1
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Qu R, Wan S, Zhang X, Wang X, Xue L, Wang Q, Cheng GJ, Dai L, Lian Z. Mechanical-Force-Induced Non-spontaneous Dehalogenative Deuteration of Aromatic Iodides Enabled by Using Piezoelectric Materials as a Redox Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400645. [PMID: 38687047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The development of green and efficient deuteration methods is of great significance for various fields such as organic synthesis, analytical chemistry, and medicinal chemistry. Herein, we have developed a dehalogenative deuteration strategy using piezoelectric materials as catalysts in a solid-phase system under ball-milling conditions. This non-spontaneous reaction is induced by mechanical force. D2O can serve as both a deuterium source and an electron donor in the transformation, eliminating the need for additional stoichiometric exogenous reductants. A series of (hetero)aryl iodides can be transformed into deuterated products with high deuterium incorporation. This method not only effectively overcomes existing synthetic challenges but can also be used for deuterium labelling of drug molecules and derivatives. Bioactivity experiments with deuterated drug molecule suggest that the D-ipriflavone enhances the inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation of BMDMs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Qu
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Shan Wan
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Li Xue
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Juan Cheng
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lian
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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2
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Nayek P, Mal P. Mimicking Ozonolysis via Mechanochemistry: Internal Alkynes to 1,2-Diketones using H 5IO 6. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401027. [PMID: 38634437 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Utilizing periodic acid as an environmentally benign oxidizing agent, this study introduces a novel mechanochemical method that mimics ozonolysis to convert internal alkynes into 1,2-diketones, showcasing effective emulation of ozone's reactivity. Notably, this oxidation occurs at room temperature in aerobic conditions, eliminating the need for toxic transition metals, hazardous oxidants, or expensive solvents. Through control experiments validating the mechanism, substantial evidence supports a concerted reaction pathway. This progress marks a significant stride toward cleaner and more efficient chemical synthesis, mitigating the environmental impact of conventional processes. Assessing the green chemistry metrics in both solvent-free and previously reported solvent-based methods, our eco-friendly protocol demonstrates an E-factor of 7.40, a 51.7 % atom economy, a 45.5 % atom efficiency, 100 % carbon efficiency, and 11.9 % reaction mass efficiency when solvents are not used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravat Nayek
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Prasenjit Mal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
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3
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Yaragorla S, Sneha Latha D, Kumar R. Mechanochemical Regioselective [3+3] Annulation of 6-Amino Uracil with Propargyl Alcohols Catalyzed by a Brønsted Acid/Hexafluoroisopropanol. Chemistry 2024:e202401480. [PMID: 38727792 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
A mechanochemistry approach is developed for regioselective synthesis of functionalized dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines by milling propargylic alcohols and 6-aminouracils with HFIP/p-TsOH. In the case of tert-propargyl alcohols, this [3+3] cascade annulation proceeded through allenylation of uracil followed by a 6-endo trig cyclization. With sec-propargyl alcohols, the reaction furnished the propargylation of uracil. This atom economy ball milling reaction allows access to a broad range of dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives in excellent yields. We demonstrated the gram scale synthesis of 3 g and post-synthetic modifications to effect the cyclization of 5 to 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasarao Yaragorla
- University of Hyderabad (an Institute of Eminence), P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, 500046, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Dandugula Sneha Latha
- University of Hyderabad (an Institute of Eminence), P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, 500046, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
| | - Rituraj Kumar
- University of Hyderabad (an Institute of Eminence), P.O. Central University, Gachibowli, 500046, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
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4
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Hu HC, Yu SY, Tsai YH, Hsieh PW, Wang HC, Chen YN, Chuang YT, Lee MY, Chang HW, Hu HC, Wu YC, Chang FR, Szatmári I, Fülöp F. Synthesis of bioactive evodiamine and rutaecarpine analogues under ball milling conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2620-2629. [PMID: 38451121 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00056k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions achieved by processes such as milling and grinding are promising alternatives to traditional solution-based chemistry. This approach not only eliminates the need for large amounts of solvents, thereby reducing waste generation, but also finds applications in chemical and materials synthesis. The focus of this study is on the synthesis of quinazolinone derivatives by ball milling, in particular evodiamine and rutaecarpine analogues. These compounds are of interest due to their diverse bioactivities, including potential anticancer properties. The study examines the reactions carried out under ball milling conditions, emphasizing their efficiency in terms of shorter reaction times and reduced environmental impact compared to conventional methods. The ball milling reaction of evodiamine and rutaecarpine analogues resulted in yields of 63-78% and 22-61%, respectively. In addition, these compounds were tested for their cytotoxic activity, and evodiamine exhibited an IC50 of 0.75 ± 0.04 μg mL-1 against the Ca9-22 cell line. At its core, this research represents a new means to synthesise these compounds, providing a more environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative to traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chun Hu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and HUN-REN-Stereochemistry Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yin Yu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Yi-Hong Tsai
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 907101, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Yan-Ning Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ting Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Sciences, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yu Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Sciences, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chun Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and HUN-REN-Stereochemistry Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and HUN-REN-Stereochemistry Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
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5
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Kubota K, Endo T, Ito H. Solid-state mechanochemistry for the rapid and efficient synthesis of tris-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3365-3371. [PMID: 38425515 PMCID: PMC10901499 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05796h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tris-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes have received widespread attention as attractive prospective materials for e.g., organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), photoredox catalysts, and bioimaging probes. However, their preparation usually requires prolonged reaction times, significant amounts of high-boiling solvents, multistep synthesis, and inert-gas-line techniques. Unfortunately, these requirements represent major drawbacks from both a production-cost and an environmental perspective. Herein, we show that a two-step mechanochemical protocol using ball milling enables the rapid and efficient synthesis of various tris-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes from relatively cheap iridium(iii) chloride hydrate without the use of significant amounts of organic solvent in air. Notably, a direct one-pot procedure is also demonstrated. The present solid-state approach can be expected to inspire the development of cost-effective and timely production methods for these valuable iridium-based complexes, as well as the discovery of new phosphorescent materials, sensors, and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Tsubura Endo
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
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6
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Biswas S, Bolm C. Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed N-H Insertions of Carbenes under Mechanochemical Conditions. Org Lett 2024; 26:1511-1516. [PMID: 38358095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Under mechanochemical conditions in a mixer mill, Rh2(OAc)4 catalyzes the reaction between aryldiazoesters and anilines to give α-amino esters. The process proceeds under mild conditions and is insensitive to air. It is solvent-free and scalable. A broad substrate scope, short reaction times, operational simplicity, and good functional group tolerance are additional salient features of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Biswas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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7
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Chang Y, Blanton SJ, Andraos R, Nguyen VS, Liotta CL, Schork FJ, Sievers C. Kinetic Phenomena in Mechanochemical Depolymerization of Poly(styrene). ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:178-191. [PMID: 38213546 PMCID: PMC10777454 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c05296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic polyolefinic plastics comprise one of the largest shares of global plastic waste, which is being targeted for chemical recycling by depolymerization to monomers and small molecules. One promising method of chemical recycling is solid-state depolymerization under ambient conditions in a ball-mill reactor. In this paper, we elucidate kinetic phenomena in the mechanochemical depolymerization of poly(styrene). Styrene is produced in this process at a constant rate and selectivity alongside minor products, including oxygenates like benzaldehyde, via mechanisms analogous to those involved in thermal and oxidative pyrolysis. Continuous monomer removal during reactor operation is critical for avoiding repolymerization, and promoting effects are exhibited by iron surfaces and molecular oxygen. Kinetic independence between depolymerization and molecular weight reduction was observed, despite both processes originating from the same driving force of mechanochemical collisions. Phenomena across multiple length scales are shown to be responsible for differences in reactivity due to differences in grinding parameters and reactant composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Chang
