1
|
Hashmi SZ, Bareth D, Dwivedi J, Kishore D, Alvi PA. Green advancements towards the electrochemical synthesis of heterocycles. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18192-18246. [PMID: 38854834 PMCID: PMC11157331 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02812k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic chemistry is a large field with diverse applications in the areas of biological research and pharmaceutical advancement. Numerous initiatives have been proposed to further enhance the reaction conditions to reach these compounds without using harmful compounds. This paper focuses on the recent advances in the eco-friendly and green synthetic procedures to synthesize N-, S-, and O-heterocycles. This approach demonstrates considerable potential in accessing such compounds while circumventing the need for stoichiometric quantities of oxidizing/reducing agents or catalysts containing precious metals. Merely employing catalytic quantities of these substances proves sufficient, thereby offering an optimal means of contributing to resource efficiency. Renewable electricity plays a crucial role in generating environmentally friendly electrons (oxidant/reductant) that serve as catalysts for a series of reactions. These reactions involve the production of reactive intermediates, which in turn allow the synthesis of new chemical bonds, enabling beneficial transformations to occur. Furthermore, the utilization of metals as active catalysts in electrochemical activation has been recognized as an effective approach for achieving selective functionalization. The aim of this review was to summarize the electrochemical synthetic procedures so that the undesirable side reactions can be considerably reduced and the practical potential range of the chemical reactions can be expanded significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Zeba Hashmi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Diksha Bareth
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Dharma Kishore
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - P A Alvi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mlakić M, Čipor I, Kovačec P, Kragol G, Ratković A, Kovačević T, Zadravec R, Milašinović V, Molčanov K, Piantanida I, Škorić I. The Benzothiazine Core as a Novel Motif for DNA-Binding Small Molecules. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114499. [PMID: 37298974 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of 4H-1,3-benzothiazine dyes were prepared and fully characterized in an aqueous medium. Benzothiazine salts were synthesized either through the classical synthetic pathway using Buchwald-Hartwig amination or through economical and environmentally friendly electrochemical synthesis. The latest synthetic approach employs successful electrochemical intramolecular dehydrogenative cyclization of N-benzylbenzenecarbothioamides to form 4H-1,3-benzothiazines. 4H-1,3-Benzothiazines were evaluated as novel DNA/RNA probes. Through the use of several methods such as UV/vis spectrophotometric titrations, circular dichroism and thermal melting experiments, the binding of four benzothiazine-based molecules to polynucleotides was examined. Compounds 1 and 2 acted as DNA/RNA groove binders, thus suggesting the potential of these compounds as novel DNA/RNA probes. This is a proof-of-concept study and will be expanded to include SAR/QSAR studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Mlakić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivona Čipor
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Kovačec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Chemistry, Selvita Ltd., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Kragol
- Chemistry, Selvita Ltd., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Ratković
- Chemistry, Selvita Ltd., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Kovačević
- Chemistry, Selvita Ltd., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rahela Zadravec
- Chemistry, Selvita Ltd., Prilaz Baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valentina Milašinović
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krešimir Molčanov
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivo Piantanida
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aslam S, Sbei N, Rani S, Saad M, Fatima A, Ahmed N. Heterocyclic Electrochemistry: Renewable Electricity in the Construction of Heterocycles. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6175-6217. [PMID: 36844606 PMCID: PMC9948259 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous applications in the realm of biological exploration and drug synthesis can be found in heterocyclic chemistry, which is a vast subject. Many efforts have been developed to further improve the reaction conditions to access this interesting family to prevent employing hazardous ingredients. In this instance, it has been stated that green and environmentally friendly manufacturing methodologies have been introduced to create N-, S-, and O-heterocycles. It appears to be one of the most promising methods to access these types of compounds avoiding use of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing/reducing species or precious metal catalysts, in which only catalytic amounts are sufficient, and it represent an ideal way of contributing toward the resource economy. Thus, renewable electricity provides clean electrons (oxidant/reductant) that initiate a reaction cascade via producing reactive intermediates that facilitate in building new bonds for valuable chemical transformations. Moreover, electrochemical activation using metals as catalytic mediators has been identified as a more efficient strategy toward selective functionalization. Thus, indirect electrolysis makes the potential range more practical, and less side reactions can occur. The latest developments in using an electrolytic strategy to create N-, S-, and O-heterocycles are the main topic of this mini review, which was documented over the last five years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samina Aslam
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
- The Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Najoua Sbei
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, EggensteinLeopoldshafen, 76344KarlsruheGermany
| | - Sadia Rani
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
| | - Manal Saad
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Aroog Fatima
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Devi S, Jyoti, Kiran, Wadhwa D, Sindhu J. Electro-organic synthesis: an environmentally benign alternative for heterocycle synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5163-5229. [PMID: 35730661 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00572g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds are considered to be one of the most established structural classes due to their extensive application in agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and organic materials. Over the past few years, the development of heterocyclic compounds has gone through a considerable renaissance from conventional traditional methodologies to non-conventional electro-organic synthesis. Replacing metal catalysts, strong oxidants and multi-step methodologies with metal and strong oxidant-free single-step protocols has revolutionized the field of sustainable organic synthesis. Electro-organic synthesis has evolved as a scalable and sustainable approach in different synthetic protocols in an environment-benign manner. The current review outlines the recent developments in C-C, C-N, C-S and C-O/Se bond formation for heterocycle synthesis using electrochemical methods. Different synthetic strategies and their detailed mechanistic description are presented to enlighten the future applications of electrochemistry in heterocycle synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Jyoti
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Kiran
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, India.
| | - Deepak Wadhwa
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Efficient synthesis of imino-1,3-thiazinan-4-one promoted by acetonitrile electrogenerated base and computational studies with CB1 and 11 βHSD1 molecules. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-020-04276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|