1
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Denkler LM, Aladahalli Shekar M, Ngan TSJ, Wylie L, Abdullin D, Engeser M, Schnakenburg G, Hett T, Pilz FH, Kirchner B, Schiemann O, Kielb P, Bunescu A. A General Iron-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Oxygenation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403292. [PMID: 38735849 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
We report an iron-catalyzed decarboxylative C(sp3)-O bond-forming reaction under mild, base-free conditions with visible light irradiation. The transformation uses readily available and structurally diverse carboxylic acids, iron photocatalyst, and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO) derivatives as oxygenation reagents. The process exhibits a broad scope in acids possessing a wide range of stereoelectronic properties and functional groups. The developed reaction was applied to late-stage oxygenation of a series of bio-active molecules. The reaction leverages the ability of iron complexes to generate carbon-centered radicals directly from carboxylic acids by photoinduced carboxylate-to-iron charge transfer. Kinetic, electrochemical, EPR, UV/Vis, HRMS, and DFT studies revealed that TEMPO has a triple role in the reaction: as an oxygenation reagent, an oxidant to turn over the Fe-catalyst, and an internal base for the carboxylic acid deprotonation. The obtained TEMPO adducts represent versatile synthetic intermediates that were further engaged in C-C and C-heteroatom bond-forming reactions using commercial organo-photocatalysts and nucleophilic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mareen Denkler
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Meghana Aladahalli Shekar
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tak Shing Jason Ngan
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luke Wylie
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dinar Abdullin
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area' Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marianne Engeser
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area' Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Hett
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Hendrik Pilz
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area' Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Olav Schiemann
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area' Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrycja Kielb
- Clausius Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area' Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ala Bunescu
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area' Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions (TRA Matter), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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2
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Jiang X, Lan Y, Hao Y, Jiang K, He J, Zhu J, Jia S, Song J, Li SJ, Niu L. Iron photocatalysis via Brønsted acid-unlocked ligand-to-metal charge transfer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6115. [PMID: 39033136 PMCID: PMC11271273 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50507-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Reforming sustainable 3d-metal-based visible light catalytic platforms for inert bulk chemical activation is highly desirable. Herein, we demonstrate the use of a Brønsted acid to unlock robust and practical iron ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) photocatalysis for the activation of multifarious inert haloalkylcarboxylates (CnXmCOO-, X = F or Cl) to produce CnXm radicals. This process enables the fluoro-polyhaloalkylation of non-activated alkenes by combining easily available Selectfluor as a fluorine source. Valuable alkyl fluorides including potential drug molecules can be easily obtained through this protocol. Mechanistic studies indicate that the real light-harvesting species may derive from the in situ-assembly of Fe3+, CnXmCOO-, H+, and acetonitrile solvent, in which the Brønsted acid indeed increases the efficiency of LMCT between the iron center and CnXmCOO- via hydrogen-bond interactions. We anticipate that this Brønsted acid-unlocked iron LMCT platform would be an intriguing sustainable option to execute the activation of inert compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Yu Lan
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Theory and Mechanism, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Yudong Hao
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Kui Jiang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Jing He
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Jiali Zhu
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Shiqi Jia
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China.
| | - Linbin Niu
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, PR China.