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Sylvie J. Blanton
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ralph Andraos
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Van Son Nguyen
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Charles L. Liotta
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - F. Joseph Schork
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Carsten Sievers
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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8
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Leger ME, Guo J, MacMillan B, Titi HM, Friščić T, Balcom B, Blight BA. In situ monitoring of mechanochemical MOF formation by NMR relaxation time correlation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:543-550. [PMID: 38086664 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05555h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a new approach to monitoring mechanochemical transformations, based on a magnetic resonance (MR) method in which relaxation time correlation maps are used to track the formation of the popular metal-organic framework (MOF) materials Zn-MOF-74 and ZIF-8. The two-dimensional (2D) relaxation correlation measurement employed yields a spectrum which visually and analytically identifies different 1H environments in the sample of interest. The measurement is well-suited to analyzing solid mixtures, and liquids, in complex systems. Application in this work to monitoring MOF formation shows changes in signal amplitudes, and their MR lifetime coordinates, within the 2D plots as the reaction progresses, confirming reaction completion. This new measurement provides a simple way to analyse solid-state reactions without dissolution, and there is a logical pathway to benchtop measurement with a new generation of permanent magnet-based MR instruments. The methodology described permits measurement in an MR compatible milling container, which may be directly transferred from the shaker assembly to the MR magnet for in situ measurement of the entire reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine E Leger
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada.
- UNB MRI Centre, Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Jiangfeng Guo
- UNB MRI Centre, Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
- National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China
| | - Bryce MacMillan
- UNB MRI Centre, Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Hatem M Titi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G4, Canada
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham University, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Bruce Balcom
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada.
- UNB MRI Centre, Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Barry A Blight
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada.
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9
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Cvetnić M, Šplajt R, Topić E, Rubčić M, Bregović N. Direct thermodynamic characterization of solid-state reactions by isothermal calorimetry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:67-75. [PMID: 37955204 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03933a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing importance of solid-state reactions, their thermodynamic characterization has largely remained unexplored. This is in part due to the lack of methodology for measuring the heat effects related to reactions between solid reactants. We address here this gap and report on the first direct thermodynamic study of chemical reactions between solid reactants by isothermal calorimetry. Three reaction classes, cationic host-guest complex formation, molecular co-crystallization, and Baeyer-Villiger oxidation were investigated, showcasing the versatility of the devised methodology to provide detailed insight into the enthalpy changes related to various reactions. The reliability of the method was confirmed by correlation with the values obtained via solution calorimetry using Hess's law. The thermodynamic characterization of solid-state reactions described here will enable a deeper understanding of the factors governing solid-state processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Cvetnić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac, 102/A, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia.
| | - Robert Šplajt
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac, 102/A, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia.
| | - Edi Topić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac, 102/A, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia.
| | - Mirta Rubčić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac, 102/A, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia.
| | - Nikola Bregović
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac, 102/A, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia.
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10
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Pan S, Mulks FF, Wu P, Rissanen K, Bolm C. Mechanochemical Iron-Catalyzed Nitrene Transfer Reactions: Direct Synthesis of N-Acyl Sulfonimidamides from Sulfinamides and Dioxazolones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202316702. [PMID: 38055189 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
A mechanochemical synthesis of sulfonimidamides by iron(II)-catalyzed exogenous ligand-free N-acyl nitrene transfer to sulfinamides is reported. The one-step method tolerates a wide range of sulfinamides with various substituents under solvent-free ambient conditions. Compared to its solution-phase counterpart, this mechanochemical approach shows better conversion and chemoselectivity. Mechanistic investigations by ESI-MS revealed the generation of crucial nitrene iron intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Pan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian F Mulks
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peng Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box. 35, Survontie 9 B, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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11
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Silva IDA, Bartalucci E, Bolm C, Wiegand T. Opportunities and Challenges in Applying Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy in Organic Mechanochemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304092. [PMID: 37407000 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years it is shown that mechanochemical strategies can be beneficial in directed conversions of organic compounds. Finding new reactions proved difficult, and due to the lack of mechanistic understanding of mechanochemical reaction events, respective efforts have mostly remained empirical. Spectroscopic techniques are crucial in shedding light on these questions. In this overview, the opportunities and challenges of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in the field of organic mechanochemistry are discussed. After a brief discussion of the basics of high-resolution solid-state NMR under magic-angle spinning (MAS) conditions, seven opportunities for solid-state NMR in the field of organic mechanochemistry are presented, ranging from ex situ approaches to structurally elucidated reaction products obtained by milling to the potential and limitations of in situ solid-state NMR approaches. Particular strengths of solid-state NMR, for instance in differentiating polymorphs, in NMR-crystallographic structure-determination protocols, or in detecting weak noncovalent interactions in molecular-recognition events employing proton-detected solid-state NMR experiments at fast MAS frequencies, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ettore Bartalucci
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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12
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Beran GJO. Frontiers of molecular crystal structure prediction for pharmaceuticals and functional organic materials. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13290-13312. [PMID: 38033897 PMCID: PMC10685338 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03903j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliability of organic molecular crystal structure prediction has improved tremendously in recent years. Crystal structure predictions for small, mostly rigid molecules are quickly becoming routine. Structure predictions for larger, highly flexible molecules are more challenging, but their crystal structures can also now be predicted with increasing rates of success. These advances are ushering in a new era where crystal structure prediction drives the experimental discovery of new solid forms. After briefly discussing the computational methods that enable successful crystal structure prediction, this perspective presents case studies from the literature that demonstrate how state-of-the-art crystal structure prediction can transform how scientists approach problems involving the organic solid state. Applications to pharmaceuticals, porous organic materials, photomechanical crystals, organic semi-conductors, and nuclear magnetic resonance crystallography are included. Finally, efforts to improve our understanding of which predicted crystal structures can actually be produced experimentally and other outstanding challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J O Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
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13
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Peng S, Zhao MY, Tang JJ, Xie LY. Ball milling synthesis of S-quinolyl xanthates via coupling of haloquinolines with potassium O-alkyl xanthates. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9086-9090. [PMID: 37946513 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01688a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally benign protocol that provides various S-quinolyl xanthates via a ball milling enabled cross coupling reaction of haloquinolines and readily available potassium O-alkyl xanthates is first reported. The reaction proceeded well under mild, transition metal- and solvent-free conditions, making it an attractive method for the introduction of xanthates into the quinoline scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Peng
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, China.
