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Abirami A, Devan U, Ramesh R, Antony Joseph Velanganni A, Małecki JG. Exploring the cytotoxicity of dinuclear Ru(II) p-cymene complexes appended N, N'-bis(4-substituted benzoyl)hydrazines: insights into the mechanism of apoptotic cell death. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5167-5179. [PMID: 38380977 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04234k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a perilous life-threatening disease, and attempts are constantly being made to create multinuclear transition metal complexes that could lead to the development of potential anticancer medications and administration procedures. Hence, this work aims to design, synthesize, characterize, and assess the anticancer efficacy of ruthenium p-cymene complexes incorporating N,N'-bis(4-substituted benzoyl)hydrazine ligands. The formation of the new complexes (Ru2H1-Ru2H3) has been thoroughly established by elemental analysis, and FT-IR, UV-vis, NMR, and HR-MS spectral techniques. The solid-state molecular structures of the complexes Ru2H1 and Ru2H3 have been determined using the SC-XRD study, which confirms the N, O, and Cl-legged piano stool pseudo-octahedral geometry of each ruthenium(II) ion. The stability of these complexes in the solution state and their lipophilicity profile have been determined. Furthermore, the title complexes were tested for their in vitro anticancer activity against cancerous H460 (lung cancer cells), SkBr3 (breast cancer cells), HepG2 (liver cancer cells), and HeLa (cervical cancer cells) along with non-cancerous (HEK-293) cells. The IC50 results revealed that complex Ru2H3 exhibits potent activity against the proliferation of all four cancer cells and outscored the effect of the standard metallodrug cisplatin. This may be attributed to the presence of a couple of lipophilic electron-donating methoxy groups in the ligand scaffold and also the ruthenium(II) p-cymene motifs. Advantageously, all the complexes (Ru2H1-Ru2H3) displayed cytotoxic specificity only towards cancerous cells by leaving the off-target non-cancerous cells undamaged. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining, Hoechst 33342, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining assays were used to investigate the apoptotic pathway and ROS levels in mitochondria. The results of western blot analysis confirmed that the complexes triggered apoptosis through an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway by upregulating Bax and downregulating Bcl-2 proteins. Finally, the extent of apoptosis triggered by the complex Ru2H3 was quantified with the aid of flow cytometry using the Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) double-staining technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunachalam Abirami
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India.
| | - Umapathy Devan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India
| | - Rengan Ramesh
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India.
| | - Arockiam Antony Joseph Velanganni
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India
| | - Jan Grzegorz Małecki
- Department of Crystallography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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2
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Abirami A, Devan U, Ramesh R, Antony Joseph Velanganni A, Grzegorz Małecki J. Naphthoyl benzhydrazine-decorated binuclear arene Ru(II) complexes as anticancer agents targeting human breast cancer cells. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16376-16387. [PMID: 37870147 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02552g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most dangerous type in women and its fatality rate has increased over the past decade. To develop more potent and target-specific breast cancer drugs, six arene ruthenium(II) complexes (1-6) containing naphthoyl benzhydrazine ligands (NL1-NL3) were synthesized and characterized by analytical and spectroscopic (infrared, UV-visible, NMR and HR-MS) methods. The SC-XRD analysis of 1 and 6 demonstrates the bis N^O bidentate binding nature of ligands to ruthenium ions and a pseudo-octahedral geometry around the Ru(II) ion. Solution stability studies using UV-Vis spectroscopy evidenced the instantaneous hydrolysis of the complexes to form monoaquated species in a solution of 1 : 9 (v/v) DMSO/phosphate buffer. All the complexes were screened for their in vitro antiproliferative activities against different human breast cancer cells, including MCF-7, SkBr3, MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231, and non-cancerous HEK-293 cells, by an MTT assay, and they displayed good cancer cell growth inhibitory capacity with low IC50 values. Notably, complexes 2 and 5 comprising methoxy and p-cymene groups exhibited excellent cytotoxicity towards SkBr3 cells compared to clinical drug cisplatin. AO-EB and HOECHST-33342 staining assays revealed apoptotic morphological changes in complex-treated cancer cells. Further, reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential assays validated that the complexes induce apoptotic cell death via an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway with ROS production. In addition, the apoptotic induction and the quantification of late apoptosis were established with the aid of western blot and flow cytometry analysis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunachalam Abirami
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India.
| | - Umapathy Devan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India
| | - Rengan Ramesh
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India.