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3
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Innocent M, Tanguy C, Gavelle S, Aubineau T, Guérinot A. Iron-Catalyzed, Light-Driven Decarboxylative Alkoxyamination. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401252. [PMID: 38736425 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
An iron-catalyzed visible-light driven decarboxylative alkoxyamination is disclosed. In the presence of FeBr2 and TEMPO, a large array of carboxylic acids including marketed drugs and biobased molecules is turned into the corresponding alkoxyamine derivatives. The versatility of the latter offers an entry towards molecular diversity generation from abundant starting materials and catalyst. Overall, this method proposes a unified and general approach for LMCT-based iron-catalyzed decarboxylative functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Innocent
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris - PSL, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Clément Tanguy
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris - PSL, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sigrid Gavelle
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris - PSL, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Aubineau
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris - PSL, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Guérinot
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris - PSL, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
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4
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Qin J, Lei H, Gao C, Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Xia W. Light-induced ligand-to-metal charge transfer of Fe(III)-OR species in organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39011956 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00876f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Light-induced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) has been utilized as a powerful strategy in various organic reactions. First-row transition metals, especially iron complexes, show good applications in this process. Fe(III)-Cl and Fe(III)-OR species are two key intermediates involved in the LMCT of iron complexes. This review highlights studies on LMCT of Fe(III)-OR species, including carboxylate-iron and alkoxy-iron species, in organic transformations. Reaction conditions, substrate scope and related mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qin
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Hong Lei
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Chuanhua Gao
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Yuewen Zheng
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Yating Zhao
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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5
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Treacy SM, Rovis T. Photoinduced Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer in Base-Metal Catalysis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2024; 56:1967-1978. [PMID: 38962497 PMCID: PMC11218547 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1751518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The absorption of light by photosensitizers has been shown to offer novel reactive pathways through electronic excited state intermediates, complementing ground state mechanisms. Such strategies have been applied in both photocatalysis and photoredox catalysis, driven by generating reactive intermediates from their long-lived excited states. One developing area is photoinduced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) catalysis, in which coordination of a ligand to a metal center and subsequent excitation with light results in the formation of a reactive radical and a reduced metal center. This mini review concerns the foundations and recent developments in ligand-to-metal charge transfer in transition metal catalysis focusing on the organic transformations made possible through this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Treacy
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry, 3000 Broadway, Havemeyer Hall, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - T Rovis
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry, 3000 Broadway, Havemeyer Hall, New York, NY 10027, USA
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6
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Fall A, Magdei M, Savchuk M, Oudeyer S, Beucher H, Brière JF. Iron-catalyzed decarboxylative radical addition to chiral azomethine imines upon visible light. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6316-6319. [PMID: 38819219 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01766h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose an eco-efficient redox-neutral iron-catalyzed decarboxylative radical addition to chiral azomethine imines upon visible light (427 nm) giving cyclic hydrazine derivatives with dr ranging from 82 : 18 to >96 : 4. This earth-abundant metal promoted sequence proceeds efficiently under ligand-free conditions based on a LMCT process and opens a route to new chiral heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arona Fall
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Mihaela Magdei
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Mariia Savchuk
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Sylvain Oudeyer
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Hélène Beucher
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Jean-François Brière
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, INC3M FR 3038, F-76000 Rouen, France.
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7
