1
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Romero IE, Postigo A, Bonesi SM. Preparation of Carbazoles Involving 6π-Electrocyclization, Photoredox-, Electrochemical-, and Thermal Cyclization Reactions: Mechanistic Insights. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303229. [PMID: 38032158 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbazole is a heterocyclic motif that can be found in a diverse array of natural and unnatural products displaying a wide range of biological and physiological properties. Furthermore, this heterocycle is part of electronic materials like photoconducting polymers and organic optoelectronic materials owing to its excellent photophysical characteristics. Consequently, the development of synthetic strategies for carbazole scaffolds holds potential significance in biological and material fields. In this regard, a variety of preparation methods has been developed to exploit their efficient and distinct formation of new C-C and C-heteroatom bonds under mild conditions and enabling broad substrate diversity and functional group tolerance. Therefore, this review focuses on the synthesis of a set of carbazole derivatives describing a variety of methodologies that involve direct irradiation, photosensitization, photoredox, electrochemical and thermal cyclization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan E Romero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 954, Buenos Aires, CP 1113, Argentina
| | - Al Postigo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Junín 954, Buenos Aires, CP 1113, Argentina
| | - Sergio M Bonesi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
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2
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Nusser BD, Accardo JV, Zhu L. Luminescence and Stability of 1,4,5-Triaryl-1,2,3-Triazoles. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300209. [PMID: 37395382 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence, phosphorescence, and photochemical properties of di- and triaryl-substituted-1,2,3-triazoles are reported in this work. The ease of synthesis of regioisomers of substituted triazoles enables a systematic study on the correlation between regiochemistry and excited state properties, which include the solvent dependence of fluorescence, energy gap between singlet and triplet emitters, and propensity to photon-triggered transformations. The triazoles that carry electron (e)-donor and e-acceptor aryl substituents show high fluorescence quantum yields in weakly polar solvents and exhibit solvent-dependent fluorescence. The luminescence properties of these compounds in glass matrices at 77 K are characterized. The thermal and photo-stability, two parameters that are crucial to their potential utilities in optical devices, of these compounds are determined. The position of the e-donor substituent has a significant impact on the fluorescence emission energy and solvent sensitivity, singlet-triplet energy gap, and photochemical reactivity and stability. The experimental observations on the structural correlation with the photophysical and photochemical properties are explained by quantum chemical calculations. This study provides a rationale on the placement of substituent on a donor-acceptor type fluorophore to maneuver a range of photo-related properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D Nusser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA
| | - Joseph V Accardo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA
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3
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Wang Z, Chen Y, Dong Z, Tang Y. Natural Product-Oriented Photo-Induced Denitrogenative Annulations of 1-Alkenylbenzotriazoles. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28010363. [PMID: 36615557 PMCID: PMC9823906 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The photo-induced denitrogenative annulations of a variety of 1-alkenylbenzotriazoles were investigated. By judiciously manipulating the structural variations of 1-alkenylbenzotriazoles, two characteristic polycyclic skeletons associated with monoterpene indole alkaloids were constructed through a diverted and controllable manner. The present work not only enriches the photochemistry of 1-alkenylbenzotriazoles, but also offers a unified approach to access skeletally diverse indole alkaloid scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Yi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yefeng Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence:
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4
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Yuan S, Guerra Faura G, Areheart HE, Peulen NE, France S. Lewis Acid-Catalyzed 2,3-Dihydrofuran Acetal Ring-Opening Benzannulations toward Functionalized 1-Hydroxycarbazoles. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238344. [PMID: 36500437 PMCID: PMC9737012 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The development of a Lewis acid-catalyzed, intramolecular ring-opening benzannulation of 5-(indolyl)2,3-dihydrofuran acetals is described. The resulting 1-hydroxycarbazole-2-carboxylates are formed in up to 90% yield in 1 h. The dihydrofuran acetals are readily accessed from the reactions of enol ethers and α-diazo-β-indolyl-β-ketoesters. To highlight the method's synthetic utility, a formal total synthesis of murrayafoline A, a bioactive carbazole-containing natural product, was undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoren Yuan
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Gabriel Guerra Faura
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Hailey E. Areheart
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Natalie E. Peulen
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Stefan France
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Correspondence:
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5
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Liu H, Xing R, Ren K, Xue F, Feng C. α-Iminyl Cation-Involved Indole Construction via Brønsted Acid-Promoted Reaction of Isoxazol-5-ones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11226-11230. [PMID: 35901265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a strategically novel method for the efficient construction of indole skeletons using 2-phenylisoxazol-5-ones as the starting material. This reaction proceeds via Brønsted acid-promoted α-iminyl cation generation by N-O bond cleavage and a subsequent intramolecular cyclization to afford 1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid, which further undergoes decarboxylation to yield the final product. Control experiments show that N-O bond cleavage and intramolecular cyclization proceed so fast that the 1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid could be isolated in high yields even after 5-10 min. The substrate scope of this transformation is broad, and the desired products are obtained in moderate to good yields. The transition-metal-free reaction condition, CO2 as the sole byproduct, and good practicability add to the synthetic potential of this transformation in the pharmaceutical and flavor industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Liu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Renyi Xing
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Kewei Ren
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Fei Xue
- Institute of Material Physics & Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Chao Feng
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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6
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Akter M, Rupa K, Anbarasan P. 1,2,3-Triazole and Its Analogues: New Surrogates for Diazo Compounds. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13108-13205. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Akter
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Kavuri Rupa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
| | - Pazhamalai Anbarasan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
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7
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Marchais J, Bégué D, Dargelos A, Wentrup C. Benzotriazoles and Triazoloquinones: Rearrangements to Carbazoles, Benzazirines, Azepinediones, and Fulvenimines. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16992-17001. [PMID: 34730368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The denitrogenative rearrangements of several types of benzotriazoles were investigated by DFT (B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)) and CASPT2(10,10)sp/6-311G(d,p) calculations. The Graebe-Ullmann synthesis of carbazoles 18 by pyrolysis or photolysis of 1-arylbenzotriazoles 14 proceeds without the involvement of benzazirines and without Wolff-type ring contraction to fulvenimines. However, 1-aryltetrahydrobenzotriazoles undergo both cyclization to tetrahydrocarbazole and ring contraction. Triazoloquinones like 34 undergo predominant ring contraction to aminofulvenediones like 38 and also ring expansion to azepinediones like 40 and cyclization to N-arylbenzaziridinediones 39, whereas carbazolediones are not formed. Denitrogenation of 1-methylbenzotriazole 64 results in a facile 1,2-H shift with formation of N-phenylmethanimine 67. 1-Cyanobenzotriazole 71 undergoes destructive pyrolysis with charring, and the calculations predict the occurrence of several low-activation energy reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Marchais
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, Pau 64000, France
| | - Didier Bégué
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, Pau 64000, France
| | - Alain Dargelos
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour/E2S UPPA, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physicochimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR5254, Pau 64000, France
| | - Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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8
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Sekh TV, Shyyka OY, Pokhodylo NT, Obushak MD. Synthesis of 1 H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbonitriles as building blocks for promising 2-(triazol-4-yl)-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine drug candidates. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1966041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taras V. Sekh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Olga Y. Shyyka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Nazariy T. Pokhodylo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Mykola D. Obushak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400030
| | - Lianggui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400030
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400030
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10
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Li W, Zhang J. Synthesis of Heterocycles through Denitrogenative Cyclization of Triazoles and Benzotriazoles. Chemistry 2020; 26:11931-11945. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 3663 N. Zhongshan Road Shanghai 20062 P. R. China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 3663 N. Zhongshan Road Shanghai 20062 P. R. China
- Department of ChemistryFudan University 2005 Songhu Road Shanghai 20048 P. R. China
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11
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Tang Y. Renaissance of Ring-Opening Chemistry of Benzotriazoles: New Wine in an Old Bottle. CHEM REC 2020; 20:693-709. [PMID: 31916676 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