| | - Arockiam Antony Joseph Velanganni
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India
| | - Jan Grzegorz Małecki
- Department of Crystallography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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3
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Kuzu B, Gül S, Tan-Uygun M, Dönmez MF, Menges N. Single-step approach for synthesis of a novel tetracyclic skeleton: Investigation of X-ray analysis, fluorescence spectra, TD-DFT calculations and biological activities. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Soh C, Kollipara MR, Banothu V, Diengdoh DF, Kaminsky W, Rymmai E. Synthesis and molecular structure of arene ruthenium complexes containing benzhydrazone derivative ligands with antibacterial and antioxidant properties. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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5
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Chen H, Tang T, Malapit CA, Lee YS, Prater MB, Weliwatte NS, Minteer SD. One-Pot Bioelectrocatalytic Conversion of Chemically Inert Hydrocarbons to Imines. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4047-4056. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Tianhua Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Christian A. Malapit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Yoo Seok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew B. Prater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - N. Samali Weliwatte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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6
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Tamilthendral V, Ramesh R, Malecki JG. Arene diruthenium(II)‐mediated synthesis of imines from alcohols and amines under aerobic condition. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veerappan Tamilthendral
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli India
| | - Rengan Ramesh
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli India
| | - Jan Grzegorz Malecki
- Department of Crystallography, Institute of Chemistry University of Silesia Katowice Poland
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7
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Saranya S, Ramesh R, Sémeril D. Non-Pincer-Type Arene Ru(II) Catalysts for the Direct Synthesis of Azines from Alcohols and Hydrazine under Aerobic Conditions. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sundar Saranya
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Rengan Ramesh
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu India
| | - David Sémeril
- Université de Strasbourg, Equipe Synthèse Organométallique et Catalysee, UMR- CNRS 7177, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67008 Strasbourg, France
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8
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Zhao C, Gao Y, Zhang Z, Ma D. Functions of Phytic Acid in Fabricating
Metal‐Free
Carbocatalyst for Oxidative Coupling of Benzylamines
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanchuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University Baoding Hebei 071002 China
| | - Yongjun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University Baoding Hebei 071002 China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University Baoding Hebei 071002 China
| | - Ding Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and College of Engineering, and BIC‐ESAT, Peking University Beijing 100871 China
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9
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Buldurun K, Özdemir M. Ruthenium(II) complexes with pyridine-based Schiff base ligands: Synthesis, structural characterization and catalytic hydrogenation of ketones. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Vinoth G, Indira S, Bharathi M, Durgadevi A, Abinaya R, Alves LG, Martins AM, Bharathi KS. Synthesis of Imines
via
Reactions of Benzyl Alcohol with Amines Using Half‐Sandwich (η
6
‐
p
‐cymene) Ruthenium(II) Complexes Stabilised by 2‐aminofluorene Derivatives. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Govindasamy Vinoth
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical SciencesPeriyar University Periyar Palkalai Nagar Salem 636011 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sekar Indira
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical SciencesPeriyar University Periyar Palkalai Nagar Salem 636011 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Madheswaran Bharathi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical SciencesPeriyar University Periyar Palkalai Nagar Salem 636011 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Anandhan Durgadevi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical SciencesPeriyar University Periyar Palkalai Nagar Salem 636011 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ravikumar Abinaya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical SciencesPeriyar University Periyar Palkalai Nagar Salem 636011 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Luis G. Alves
- Centro de Química EstruturalAssociação do Instituto Superior Técnico para a Investigação e Desenvolvimento Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 1049‐003 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Martins
- Centro de Química EstruturalInstituto Superior Técnico Av. Rovisco Pais, 1 1049‐001 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Kuppannan Shanmuga Bharathi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical SciencesPeriyar University Periyar Palkalai Nagar Salem 636011 Tamil Nadu India
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11
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Thimma Sambamoorthy M, Rengan R, Jan Grzegorz M. Efficient construction of C–C bonds from aryl halides/aryl esters with arylboronic acids catalysed by palladium(II) thiourea complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Thimma Sambamoorthy
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of ChemistryBharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 620 024 Tamilnadu India
| | - Ramesh Rengan
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of ChemistryBharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 620 024 Tamilnadu India
| | - Malecki Jan Grzegorz
- Department of CrystallographyInstitute of Chemistry, University of Silesia 40‐006 Katowice Poland
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12
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Xu H, Shi JL, Hao H, Li X, Lang X. Visible light photocatalytic aerobic oxidative synthesis of imines from alcohols and amines on dye-sensitized TiO2. Catal Today 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Sindhuja D, Vasanthakumar P, Bhuvanesh N, Karvembu R. Catalytic Assessment of Copper(I) Complexes and a Polymer Analog towards the One‐Pot Synthesis of Imines and Quinoxalines. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dharmalingam Sindhuja