| | - Meng-Yang Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, China.
| | - Jia-Jun Tang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, China.
| | - Long-Yong Xie
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou 425100, China.
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14
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Fantozzi N, Volle JN, Porcheddu A, Virieux D, García F, Colacino E. Green metrics in mechanochemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6680-6714. [PMID: 37691600 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00997h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of new green methodologies and their broader adoption for promoting sustainable development in chemistry laboratories and industry play a significant role in society, due to the economic importance of chemistry and its widespread presence in everyday life. Therefore, a sustainable approach to chemistry contributes to the well-being of the worldwide population and complies with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) and the European Green Deal. The review highlights how batch and continuous mechanochemical methods are an eco-friendly approach for organic synthesis, with a lower environmental footprint in most cases, compared to solution-based procedures. The assessment is objectively based on the use of green metrics (e.g., atom and real atom economy, E-factor, process mass intensity, material parameter recovery, Eco-scale, stoichiometric factor, etc.) and indicators (e.g. DOZN tool and life cycle assessment, LCA, studies) applied to organic transformations such as synthesis of the amide bond, carbamates, heterocycles, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), porphyrins, porous organic polymers (POPs), metal- or acid-catalysed processes, multicomponent and condensation reactions, rearrangements, etc. The generalized absence of bulk solvents, the precise control over the stoichiometry (i.e., using agents in a stoichiometrically rather than in excess), and the more selective reactions enabling simplified work-up procedures are the distinctive factors, marking the superiority of mechanochemical processes over solution-based chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Noël Volle
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - Andrea Porcheddu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - David Virieux
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - Felipe García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Claveria 8, Oviedo, 33006, Asturias, Spain.
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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15
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Kubota K, Kondo K, Seo T, Jin M, Ito H. Solid-state mechanochemical cross-coupling of insoluble substrates into insoluble products by removable solubilizing silyl groups: uniform synthesis of nonsubstituted linear oligothiophenes. RSC Adv 2023; 13:28652-28657. [PMID: 37780729 PMCID: PMC10540273 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05571j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional solution-based organic reactions that involve insoluble substrates are challenging and inefficient. Furthermore, even if the reaction is successful, the corresponding products are insoluble in most cases, making their isolation and subsequent transformations difficult. Hence, the conversion of insoluble compounds into insoluble products remains a challenge in practical synthetic chemistry. In this study, we showcase a potential solution to address these solubility issues by combining a mechanochemical cross-coupling approach with removable solubilizing silyl groups. Our strategy involves solid-state Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions between organoboron nucleophiles bearing a silyl group with long alkyl chains and insoluble polyaromatic halides. The silyl group on the nucleophile can act as a solubilizing group that enables product isolation via silica gel column chromatography and can be easily removed by the addition of fluoride anions to form the desired insoluble coupling products with sufficient purity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that after aromatic electrophilic bromination of the desilylated products, sequential solid-state cross-coupling of the obtained insoluble brominated substrates, followed by desilylation, afforded further π-extended functional molecules. Using this conceptually new protocol, we achieved the first uniform synthesis of the longest nonsubstituted linear insoluble 9-mer oligothiophene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Keisuke Kondo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Tamae Seo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Mingoo Jin
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
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16
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Wang X, Zhang X, Xue L, Wang Q, You F, Dai L, Wu J, Kramer S, Lian Z. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Aryl Fluorides by Using Ball Milling and a Piezoelectric Material as the Redox Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307054. [PMID: 37523257 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Aryl fluorides are important structural motifs in many pharmaceuticals. Although the Balz-Schiemann reaction provides an entry to aryl fluorides from aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates, it suffers from drawbacks such as long reaction time, high temperature, toxic solvent, toxic gas release, and low functional group tolerance. Here, we describe a general method for the synthesis of aryl fluorides from aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates using a piezoelectric material as redox catalyst under ball milling conditions in the presence of Selectfluor. This approach effectively addresses the aforementioned limitations. Furthermore, the piezoelectric material can be recycled multiple times. Mechanistic investigations indicate that this fluorination reaction may proceed via a radical pathway, and Selectfluor plays a dual role as both a source of fluorine and a terminal reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Li Xue
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Fengzhi You
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jiagang Wu
- Department of Materials Science, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Søren Kramer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zhong Lian
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
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17
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Hu J, Huang Z, Liu Y. Beyond Solvothermal: Alternative Synthetic Methods for Covalent Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306999. [PMID: 37265002 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous organic materials that hold a wealth of potential applications across various fields. The development of COFs, however, is significantly impeded by the dearth of efficient synthetic methods. The traditional solvothermal approach, while prevalent, is fraught with challenges such as complicated processes, excessive energy consumption, long reaction times, and limited scalability, rendering it unsuitable for practical applications. The quest for simpler, quicker, more energy-efficient, and environmentally benign synthetic strategies is thus paramount for bridging the gap between academic COF chemistry and industrial application. This Review provides an overview of the recent advances in alternative COF synthetic methods, with a particular emphasis on energy input. We discuss representative examples of COF synthesis facilitated by microwave, ultrasound, mechanic force, light, plasma, electric field, and electron beam. Perspectives on the advantages and limitations of these methods against the traditional solvothermal approach are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Hu
- School of Physical Sciences, Great Bay University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523000, China
| | - Zhiyuan Huang
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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18
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Hu C, van Bonn P, Demco DE, Bolm C, Pich A. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Stimuli Responsive Microgels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305783. [PMID: 37177824 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical approaches are widely used for the efficient, solvent-free synthesis of organic molecules, however their applicability to the synthesis of functional polymers has remained underexplored. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time that mechanochemically triggered free-radical polymerization allows solvent- and initiator-free syntheses of structurally and morphologically well-defined complex functional macromolecular architectures, namely stimuliresponsive microgels. The developed mechanochemical polymerization approach is applicable to a variety of monomers and allows synthesizing microgels with tunable chemical structure, variable size, controlled number of crosslinks and reactive functional end-groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolei Hu