1,2,3-Benzotriazoles could undergo ring cleavage to form ortho-amino arenediazonium or α-diazo-imine species via a Dimroth-type equilibrium. Historically, the synthetic potential of this unique reactivity had remained underdeveloped. Recently, some new strategies have been developed to effect the ring-opening chemistry of benzotriazoles in more practical manners. A wide range of conceptually novel and synthetically useful reactions have been developed, which enable the access to diverse valuable heterocycles and ortho-amino arene derivatives. As one of the players in this field, our group has also contributed a series of intriguing transition-metal-catalyzed denitrogenative functionalizations of benzotriazoles. In this account, we aim to provide an overview of the ring-opening chemistry of benzotriazoles, with a focus on relevant works published in the past decade. In order to show a whole picture of the research field, some pioneering works in its developing history will also be discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yefeng Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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12
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Ageshina AA, Chesnokov GA, Topchiy MA, Alabugin IV, Nechaev MS, Asachenko AF. Making endo-cyclizations favorable again: a conceptually new synthetic approach to benzotriazoles via azide group directed lithiation/cyclization of 2-azidoaryl bromides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4523-4534. [PMID: 30994147 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00615j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although benzotriazoles are important and ubiquitous, currently there is only one conceptual approach to their synthesis: bridging the two ortho-amino groups with an electrophilic nitrogen atom. Herein, we disclose a new practical alternative - the endo-cyclization of 2-azidoaryl lithiums obtained in situ from 2-azido-aryl bromides. The scope of the reaction is illustrated using twenty-four examples with a variety of alkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkyl, and halogen substituents. We found that the directing effect of the azide group allows selective metal-halogen exchange in aryl azides containing several bromine atoms. Furthermore, (2-bromophenyl)diazomethane undergoes similar cyclization to give an indazole. Thus, cyclizations of aryl lithiums containing an ortho-X = Y = Z group emerge as a new general approach for the synthesis of aromatic heterocycles. DFT computations suggested that the observed endo-selectivity applies to the anionic cyclizations of other functionalities that undergo "1,1-additions" (i.e., azides, diazo compounds, and isonitriles). In contrast, cyclizations with the heteroatomic functionalities that follow the "1,2-addition" pattern (cyanates, thiocyanates, isocyanates, isothiocyanates, and nitriles) prefer the exo-cyclization path. Hence, such reactions expand the current understanding of stereoelectronic factors in anionic cyclizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A Ageshina
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Leninskiy prospect 29, Russian Federation.
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13
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Cury NM, Capitão RM, Almeida RDCBD, Artico LL, Corrêa JR, Simão dos Santos EF, Yunes JA, Correia CRD. Synthesis and evaluation of 2-carboxy indole derivatives as potent and selective anti-leukemic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Deswal S, Tittal RK, Yadav P, Lal K, Vikas D. G, Kumar N. Cellulose‐Supported CuI‐Nanoparticles‐Mediated Green Synthesis of Trifluoromethylbenzoate‐Linked Triazoles for Pharmacological & DFT study. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Deswal
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Kurukshetra- 136119, Haryana India
| | - Ram Kumar Tittal
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Kurukshetra- 136119, Haryana India
| | - Pinki Yadav
- Department of ChemistryGuru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology Hisar- 125001, Haryana India
| | - Kashmiri Lal
- Department of ChemistryGuru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology Hisar- 125001, Haryana India
| | - Ghule Vikas D.
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Kurukshetra- 136119, Haryana India
| | - Nikhil Kumar
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Kurukshetra- 136119, Haryana India
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15
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Regioselective N 1 - or N 2 -modification of benzotriazoles with iodonium salts in the presence of copper compounds. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Vohradská N, Sánchez-Carnerero EM, Pastierik T, Mazal C, Klán P. Controlled photorelease of alkynoic acids and their decarboxylative deprotection for copper-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5558-5561. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03341b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A controlled photorelease of alkynoic acids from a photoremovable protecting group (PPG) facilitates their subsequent decarboxylation to deliver terminal alkynes for a CuI-catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Vohradská
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX
- Faculty of Science
- Masaryk University
- Brno
- Czech Republic
| | | | - Tomáš Pastierik
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX
- Faculty of Science
- Masaryk University
- Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - Ctibor Mazal
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX
- Faculty of Science
- Masaryk University
- Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry and RECETOX
- Faculty of Science
- Masaryk University
- Brno
- Czech Republic
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