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Luo Y, Dong L. Catalyst-Controlled C-H Transformation of Pyrazolidinones with 1,3-Diynes for Highly Selective Synthesis of Functionalized Bisindoles and Indoles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5577-5591. [PMID: 35389223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An efficacious synthetic solution to offer functionalized bisindoles and indoles has been developed based on catalyst-controlled C-H functionalization of pyrazolidinones and 1,3-diynes with highly selective control of both chemoselectivity and regioselectivity. This straightforward pathway conquers chemo- and regioselectivity challenges concerning the use of 1,3-diynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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2
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M. Honnanayakanavar J, Owk O, Suresh S. Recent Advances in the Tandem Copper-Catalyzed Ullmann-Goldberg N-Arylation–Cyclization Strategies. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2993-3028. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00082b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N‒Aryl bond formation under copper catalysis has been playing a pivotal role and has been extensively used as a key step in the total syntheses of several therapeutic molecules. The...
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Tamosiunaite N, Logie LC, Neale SE, Singh K, Davies DL, Macgregor SA. Experimental and Computational Studies on the Acetate-Assisted C-H Activation of N-Aryl Imidazolium Salts at Rhodium and Iridium: A Chloride Additive Changes the Selectivity of C-H Activation. J Org Chem 2021; 87:1445-1456. [PMID: 34967215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Combined experimental and computational mechanistic studies of the reactions of unsymmetrical, para-substituted N-aryl imidazolium salts, L2-R1,R2, at [MCl2Cp*]2 (M = Rh, Ir) in the presence of NaOAc are reported. These proceed via intermediate N-heterocyclic carbene complexes that then allow an internal competition between two differently substituted aryl rings toward C-H activation to be monitored. At 348 K in dichloroethane C-H activation of the aryl with the more electron-withdrawing substituents is generally favored. DFT calculations show similar barriers for proton transfer and dissociative HOAc/Cl- ligand substitution, with proton transfer favoring electron-donating substituents, and ligand substitution favoring electron-withdrawing substituents. Microkinetic simulations reproduce the experimental preference implying that the ligand substitution step dominates selectivity. For several substrates, notably L2-F,OMe and L2-F,H, running the C-H activation reactions at 298 K in the presence of added [Et4N]Cl reverses the selectivity. The greater availability of chloride in solution makes an alternative dissociative interchange ligand substitution mechanism accessible, leaving proton transfer as selectivity determining and so favoring electron-donating substituents. Our results highlight the potential importance of the ligand substitution step in the interpretation of substituent effects and demonstrate how a simple additive, [Et4N]Cl, can have a dramatic effect on selectivity by changing the mechanism of ligand substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren C Logie
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Samuel E Neale
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Kuldip Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - David L Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, U.K
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4
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Sarkar K, Datta HK, Ahmed S, Dastidar P. Structural Rationale towards Designing Coordination Polymer Based Metallogels Displaying Anti‐Cancer and Anti‐Bacterial Properties. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Hemanta Kumar Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Sabir Ahmed
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Parthasarathi Dastidar
- School of Chemical Sciences Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 India
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5
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Misal Castro LC, Sultan I, Nishi K, Tsurugi H, Mashima K. Direct Synthesis of Indoles from Azoarenes and Ketones with Bis(neopentylglycolato)diboron Using 4,4′-Bipyridyl as an Organocatalyst. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3287-3299. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis C. Misal Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ibrahim Sultan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kohei Nishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hayato Tsurugi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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6
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FeCl3 catalyzed intermolecular reaction between enol ethers and anilines: Access to 2,3-substituted indoles through aryl group migration. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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7
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Zhang S, Li H, Yamamoto Y, Bao M. Synthesis of 1 H-Indole-2,3-dicarboxylates via Rhodium-Catalyzed C-H Annulation of Arylhydrazines with Maleates. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12544-12552. [PMID: 32864963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a one-step synthesis of 1H-indole-2,3-dicarboxylates through C-H activation. Rhodium-catalyzed tandem C-H activation and annulation of 2-acetyl-1-phenylhydrazines with maleates proceeded smoothly in the presence of additive NaOAc and oxidant Ag2CO3 and produced the corresponding indole derivatives, 1H-indole-2,3-dicarboxylates, in satisfactory to good yields. A variety of useful functional groups were tolerated on the benzene ring including halogen atoms (F, Cl, Br, and I) and methoxycarbonyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
| | - He Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Yoshinori Yamamoto
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