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pit van Bonn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dan E Demco
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, The Netherlands
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19
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Ahmad BIZ, Keasler KT, Stacy EE, Meng S, Hicks TJ, Milner PJ. MOFganic Chemistry: Challenges and Opportunities for Metal-Organic Frameworks in Synthetic Organic Chemistry. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:4883-4896. [PMID: 38222037 PMCID: PMC10785605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous, crystalline solids constructed from organic linkers and inorganic nodes that have been widely studied for applications in gas storage, chemical separations, and drug delivery. Owing to their highly modular structures and tunable pore environments, we propose that MOFs have significant untapped potential as catalysts and reagents relevant to the synthesis of next-generation therapeutics. Herein, we outline the properties of MOFs that make them promising for applications in synthetic organic chemistry, including new reactivity and selectivity, enhanced robustness, and user-friendly preparation. In addition, we outline the challenges facing the field and propose new directions to maximize the utility of MOFs for drug synthesis. This perspective aims to bring together the organic and MOF communities to develop new heterogeneous platforms capable of achieving synthetic transformations that cannot be replicated by homogeneous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayu I. Z. Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Kaitlyn T. Keasler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Emily E. Stacy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Sijing Meng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Thomas J. Hicks
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Phillip J. Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
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20
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Fujishiro K, Morinaka Y, Ono Y, Tanaka T, Scott LT, Ito H, Itami K. Lithium-Mediated Mechanochemical Cyclodehydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:8163-8175. [PMID: 37011146 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodehydrogenation is an essential synthetic method for the preparation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic heteroaromatic compounds, and nanographenes. Among the many examples, anionic cyclodehydrogenation using potassium(0) has attracted synthetic chemists because of its irreplaceable reactivity and utility in obtaining rylene structures from binaphthyl derivatives. However, existing methods are difficult to use in terms of practicality, pyrophoricity, and lack of scalability and applicability. Herein, we report the development of a lithium(0)-mediated mechanochemical anionic cyclodehydrogenation reaction for the first time. This reaction could be easily performed using a conventional and easy-to-handle lithium(0) wire at room temperature, even under air, and the reaction of 1,1'-binaphthyl is complete within 30 min to afford perylene in 94% yield. Using this novel and user-friendly protocol, we investigated substrate scope, reaction mechanism, and gram-scale synthesis. As a result, remarkable applicability and practicality over previous methods, as well as limitations, were comprehensively studied by computational studies and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Furthermore, we demonstrated two-, three-, and five-fold cyclodehydrogenations for the synthesis of novel nanographenes. In particular, quinterrylene ([5]rylene or pentarylene), the longest nonsubstituted molecular rylene, was synthesized for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanna Fujishiro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuta Morinaka
- Tokyo Research Center, Organic Materials Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1123, Japan
| | - Yohei Ono
- Tokyo Research Center, Organic Materials Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1123, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tanaka
- Tosoh Corporation, 3-8-2 Shiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8623, Japan
| | - Lawrence T Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557-0216, United States
| | - Hideto Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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21
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Bartalucci E, Schumacher C, Hendrickx L, Puccetti F, d'Anciães Almeida Silva I, Dervişoğlu R, Puttreddy R, Bolm C, Wiegand T. Disentangling the Effect of Pressure and Mixing on a Mechanochemical Bromination Reaction by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203466. [PMID: 36445819 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces, including compressive stresses, have a significant impact on chemical reactions. Besides the preparative opportunities, mechanochemical conditions benefit from the absence of any organic solvent, the possibility of a significant synthetic acceleration and unique reaction pathways. Together with an accurate characterization of ball-milling products, the development of a deeper mechanistic understanding of the occurring transformations at a molecular level is critical for fully grasping the potential of organic mechanosynthesis. We herein studied a bromination of a cyclic sulfoximine in a mixer mill and used solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for structural characterization of the reaction products. Magic-angle spinning (MAS) was applied for elucidating the product mixtures taken from the milling jar without introducing any further post-processing on the sample. Ex situ 13 C-detected NMR spectra of ball-milling products showed the formation of a crystalline solid phase with the regioselective bromination of the S-aryl group of the heterocycle in position 4. Completion is reached in less than 30 minutes as deduced from the NMR spectra. The bromination can also be achieved by magnetic stirring, but then, a longer reaction time is required. Mixing the solid educts in the NMR rotor allows to get in situ insights into the reaction and enables the detection of a reaction intermediate. The pressure alone induced in the rotor by MAS is not sufficient to lead to full conversion and the reaction occurs on slower time scales than in the ball mill, which is crucial for analysing mixtures taken from the milling jar by solid-state NMR. Our data suggest that on top of centrifugal forces, an efficient mixing of the starting materials is required for reaching a complete reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Bartalucci
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Leeroy Hendrickx
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesco Puccetti
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Rıza Dervişoğlu
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Rakesh Puttreddy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry P. O. Box. 35, Survontie 9B, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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22
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Xian N, Yin J, Ji X, Deng GJ, Huang H. Visible-Light-Mediated Photoredox Carbon Radical Formation from Aqueous Sulfoxonium Ylides. Org Lett 2023; 25:1161-1165. [PMID: 36757126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The visible-light-induced photoredox carbon radical formation from aqueous sulfoxonium ylides has been demonstrated for the first time. While direct reduction of sulfoxonium ylides by H2O efficiently generates the corresponding hydrocarbon compounds, the use of additional alkenes as radical acceptors alters the chemical reactivity to achieve alkene carboarylation of N-arylacrylamides. Mechanistic studies reveal two different reaction pathways involved in the carbon radical formation from aqueous sulfoxonium ylides resulting in reduction to release dimethyl sulfone and carboarylation to form DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xian
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China
| | - Jiang Yin
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaochen Ji
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China
| | - Guo-Jun Deng
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Huawen Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China
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23