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Badufle M, Robert F, Landais Y. Visible light mediated iron-catalyzed addition of oxamic acids to imines. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12528-12532. [PMID: 38638815 PMCID: PMC11024671 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02258k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxamic acids where shown to add to imines, providing a broad range of α-aminoacid amides in generally good yields. The process is efficient on pre-formed imines but may also be conducted using a 3-component strategy by simply mixing aldehydes, amines and oxamic acids in the presence of ferrocene, acting both as a photocatalyst under visible light and as a Lewis acid. The reaction proceeds through the addition onto the imine of a carbamoyl radical intermediate generated through a charge transfer from the carboxylate ligand to a Fe(iii) species (LMCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Badufle
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 F-33400 Talence France
| | - Frédéric Robert
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 F-33400 Talence France
| | - Yannick Landais
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255 F-33400 Talence France
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8
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Qian J, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Hu P. Decarboxylative halogenation of aliphatic carboxylic acids catalyzed by iron salts under visible light. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2764-2767. [PMID: 38353608 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06149c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
In this article, we report a general protocol for the direct decarboxylative chlorination, iodination, and bromination of aliphatic carboxylic acids catalyzed by iron salts under visible light. This method enjoys a broad substrate scope with good functional group compatibility, including complex natural products. Benzylic and allylic C(sp3)-H bonds can be retained under the oxidative halogenation conditions. This method also shows application potential for late-stage functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Qian
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Weining Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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9
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Li LJ, Wei Y, Zhao YL, Gao Y, Hu XQ. Radical-Mediated Decarboxylative C-C and C-S Couplings of Carboxylic Acids via Iron Photocatalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:1110-1115. [PMID: 38277128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Despite the significant success of decarboxylative radical reactions, the catalytic systems vary considerably upon different radical acceptors, requiring renewed case-by-case reaction optimization. Herein, we developed an iron catalytic condition that enables the highly efficient decarboxylation of various carboxylic acids for a range of radical transformations. This operationally simple protocol was amenable to a wide array of radical acceptors, delivering structurally diverse oxime ethers, alkenylation, alkynylation, thiolation, and amidation products in useful to excellent yields (>40 examples, up to 95% yield).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yu-Lian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
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10
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Liu SH, Dong ZC, Zang ZL, Zhou CH, Cai GX. Selective α-oxidation of amides via visible-light-driven iron catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1205-1212. [PMID: 38224270 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01984e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) as one of the highly reactive species can react unselectively with a wide range of chemicals. The ˙OH radicals are typically generated under harsh conditions. Herein, we report hydroxyl radical-induced selective N-α C(sp3)-H bond oxidation of amides under greener and mild conditions via an Fe(NO3)3·9H2O catalyst inner sphere pathway upon irradiation with a 30 W blue LED light strip (λ = 455 nm) using NaBrO3 as the oxidant. This protocol exhibited high chemoselectivity and excellent functional group tolerance. A preliminary mechanism investigation demonstrated that the iron catalyst afforded hydroxyl radicals via the visible-light-induced homolysis (VLIH) of iron complexes followed by a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process to realize this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hong Liu
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Zhi-Chao Dong
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong-Lin Zang
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Cheng-He Zhou
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Gui-Xin Cai
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
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11
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Fernández-García S, Chantzakou VO, Juliá-Hernández F. Direct Decarboxylation of Trifluoroacetates Enabled by Iron Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202311984. [PMID: 38088503 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Trifluoroacetates are the most abundant and accessible sources of trifluoromethyl groups, which are key components in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The generation of trifluoromethyl reactive radicals from trifluoroacetates requires their decarboxylation, which is hampered by their high oxidation potential. This constitutes a major challenge for redox-based methods, because of the need to pair the redox potentials with trifluoroacetate. Here we report a strategy based on iron photocatalysis to promote the direct photodecarboxylation of trifluoroacetates that displays reactivity features that escape from redox limitations. Our synthetic design has enabled the use of trifluoroacetates for the trifluoromethylation of more easily oxidizable organic substrates, offering new opportunities for late-stage derivatization campaigns using chemical feedstocks, Earth-abundant catalysts, and visible-light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fernández-García
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Veronika O Chantzakou
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Juliá-Hernández
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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12