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Lee SH, Kim K, Jeon YU, Kundu A, Dey P, Hwang JY, Mishra NK, Kim HS, Kim IS. Lewis acid-mediated cross-coupling reaction of 7-azaindoles and aldehydes: Cytotoxic evaluation of C3-linked bis-7-azaindoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.150974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Alharis RA, McMullin CL, Davies DL, Singh K, Macgregor SA. The Importance of Kinetic and Thermodynamic Control when Assessing Mechanisms of Carboxylate-Assisted C-H Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8896-8906. [PMID: 31083891 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of substituted 1-phenylpyrazoles (phpyz-H) at [MCl2Cp*]2 dimers (M = Rh, Ir; Cp* = C5Me5) in the presence of NaOAc to form cyclometalated Cp*M(phpyz)Cl were studied experimentally and with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. At room temperature, time-course and H/D exchange experiments indicate that product formation can be reversible or irreversible depending on the metal, the substituents, and the reaction conditions. Competition experiments with both para- and meta-substituted ligands show that the kinetic selectivity favors electron-donating substituents and correlates well with the Hammett parameter giving a negative slope consistent with a cationic transition state. However, surprisingly, the thermodynamic selectivity is completely opposite, with substrates with electron-withdrawing groups being favored. These trends are reproduced with DFT calculations that show C-H activation proceeds by an AMLA/CMD mechanism. H/D exchange experiments with the meta-substituted ligands show ortho-C-H activation to be surprising facile, although (with the exception of F substituents) this does not generally lead to ortho-cyclometalated products. Calculations suggest that this can be attributed to the difficulty of HOAc loss after the C-H activation step due to steric effects in the 16e intermediate that would be formed. Our study highlights that the use of substituent effects to assign the mechanism of C-H activation in either stoichiometric or catalytic reactions may be misleading, unless the energetics of the C-H cleavage step and any subsequent reactions are properly taken into account. The broader implications of our study for the assignment of C-H activation mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed A Alharis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Leicester , Leicester , United Kingdom
| | - Claire L McMullin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS , United Kingdom
| | - David L Davies
- Department of Chemistry , University of Leicester , Leicester , United Kingdom
| | - Kuldip Singh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Leicester , Leicester , United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS , United Kingdom
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Borah G, Patel P. Ir(iii)-Catalyzed [4 + 2] cyclization of azobenzene and diazotized Meldrum's acid for the synthesis of cinnolin-3(2H)-one. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2554-2563. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob03214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The first report on Ir(iii)-catalyzed C–H alkylation/cyclization of azobenzene with diazotized Meldrum's acid was developed for the synthesis of cinnoline-3(2H)-one-4-carboxylic acid and its ester derivative under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongutri Borah
- Chemical Science and Technology Division
- CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology
- Jorhat
- India-785006
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Pitambar Patel
- Chemical Science and Technology Division
- CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology
- Jorhat
- India-785006
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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Mishra NK, Park J, Oh H, Han SH, Kim IS. Recent advances in N-heterocycles synthesis through catalytic C−H functionalization of azobenzenes. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Indole is the most frequently found heterocyclic core structures in pharmaceuticals, natural products, agrochemicals, dyes and fragrances. For about 150 years, chemists were absorbed in finding new and easier synthetic strategies to build this nucleus. Many books and reviews have been written, but the number of new syntheses that appear in the literature, make necessary continuous updates. This reviews aims to give a comprehensive overview on indole synthesis catalyzed by transition metals appeared in the literature in the years 2016 and 2017.
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Kim S, Kundu A, Chun R, Han SH, Pandey AK, Yoo S, Park J, Kim HS, Ku JM, Kim IS. Direct Synthesis of 2-Acyl Acridines Using Aldimines and Anthranils: Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activity. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saegun Kim
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Amit Kundu
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Rina Chun
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Han
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Kumar Pandey
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Sungin Yoo
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Park
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Mo Ku
- Biocenter; Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator (GBSA); Suwon 16229 Republic of Korea
| | - In Su Kim
- School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
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Chauhan J, Luthra T, Sen S. Iodine-Catalyzed Metal-Free Oxidative Ring Opening of 1-Aryltetrahydro-β-carbolines: Facile Synthesis of C-2 Aroyl and Aryl Methanimino Indole Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry; School of Natural Sciences; Shiv Nadar University; 201314 Chithera, Dadri Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Tania Luthra
- Department of Chemistry; School of Natural Sciences; Shiv Nadar University; 201314 Chithera, Dadri Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Subhabrata Sen
- Department of Chemistry; School of Natural Sciences; Shiv Nadar University; 201314 Chithera, Dadri Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh India
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