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Monfared YK, Pedrazzo AR, Mahmoudian M, Caldera F, Zakeri-Milani P, Valizadeh H, Cavalli R, Matencio A, Trotta F. Oral supplementation of solvent-free kynurenic acid/cyclodextrin nanosponges complexes increased its bioavailability. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 222:113101. [PMID: 36529037 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many nutraceuticals present problems due to their poor water solubility or stability, which prevents the final bioactivity achievement. For that reason, the oral administration of KYNA complexed with HPβ-CD and βNS-CDI nanosponges was evaluated in mice. The solvent-free technology was used to prepare the complexes in a complete comparison between kneading in ball milling and classical inclusion complex preparation. The solvent-free ones showed higher strength and efficiency with ball milling, considerably reducing time. A 50 mg KYNA/kg/day dosage was orally administered in formulations showing a higher bioavailability when the nutraceutical was complexed with βNS-CDI compared to HPβ-CD and free KYNA, respectively. Several antioxidant statuses demonstrated a higher global antioxidant level perfectly related to bioavailability. Finally, the formulation of KYNA reduced the temporal oxidative stress damage in the kidney and liver, making βNS-CDI the best formulation. These results suggest an important future application of cyclodextrin-based nanosponges for the oral delivery of nutraceuticals and their stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Rubin Pedrazzo
- Dipartimento Di Chimica and NIS, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Caldera
- Dipartimento Di Chimica and NIS, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Parvin Zakeri-Milani
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Centre and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e tecnologia del farmaco, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Adrián Matencio
- Dipartimento Di Chimica and NIS, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Dipartimento Di Chimica and NIS, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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24
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Baier DM, Rensch T, Bergheim K, Pietryga V, Grätz S, Borchardt L. The Mechanochemical Fries Rearrangement: Manipulating Isomer Ratios in the Synthesis of p-Hydroxyacetophenone at Different Scales. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203931. [PMID: 36683470 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the first mechanochemical Fries rearrangement for the industrially important synthesis of para-hydroxyacetophenone, inside a ball mill and a twin-screw extruder, is presented. Our approach leads to a yield of 62 % in as little as 90 minutes while liquid-assisted grinding can shift the isomer ratio resulting in an excess of the desired para-product. The multigram scale-up by extrusion leads to 61 % yield in only three minutes while completely avoiding solvents. The extrusion temperature can even further be reduced by combining extrusion with a subsequent ageing step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Baier
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tilo Rensch
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Konrad Bergheim
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria Pietryga
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sven Grätz
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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25
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Mkrtchyan S, Shkoor M, Phanindrudu M, Medved′ M, Sevastyanova O, Iaroshenko VO. Mechanochemical Defluorinative Arylation of Trifluoroacetamides: An Entry to Aromatic Amides. J Org Chem 2023; 88:863-870. [PMID: 36622848 PMCID: PMC9872087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The amide bond is prominent in natural and synthetic organic molecules endowed with activity in various fields. Among a wide array of amide synthetic methods, substitution on a pre-existing (O)C-N moiety is an underexplored strategy for the synthesis of amides. In this work, we disclose a new protocol for the defluorinative arylation of aliphatic and aromatic trifluoroacetamides yielding aromatic amides. The mechanochemically induced reaction of either arylboronic acids, trimethoxyphenylsilanes, diaryliodonium salts, or dimethyl(phenyl)sulfonium salts with trifluoroacetamides affords substituted aromatic amides in good to excellent yields. These nickel-catalyzed reactions are enabled by C-CF3 bond activation using Dy2O3 as an additive. The current protocol provides versatile and scalable routes for accessing a wide variety of substituted aromatic amides. Moreover, the protocol described in this work overcomes the drawbacks and limitations in the previously reported methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satenik Mkrtchyan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 97401 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia,
| | - Mohanad Shkoor
- Department
of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mandalaparthi Phanindrudu
- Inorganic
and Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500607, India
| | - Miroslav Medved′
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 97401 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia,Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University
Olomouc, Křížkovského 511/8, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Sevastyanova
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden,Division
of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer
Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Viktor O. Iaroshenko
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 97401 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia,Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden,Division
of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer
Technology, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden,Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland,Department
of Biology/Chemistry, Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics (CellNanOs), Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany,; ; ;
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26
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Pétry N, Luttringer F, Bantreil X, Lamaty F. A mechanochemical approach to the synthesis of sydnones and derivatives. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:114-127. [PMID: 36134497 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00096b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sydnones are heterocyclic compounds which display important biological activities, including their abilities to react in 1,3-dipolar additions for applications in the development of new prodrugs. Capitalizing on our preliminary work on the mechanosynthesis of sydnones, an extension of this work to two related families of molecules, diarylsydnones and iminosydnones is reported. A ball-milling approach towards the synthesis of diaryl sydnones was developed, a necessary step for the synthesis of potential sydnone-based ligands of metal complexes. A mechanochemistry-based synthesis of iminosydnones was optimized, including the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) related to feprosidnine, linsidomine, mesocarb and molsidomine. This work demonstrated that the ball-milling procedures were efficient and time saving through avoiding purification steps, and reduced the use of organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pétry
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Xavier Bantreil
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France. .,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
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27
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Kubota K, Seo T, Ito H. Solid-state cross-coupling reactions of insoluble aryl halides under polymer-assisted grinding conditions. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:104-113. [PMID: 36254741 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00121g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, polymer-assisted grinding (POLAG), a ball-milling technique based on the use of polymer additives, was applied to mechanochemical solid-state Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of insoluble aryl halides. We found that the efficiency of this challenging solid-state cross-coupling was improved by the addition of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a POLAG additive under high-temperature ball-milling conditions. Our results suggest that POLAG is a promising approach for controlling the reactivity of insoluble substrates that are barely reactive under conventional solution-based conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. .,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tamae Seo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. .,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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28
