyl Epoxides/Oxetanes/Cyclopropanes toward Arynes: Access to Functionalized Phenanthrenes. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35852-35865. [PMID: 34984314 PMCID: PMC8717566 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of vinyl epoxides/oxetanes/cyclopropanes toward arynes has been demonstrated under mild conditions to give the corresponding phenanthrenes in moderate to good yields. This transition-metal-free cascade process involves a series of Diels-Alder reaction, ring-opening aromatization, and ene reaction. Various functionalized phenanthrenes could be synthesized utilizing the versatile hydroxy group. Interestingly, vinyl epoxides/oxiranes experience preferentially the Diels-Alder reaction toward arynes over nucleophilic attack of epoxides/oxiranes.
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Liu J, Li J, Ren B, Zhang Y, Xue L, Wang Y, Zhao J, Zhang P, Xu X, Li P. Domino Ring‐Opening of
N
‐Tosyl Vinylaziridines Triggered by Aryne Diels‐Alder Reaction. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiupeng Liu
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Ren
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
| | - Linyi Xue
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanying Wang
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
| | - Puyu Zhang
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Xu
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Li
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng 475004 People's Republic of China
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400030
| | - Lianggui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400030
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400030
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Li YK, Cui MX, Sha F, Li Q, Wu XY. Construction of indazolo[3,2-a]isoquinolines via [3 + 2] cycloaddition of benzynes. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8963-8968. [PMID: 31576394 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01878f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A [3 + 2] annulation protocol for the construction of N-substituted indazolo[3,2-a]isoquinolines starting from benzynes and C,N-cyclic azomethine imines was developed. A diverse range of highly functionalized products indazolo[3,2-a]isoquinolines featuring an indazole scaffold can be easily accessed via a one-step reaction under mild conditions, and they show good anti-proliferative activity on cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Kun Li
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Ming-Xin Cui
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Sha
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Qiong Li
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Xin-Yan Wu
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China.
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Yadav D, Shukla G, Ansari MA, Srivastava A, Singh MS. Chemoselective one-pot access to benzo[e]indole-4,5-diones and naphtho[2,1-b]thiophene-4,5-diones via copper-catalyzed oxidative [3 + 2] annulation of α-oxoketene N,S-acetals/β-ketothioamides with α-/β-naphthols. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lu S, Xu R, Li Z. Benzannulation of Pyrroles to 4,5-Disubstituted Indoles through Brønsted-Acid-Promoted Rearrangement of tert
-Butyl Peroxides. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shenglin Lu
- Department of Chemistry; Renmin University of China; Beijing 100872 China
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Chemistry; Renmin University of China; Beijing 100872 China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Department of Chemistry; Renmin University of China; Beijing 100872 China
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Direct construction of xanthene and benzophenone derivatives via Brønsted acid controlled Diels-Alder reaction of 3-vinylchromones and arynes. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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