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli 620015 India
| | | | | | - Ramasamy Karvembu
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli 620015 India
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14
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Ramesh M, Venkatachalam G. Half‒Sandwich (η6‒p‒Cymene) Ruthenium(II) complexes bearing 5‒Amino‒1‒Methyl‒3‒Phenylpyrazole Schiff base ligands: Synthesis, structure and catalytic transfer hydrogenation of ketones. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Hudwekar AD, Verma PK, Kour J, Balgotra S, Sawant SD. Transition Metal-Free Oxidative Coupling of Primary Amines in Polyethylene Glycol at Room Temperature: Synthesis of Imines, Azobenzenes, Benzothiazoles, and Disulfides. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinandan D. Hudwekar
- Medicinal Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Canal Road -180001 Jammu India
- Anusandhan Bhawan; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); 2 Rafi Marg 110001 New Delhi India
| | - Praveen K. Verma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Canal Road -180001 Jammu India
| | - Jaspreet Kour
- Medicinal Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Canal Road -180001 Jammu India
- Anusandhan Bhawan; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); 2 Rafi Marg 110001 New Delhi India
| | - Shilpi Balgotra
- Medicinal Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Canal Road -180001 Jammu India
- Anusandhan Bhawan; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); 2 Rafi Marg 110001 New Delhi India
| | - Sanghapal D. Sawant
- Medicinal Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine; Canal Road -180001 Jammu India
- Anusandhan Bhawan; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); 2 Rafi Marg 110001 New Delhi India
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16
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Sundar S, Rengan R. Direct synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles from primary alcohols by diruthenium(ii) catalysts under aerobic conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1402-1409. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02785d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward synthetic approach to 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles from readily available primary alcohols using arene diruthenium(ii) catalysts has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranya Sundar
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli 620 024
- India
| | - Ramesh Rengan
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli 620 024
- India
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17
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Balamurugan G, Balaji S, Ramesh R, Bhuvanesh NS. Synthesis and Structures of Arene Ruthenium (II)-NHC Complexes: Efficient Catalytic α-alkylation of ketones via Hydrogen Auto Transfer Reaction. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gunasekaran Balamurugan
- Centre for organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry; Bharathidasan University; Tiruchirapalli 620024 Tamilnadu India
| | - Sundarraman Balaji
- Centre for organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry; Bharathidasan University; Tiruchirapalli 620024 Tamilnadu India
| | - Rengan Ramesh
- Centre for organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry; Bharathidasan University; Tiruchirapalli 620024 Tamilnadu India
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18
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Subramanian M, Sundar S, Rengan R. Synthesis and structure of arene ruthenium(II) complexes: One-pot catalytic approach to synthesis of bioactive quinolines under mild conditions. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muthumari Subramanian
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry; Bharathidasan University; Tiruchirappalli 620 024 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Saranya Sundar
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry; Bharathidasan University; Tiruchirappalli 620 024 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ramesh Rengan
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry; Bharathidasan University; Tiruchirappalli 620 024 Tamil Nadu India
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19
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Chipman A, Gouranourimi A, Farshadfar K, Olding A, Yates BF, Ariafard A. A Computational Mechanistic Investigation into Reduction of Gold(III) Complexes by Amino Acid Glycine: A New Variant for Amine Oxidation. Chemistry 2018; 24:8361-8368. [PMID: 29655208 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) was utilized to explore the reduction of gold(III) complexes by the amino acid glycine (Gly). Interestingly, when the nitrogen atom of Gly coordinates to the gold(III) center, its Cα -hydrogen atom becomes so acidic that it can be easily deprotonated by a mild base like water. The deprotonation converts the amino acid into a potent reductant by which gold(III) is reduced to gold(I) with a moderate activation energy. To our knowledge, this is the first contribution suggesting that primary amines are oxidized to imines via direct α-carbon deprotonation. This finding may provide new insights into the mechanistic interpretation of amine oxidations catalyzed/mediated by a center with high cathodic reduction potential. This work also provides a rationalization behind why gold(III) complexes with amine-based polydentate ligands are reluctant to undergo a redox process. Gold(III) reduction occurs most efficiently if the Cα proton leaves in the plane of the Cα , N and Au atoms. Chelation prevents this alignment, resulting in the gold(III) complex being unreactive toward reduction. It has been experimentally found that gold(III) is capable of oxidizing Gly to glyoxylic acid (GA) as the initial product. The latter, in the presence of another gold(III) complex, has been reported to undergo oxidative decarboxylation to afford CO2 and HCOOH. This process is found to be mediated by formation of a geminal diol intermediate produced by reaction of water with the aldehyde functional group of the coordinated GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Chipman
- School of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Ali Gouranourimi
- School of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Kaveh Farshadfar
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Shohrak Gharb, Tehran, Iran
| | - Angus Olding
- School of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Brian F Yates
- School of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Shohrak Gharb, Tehran, Iran
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