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Gonnet L, Borchers TH, Lennox CB, Vainauskas J, Teoh Y, Titi HM, Barrett CJ, Koenig SG, Nagapudi K, Friščić T. The " η-sweet-spot" ( ηmax) in liquid-assisted mechanochemistry: polymorph control and the role of a liquid additive as either a catalyst or an inhibitor in resonant acoustic mixing (RAM). Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:128-149. [PMID: 36239309 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00131d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Resonant acoustic mixing (RAM) offers a simple, efficient route for mechanochemical synthesis in the absence of milling media or bulk solvents. Here, we show the use of RAM to conduct the copper-catalysed coupling of sulfonamides and carbodiimides. This coupling was previously reported to take place only by mechanochemical ball milling, while in conventional solution environments it is not efficient, or does not take place at all. The results demonstrate RAM as a suitable methodology to conduct reactions previously accessed only by ball milling and provide a detailed, systematic overview of how the amount of liquid additive, measured by the ratio of liquid volume to weight of reactants (η, in μL mg-1), can affect the course of a mechanochemical reaction and the polymorphic composition of its product. Switching from ball milling to RAM allowed for the discovery of a new polymorph of the model sulfonylguanidine obtained by catalytic coupling of di(cyclohexyl)carbodiimide (DCC) and p-toluenesulfonamide, and the ability to control reaction temperature in RAM enabled in situ control of the polymorphic behaviour of this nascent product. We show that the reaction conversion for a given reaction time does not change monotonically but, instead, achieves a maximum for a well-defined η-value. This "η-sweet-spot" of conversion is herein designated ηmax. The herein explored reactions demonstrate sensitivity to η on the order of 0.01 μL mg-1, which corresponds to an amount of liquid additive below 5 mol% compared to the reactants, and is at least one to two orders of magnitude lower than the η-value typically considered in the design of liquid-assisted ball milling mechanochemical reactions. Such sensitivity suggests that strategies to optimise liquid-assisted mechanochemical reactions should systematically evaluate η-values at increments of 0.01 μL mg-1, or even finer. At η-values other than ηmax the reaction conversion drops off, demonstrating that the same liquid additive can act either as a catalyst or an inhibitor of a mechanochemical reaction, depending on the amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Gonnet
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Tristan H Borchers
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Cameron B Lennox
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Jogirdas Vainauskas
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Yong Teoh
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Hatem M Titi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Christopher J Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada.
| | - Stefan G Koenig
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc., One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H3H 0B8, Canada. .,School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
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29
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Remy-Speckmann I, Zimmermann BM, Gorai M, Lerch M, Teichert JF. Mechanochemical solid state synthesis of copper(I)/NHC complexes with K 3PO 4. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:440-447. [PMID: 37091734 PMCID: PMC10113518 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A protocol for the mechanochemical synthesis of copper(I)/N-heterocyclic carbene complexes using cheap and readily available K3PO4 as base has been developed. This method employing a ball mill is amenable to typical simple copper(I)/NHC complexes but also to a sophisticated copper(I)/N-heterocyclic carbene complex bearing a guanidine moiety. In this way, the present approach circumvents commonly employed silver(I) complexes which are associated with significant and undesired waste formation and the excessive use of solvents. The resulting bifunctional catalyst has been shown to be active in a variety of reduction/hydrogenation transformations employing dihydrogen as terminal reducing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Remy-Speckmann
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Birte M Zimmermann
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mahadeb Gorai
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Martin Lerch
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes F Teichert
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
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30
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Electronic Impacts on the Solvent-Free Mechanochemical Synthesis of Salophen Ligands in Ball Mill. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/1418032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To realize the scope of the solid-solid reaction, the functional solid diamines reacted with solid 3-ethoxysalicylaldehyde under high-speed ball milling in a solvent-free environment. The findings showed that a wide range of Salophen ligands could be produced in good to excellent yields. In comparison to the similar Salophen synthesis to date, the current study provided solvent-free, fast reaction, high yield, and easy work-up.
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31
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Fiss BG, Douglas G, Ferguson M, Becerra J, Valdez J, Do TO, Friščić T, Moores A. Mechanochemical bottom-up synthesis of phosphorus-linked, heptazine-based carbon nitrides using sodium phosphide. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1203-1209. [PMID: 36158176 PMCID: PMC9490069 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we present the bottom-up, mechanochemical synthesis of phosphorus-bridged heptazine-based carbon nitrides (g-h-PCN). The structure of these materials was determined through a combination of powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 31P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), density functional theory (DFT) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Compared to traditional furnace-based techniques, the presented method utilizes milder conditions, as well as shorter reaction times. Both samples of g-h-PCN directly after milling and aging and after an hour of annealing at 300 °C (g-h-PCN300) show a reduction in photoluminescent recombination, as well as a nearly two-time increase in photocurrent under broad spectrum irradiation, which are appealing properties for photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine G Fiss
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Georgia Douglas
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael Ferguson
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jorge Becerra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Jesus Valdez
- Facility for Electron Microscopy Research (FEMR), McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Trong-On Do
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Audrey Moores
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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32
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Casti F, Mocci R, Porcheddu A. From amines to (form)amides: a simple and successful mechanochemical approach. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1210-1216. [PMID: 36158174 PMCID: PMC9490066 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two easily accessible routes for preparing an array of formylated and acetylated amines under mechanochemical conditions are presented. The two methodologies exhibit complementary features as they enable the derivatization of aliphatic and aromatic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Casti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rita Mocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Porcheddu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
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33
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A Mechanochemical, Catalyst‐Free Cascade Synthesis of 1,3‐Diols and 1,4‐Iodoalcohols Using Styrenes and Hypervalent Iodine Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207926. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Čarný T, Peňaška T, Andrejčák S, Šebesta R. Mechanochemical Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Arylhalides and Organozinc Pivalates. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202040. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Čarný
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University in Bratislava Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Tibor Peňaška
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University in Bratislava Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Samuel Andrejčák
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University in Bratislava Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Radovan Šebesta
- Department of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University in Bratislava Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
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35
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Improved mechanically induced synthesis of nanocrystalline gadolinium oxymolybdate. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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36
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Shi P, Tu Y, Kong D, Wu P, Ma D, Bolm C. Iron‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Arene C(sp
2
)−H Amidations under Mechanochemical Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204874. [PMID: 35511087 PMCID: PMC9401578 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In a ball mill, FeBr3‐catalyzed intramolecular amidations lead to 3,4‐dihydro‐2(1H)‐quinolinones in good to almost quantitative yields. The reactions do not require a solvent and are easy to perform. No additional ligand is needed for the iron catalyst. Both 4‐substituted aryl and β‐substituted dioxazolones provide products with high selectivity. Mechanistically, an electrophilic spirocyclization followed by C−C migration explains the formation of rearranged products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shi
