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Zhang S, Zhou R, Zhang N, An Y, Liu Z, Chen XM, Li Q. Mechanical Bond Induced Enhancement and Purification of Pyrene Emission in the Solid State. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400741. [PMID: 38745544 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
To address key concerns on solid-state pyrene-based luminescent materials, we propose a novel and efficient mechanical bond strategy. This strategy results in a transformation from ACQ to AIE effect and a remarkable enhancement of pyrene emission in the solid state. Moreover, an unusual purification of emission is also achieved. Through computational calculation and experimental characterisation, finally determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, we prove that the excellent emissions result from mechanical bond induced refinement of molecular arrangements, including reduced π-π stacking, well-ordered packing and enhanced structural stability. This work demonstrates the potential of mechanical bond in the field of organic luminescent molecules, providing a new avenue for developing high-performance organic luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Ru Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Ningjin Zhang
- Instrumental Analytical Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Yi An
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Xu-Man Chen
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Quan Li
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
- Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
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Maitra A, Lake WR, Mohamed A, Edington SC, Das P, Thompson BC, Hammes-Schiffer S, Johnson M, Dawlaty JM. Measuring the Electric Fields of Ions Captured in Crown Ethers. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7458-7465. [PMID: 39008844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Controlling reactivity with electric fields is a persistent challenge in chemistry. One approach is to tether ions at well-defined locations near a reactive center. To quantify fields arising from ions, we report crown ethers that capture metal cations as field sources and a covalently bound vibrational Stark shift probe as a field sensor. We use experiments and computations in both the gas and liquid phases to quantify the vibrational frequencies of the probe and estimate the electric fields from the captured ions. Cations, in general, blue shift the probe frequency, with effective fields estimated to vary in the range of ∼0.2-3 V/nm in the liquid phase. Comparison of the gas and liquid phase data provides insight into the effects of mutual polarization of the molecule and solvent and screening of the ion's field. These findings reveal the roles of charge, local screening, and geometry in the design of tailored electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Maitra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - William R Lake
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Ahmed Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sean C Edington
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Pratyusha Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Barry C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Sharon Hammes-Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jahan M Dawlaty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Maitra A, Das P, Thompson BC, Dawlaty JM. Distinguishing between the Electrostatic Effects and Explicit Ion Interactions in a Stark Probe. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2511-2520. [PMID: 36917012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational Stark probes are incisive tools for measuring local electric fields in a wide range of chemical environments. The interpretation of the frequency shift often gets complicated due to the specific interactions of the probe, such as hydrogen bonding and Lewis bonding. Therefore, it is important to distinguish between the pure electrostatic response and the response due to such specific interactions. Here we report a molecular system that is sensitive to both the Stark effect from a single ion and the explicit Lewis bonding of ions with the probe. The molecule consists of a crown ether with an appended benzonitrile. The crown captures cations of various charges, and the electric field from the ions is sensed by the benzonitrile probe. Additionally, the lone pair of the benzonitrile can engage in Lewis interactions with some of the ions by donating partial charge density to the ions. Our system exhibits both of these effects and therefore is a suitable test bed for distinguishing between the pure electrostatic and the Lewis interactions. Our computational results show that the electrostatic influence of the ion is operative at large distances, while the Lewis interaction becomes important only within distances that permit orbital overlap. Our results may be useful for using the nitrile probe for measuring electrostatic and coordination effects in complex ionic environments such as the electrode-electrolyte interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Maitra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Pratyusha Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Barry C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jahan M Dawlaty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Hierarchical self-assembly of crown ether based metal-carbene cages into multiple stimuli-responsive cross-linked supramolecular metallogel. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-9977-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Kumar GD, Banasiewicz M, Jacquemin D, Gryko DT. Switch-On Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Chemosensors for Cations Possessing Lewis Acid Character. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:355-362. [PMID: 33434391 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For the first time diketopyrrolopyrroles (DPPs) have been synthesized directly from nitriles possessing (aza)crown ethers leading to macrocycle-dye hybrids. Depending on the nature of the linkage between DPP and macrocyclic ring, various coordination effects are found. The strong interaction of the cations possessing Lewis acid character such as Li+ , Mg2+ and Zn2+ with 2-aminopyridin-4-yl-DPPs, leading to a bathochromic shift of both emission and absorption, as well as to strong enhancement of fluorescence was rationalized in terms of strong binding of these cations to the N=C-NR2 functionality. The same effect has been observed for protonation. Depending on the size and the structure of the macrocyclic ring the complexation of cations by aza-crown ethers plays an important but secondary role. The interaction of Na+ and K+ with 2-aminopyridin-4-yl-DPPs leads to moderate enhancement of fluorescence due to the aza-crown ethers binding. The very weak fluorescence of DPP bearing 2-dialkylamino-pyridine-4-yl substituents is due to the closely lying T2 state and the resulting intersystem crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dinesh Kumar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Banasiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM UMR 6230, CNRS, Université de Nantes, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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