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Bian KJ, Lu YC, Nemoto D, Kao SC, Chen X, West JG. Photocatalytic hydrofluoroalkylation of alkenes with carboxylic acids. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1683-1692. [PMID: 37957278 PMCID: PMC10983801 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of fluoroalkyl motifs in pharmaceuticals can enhance the therapeutic profiles of the parent molecules. The hydrofluoroalkylation of alkenes has emerged as a promising route to diverse fluoroalkylated compounds; however, current methods require superstoichiometric oxidants, expensive/oxidative fluoroalkylating reagents and precious metals, and often exhibit limited scope, making a universal protocol that addresses these limitations highly desirable. Here we report the hydrofluoroalkylation of alkenes with cheap, abundant and available fluoroalkyl carboxylic acids as the sole reagents. Hydrotrifluoro-, difluoro-, monofluoro- and perfluoroalkylation are all demonstrated, with broad scope, mild conditions (redox neutral) and potential for late-stage modification of bioactive molecules. Critical to success is overcoming the exceedingly high redox potential of feedstock fluoroalkyl carboxylic acids such as trifluoroacetic acid by leveraging cooperative earth-abundant, inexpensive iron and redox-active thiol catalysis, enabling these reagents to be directly used as hydroperfluoroalkylation donors without pre-activation. Preliminary mechanistic studies support the radical nature of this cooperative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Jie Bian
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yen-Chu Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Nemoto
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shih-Chieh Kao
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Julian G West
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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13
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Lee Y, Ki H, Im D, Eom S, Gu J, Lee S, Kim J, Cha Y, Lee KW, Zerdane S, Levantino M, Ihee H. Cerium Photocatalyst in Action: Structural Dynamics in the Presence of Substrate Visualized via Time-Resolved X-ray Liquidography. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23715-23726. [PMID: 37856865 PMCID: PMC10623567 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
[Ce(III)Cl6]3-, with its earth-abundant metal element, is a promising photocatalyst facilitating carbon-halogen bond activation. Still, the structure of the reaction intermediate has yet to be explored. Here, we applied time-resolved X-ray liquidography (TRXL), which allows for direct observation of the structural details of reaction intermediates, to investigate the photocatalytic reaction of [Ce(III)Cl6]3-. Structural analysis of the TRXL data revealed that the excited state of [Ce(III)Cl6]3- has Ce-Cl bonds that are shorter than those of the ground state and that the Ce-Cl bond further contracts upon oxidation. In addition, this study represents the first application of TRXL to both photocatalyst-only and photocatalyst-and-substrate samples, providing insights into the substrate's influence on the photocatalyst's reaction dynamics. This study demonstrates the capability of TRXL in elucidating the reaction dynamics of photocatalysts under various conditions and highlights the importance of experimental determination of the structures of reaction intermediates to advance our understanding of photocatalytic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbeom Lee
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Ki
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Im
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Eom
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jain Gu
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggon Lee
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmin Kim
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjun Cha
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Won Lee
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Serhane Zerdane
- European
Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Matteo Levantino
- European
Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Center
for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute
for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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14
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Wang A, Yin YY, Rukhsana, Wang LQ, Jin JH, Shen YM. Visible-Light-Mediated Three-Component Decarboxylative Coupling Reactions to Synthesize 1,4-Diol Monoethers. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13871-13882. [PMID: 37683099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
An efficient approach for 1,2-difunctionalization of aromatic olefins and the synthesis of functionalized 1,4-diols monoethers has been established via a photoinduced three-component reaction of an α-alkoxycarboxylic acid, an aromatic olefin, and an aldehyde. The reaction proceeds by photoinduced oxidative decarboxylation of the carboxylic acid followed by the addition of the α-alkoxyalkyl radical to the olefin, one-electron reduction of the addition radical, and the nucleophilic attack of the resulting carbanion to the aldehyde. Besides the convenient one-pot protocol of the three-component reaction, this method offers several other advantages, including good functional group tolerance for the three substrates, gentle reaction conditions, and ease of scaling up. The reaction mechanism has been investigated through free radical trapping experiment and isotope labeling experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Yun Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Shengzhou Innovation Research Institute, Shengzhou 312400, P.R. China
| | - Rukhsana
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Le-Quan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Hui Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Miao Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Shengzhou Innovation Research Institute, Shengzhou 312400, P.R. China
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15