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Yongliang Tu
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Deshen Kong
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Peng Wu
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Ding Ma
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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37
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Pan L, Zheng L, Chen Y, Ke Z, Yeung YY. Mechanochemical and Catalyst‐Free Cascade Synthesis of 1,3‐Diols and 1,4‐Iodoalcohols Using Styrenes and Hypervalent Iodine Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangkun Pan
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Long Zheng
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Ye Chen
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Zhihai Ke
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen School of Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Ying-Yeung Yeung
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong Chemistry Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China 000000 Hong Kong HONG KONG
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38
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Kwon TW, Song B, Nam KW, Stoddart JF. Mechanochemical Enhancement of the Structural Stability of Pseudorotaxane Intermediates in the Synthesis of Rotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12595-12601. [PMID: 35797453 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical syntheses of rotaxanes have attracted considerable attention of late because of the superior reaction rates and higher yields associated with their production compared with analogous reactions carried out in solution. Previous investigators, however, have focused on the demonstration of the mechanochemical syntheses of rotaxanes per se, rather than on studying the solid-phase host-guest molecular interplay related to their rapid formation and high yields. In this investigation, we attribute the lower yields of rotaxanes prepared in solution to the limited concentration and a desolvation energy penalty that must be compensated for by host-guest interactions during complexation that precedes the templation leading to rotaxane formation. It follows that, if the desolvation energy can be removed and higher concentrations can be attained, even weak host-guest interactions can drive the complexation of host and guest molecules efficiently. In order to test this hypothesis, we chose two host-guest pairs of permethylated pillar[5]arene/1,6-diaminohexane and permethylated pillar[5]arene/2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) for the simple reason that they exhibit extremely low binding constants (2.7 ± 0.4 M-1 when 1,6-diaminohexane is the guest and <0.1 M-1 when 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) is the guest in CDCl3; i.e., ostensibly no pseudorotaxane formation is observed). We argue that the amount of pseudorotaxanes formed in the solid state is responsive to mechanical treatments or otherwise and changes in temperature during stoppering reactions. Compared to the amount of pseudorotaxanes that can be obtained in solution, large quantities of pseudorotaxanes are formed in the solid state because of concentration and desolvation effects. This mechanochemical enhancement of pseudorotaxane formation is referred to as a self-correction in the current investigation. Rotaxanes based on permethylated pillar[5]arene/1,6-diaminohexane and permethylated pillar[5]arene/2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) have been synthesized in much higher yields compared to those obtained in solution, aided and abetted by self-correction effects during mechanical treatments and heating at a mild temperature of 50 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Woo Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Kwan Woo Nam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
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39
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Mazzeo PP, Prencipe M, Feiler T, Emmerling F, Bacchi A. On the Mechanism of Cocrystal Mechanochemical Reaction via Low Melting Eutectic: A Time-Resolved In Situ Monitoring Investigation. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:4260-4267. [PMID: 35818385 PMCID: PMC9264353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry has become a sustainable and attractive cost-effective synthetic technique, largely used within the frame of crystal engineering. Cocrystals, namely, crystalline compounds made of different chemical entities within the same crystal structure, are typically synthesized in bulk via mechanochemistry; however, whereas the macroscopic aspects of grinding are becoming clear, the fundamental principles that underlie mechanochemical cocrystallization at the microscopic level remain poorly understood. Time-resolved in situ (TRIS) monitoring approaches have opened the door to exceptional detail regarding mechanochemical reactions. We here report a clear example of cocrystallization between two solid coformers that proceeds through the formation of a metastable low melting binary eutectic phase. The overall cocrystallization process has been monitored by time-resolved in situ (TRIS) synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction with a customized ball milling setup, currently available at μSpot beamline at BESSY-II, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin. The binary system and the low melting eutectic phase were further characterized via DSC, HSM, and VT-XRPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo P. Mazzeo
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Email
| | - Michele Prencipe
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Torvid Feiler
- BAM
Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße
11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM
Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße
11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessia Bacchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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40
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Wang JF, Lu LY, Zhang P, Qin YJ, Guo ZX. Selective oxidation of primary benzylic alcohols to aldehydes using NaNO 3 under ball milling. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198221101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A facile method for oxidation of primary benzylic alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes is reported using NaNO3/P2O5 under high-speed ball-milling conditions. This approach is clean, efficient, and exhibits broad functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yu Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Pu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Jun Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xin Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, P.R. China
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41
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Štrukil V, Margetić D. Mechanochemistry in Heterocyclic Synthesis. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527832002.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Shi P, Tu Y, Kong D, Wu P, Ma D, Bolm C. Iron‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Arene C(sp
2
)−H Amidations under Mechanochemical Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Yongliang Tu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Deshen Kong
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Peng Wu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ding Ma
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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43
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Koifman OI, Ageeva TA. Main Strategies for the Synthesis of meso-Arylporphyrins. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9156840 DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022040017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
meso-Arylporphyrins as most accessible tetrapyrrole macroheterocycles have always been the focus of attention from researchers concerned with practically useful properties of these compounds. The first syntheses of meso-arylporphyrins date back to about 90 years ago. Up to now, the yields of these compounds have been improved from 5 to 80%. The present review analyzes different ways and strategies for the synthesis of meso-aryl-substituted porphyrins. The most efficient methods that can be scaled up to an industrial level have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. I. Koifman
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - T. A. Ageeva
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
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44
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Bera SK, Bhanja R, Mal P. DDQ in mechanochemical C–N coupling reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:639-646. [PMID: 35706992 PMCID: PMC9174842 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) is a commonly known oxidant. Herein, we report that DDQ can be used to synthesize 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles and quinazolin-4(3H)-ones via the intra- and intermolecular C–N coupling reaction under solvent-free mechanochemical (ball milling) conditions. In the presence of DDQ, the intramolecular C(sp2)–H amidation of N-(2-(arylideneamino)phenyl)-p-toluenesulfonamides leads to 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles and the one-pot coupling of 2-aminobenzamides with aryl/alkyl aldehydes resulted in substituted quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamal Kanti Bera
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Rosalin Bhanja
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Prasenjit Mal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, PO Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via Jatni, District Khurda, Odisha 752050, India
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45
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Bian MH, Lu LY, Zhang P, Guo ZX. The dehydrative etherification of benzyl alcohols via mechanochemical reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Bhawani, Shinde VN, Sonam, Rangan K, Kumar A. Mechanochemical Ruthenium-Catalyzed O rtho-Alkenylation of N-Heteroaryl Arenes with Alkynes under Ball-Milling Conditions. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5994-6005. [PMID: 35472259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanochemical, solvent-free Ru(II)-catalyzed alkenylation of N-heteroaryl arenes with alkynes has been successfully described. A wide spectrum of arenes bearing N-heteroaryl moieties such as imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine, benzo[d]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole, 2H-indazole, 1H-indazole, 1H-pyrazole, and 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one as a directing group reacted with various substituted alkynes under ball milling in the presence of [Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2, affording dialkenylated products in moderate to good yields. The reaction of 2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione with 1-phenyl-1-propyne afforded a monoalkenylated product. Similarly, reaction of 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine with aliphatic terminal alkynes produced a monoalkenylated derivative as the major product along with minor amount of dialkenylated product. The developed method exhibited excellent functional group compatibility, broad substrate scope, shorter reaction times, and no external heating. Moreover, the method can be readily scaled-up as demonstrated by gram-scale synthesis of 2-(2,6-bis((E)1-phenylprop-1-en-2-yl)phenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawani
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Vikki N Shinde
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Sonam
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Krishnan Rangan
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan 333031, India
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47
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Leszczyński M, Kornacki D, Terlecki M, Justyniak I, Miletić GI, Halasz I, Bernatowicz P, Szejko V, Lewiński J. Mechanochemical vs Wet Approach for Directing CO 2 Capture toward Various Carbonate and Bicarbonate Networks. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:4374-4380. [PMID: 35433136 PMCID: PMC9006257 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c08402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The distinct research areas related to CO2 capture and mechanochemistry are both highly attractive in the context of green chemistry. However, merger of these two areas, i.e., mechanochemical CO2 capture, is still in an early stage of development. Here, the application of biguanidine as an active species for CO2 capture is investigated using both solution-based and liquid-assisted mechanochemical approaches, which lead to a variety of biguanidinium carbonate and bicarbonate hydrogen-bonded networks. We demonstrate that in solution, the formation of the carbonate vs bicarbonate networks can be directed by the organic solvent, while, remarkably, in the liquid-assisted mechanochemical synthesis employing the same solvents as additives, the selectivity in network formation is inversed. In general, our findings support the view of mechanochemistry not only as a sustainable alternative but rather as a complementary strategy to solution-based synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał
K. Leszczyński
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Kornacki
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Terlecki
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ivan Halasz
- Ruđ̵er
Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Piotr Bernatowicz
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vadim Szejko
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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48
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Zhai F, Xin T, Geeson MB, Cummins CC. Sustainable Production of Reduced Phosphorus Compounds: Mechanochemical Hydride Phosphorylation Using Condensed Phosphates as a Route to Phosphite. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:332-339. [PMID: 35350608 PMCID: PMC8949633 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In pursuit of a more sustainable production of phosphorous acid (H3PO3), a versatile chemical with phosphorus in the +3 oxidation state, we herein report that condensed phosphates can be employed to phosphorylate hydride reagents under solvent-free mechanochemical conditions to furnish phosphite (HPO3 2-). Using potassium hydride as the hydride source, sodium trimetaphosphate (Na3P3O9), triphosphate (Na5P3O10), pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7), fluorophosphate (Na2PO3F), and polyphosphate ("(NaPO3) n ") engendered phosphite in optimized yields of 44, 58, 44, 84, and 55% based on total P content, respectively. Formation of overreduced products including hypophosphite (H2PO2 -) was identified as a competing process, and mechanistic investigations revealed that hydride attack on in-situ-generated phosphorylated phosphite species is a potent pathway for overreduction. The phosphite generated from our method was easily isolated in the form of barium phosphite, a useful intermediate for production of phosphorous acid. This method circumvents the need to pass through white phosphorus (P4) as a high-energy intermediate and mitigates involvement of environmentally hazardous chemicals. A bioproduced polyphosphate was found to be a viable starting material for the production of phosphite. These results demonstrate the possibility of accessing reduced phosphorus compounds in a more sustainable manner and, more importantly, a means to close the modern phosphorus cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhai
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tiansi Xin
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael B. Geeson
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher C. Cummins
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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49
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Borodkin GI, Shubin VG. Electrophilic Fluorination of Heterocyclic Compounds with NF Reagents in Unconventional Media. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-022-03060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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50
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Kitagawa Y, Naito A, Aikawa K, Shima K, Shoji S, Fushimi K, Hasegawa Y. Tribo‐Excited Chemical Reaction Using an Eu
III
Complex with a Stacked Anthracene Framework. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104401. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kitagawa
- Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University Kita-13 Nishi-8, Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Kita-21 Nishi-10, Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
| | - Ayu Naito
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Hokkaido University Kita-13, Nishi-8, Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Kota Aikawa
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Hokkaido University Kita-13, Nishi-8, Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Kaori Shima
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Hokkaido University Kita-13, Nishi-8, Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Sunao Shoji
- Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University Kita-13 Nishi-8, Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Kita-21 Nishi-10, Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
| | - Koji Fushimi
- Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University Kita-13 Nishi-8, Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Yasuchika Hasegawa
- Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University Kita-13 Nishi-8, Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Kita-21 Nishi-10, Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
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