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zeng R. Photoinduced iron-catalyzed C-H alkylation of polyolefins. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9374-9379. [PMID: 37712034 PMCID: PMC10498505 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03252c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemically introducing diverse polar groups into polyolefins via carbon-hydrogen bond alkylation with polar olefins is of substantial value in the synthesis of next-generation lightweight thermoplastics, which is still underdeveloped. In this work, we report a new approach for efficient carbon-hydrogen bond alkylation in commodity polyolefins using photoinduced iron catalysis. Various polyolefins could be functionalized with broad scope. Polar groups could be incorporated in a single step. The controllable synthesis of multi-polar functional polyolefins could be achieved by a designed module-assembled process. Remarkably, even low levels of functionalization could upcycle the polyolefin materials to exhibit unusual physical properties, such as enhancement of the transparencies, strains, stresses at break of the materials, and hydrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongnan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
| | - Rong Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China
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16
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Kao SC, Bian KJ, Chen XW, Chen Y, Martí AA, West JG. Photochemical iron-catalyzed decarboxylative azidation via the merger of ligand-to-metal charge transfer and radical ligand transfer catalysis. CHEM CATALYSIS 2023; 3:100603. [PMID: 37720729 PMCID: PMC10501478 DOI: 10.1016/j.checat.2023.100603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) using stoichiometric copper salts has recently been shown to permit decarboxylative C-N bond formation via an LMCT/radical polar crossover (RPC) mechanism; however, this method is unable to function catalytically and cannot successfully engage unactivated alkyl carboxylic acids, presenting challenges to the general applicability of this approach. Leveraging the concepts of ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) and radical-ligand-transfer (RLT), we herein report the first photochemical, iron-catalyzed direct decarboxylative azidation. Simply irradiating an inexpensive iron nitrate catalyst in the presence of azidotrimethylsilane allows for a diverse array of carboxylic acids to be converted to corresponding organic azides directly with broad functional group tolerance and mild conditions. Intriguingly, no additional external oxidant is required for this reaction to proceed, simplifying the reaction protocol. Finally, mechanistic studies are consistent with a radical mechanism and suggest that the nitrate counteranion serves as an internal oxidant for turnover of the iron catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chieh Kao
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kang-Jie Bian
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Angel A. Martí
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Julian G. West
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Lead contact
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17
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de Groot LHM, Ilic A, Schwarz J, Wärnmark K. Iron Photoredox Catalysis-Past, Present, and Future. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9369-9388. [PMID: 37079887 PMCID: PMC10161236 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis of organic reactions driven by iron has attracted substantial attention throughout recent years, due to potential environmental and economic benefits. In this Perspective, three major strategies were identified that have been employed to date to achieve reactivities comparable to the successful noble metal photoredox catalysis: (1) Direct replacement of a noble metal center by iron in archetypal polypyridyl complexes, resulting in a metal-centered photofunctional state. (2) In situ generation of photoactive complexes by substrate coordination where the reactions are driven via intramolecular electron transfer involving charge-transfer states, for example, through visible-light-induced homolysis. (3) Improving the excited-state lifetimes and redox potentials of the charge-transfer states of iron complexes through new ligand design. We seek to give an overview and evaluation of recent developments in this rapidly growing field and, at the same time, provide an outlook on the future of iron-based photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H M de Groot
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra Ilic
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Jesper Schwarz
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
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18
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Dubois MAJ, Rojas JJ, Sterling AJ, Broderick HC, Smith MA, White AJP, Miller PW, Choi C, Mousseau JJ, Duarte F, Bull JA. Visible Light Photoredox-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Alkylation of 3-Aryl-Oxetanes and Azetidines via Benzylic Tertiary Radicals and Implications of Benzylic Radical Stability. J Org Chem 2023; 88:6476-6488. [PMID: 36868184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Four-membered heterocycles offer exciting potential as small polar motifs in medicinal chemistry but require further methods for incorporation. Photoredox catalysis is a powerful method for the mild generation of alkyl radicals for C-C bond formation. The effect of ring strain on radical reactivity is not well understood, with no studies that address this question systematically. Examples of reactions that involve benzylic radicals are rare, and their reactivity is challenging to harness. This work develops a radical functionalization of benzylic oxetanes and azetidines using visible light photoredox catalysis to prepare 3-aryl-3-alkyl substituted derivatives and assesses the influence of ring strain and heterosubstitution on the reactivity of small-ring radicals. 3-Aryl-3-carboxylic acid oxetanes and azetidines are suitable precursors to tertiary benzylic oxetane/azetidine radicals which undergo conjugate addition into activated alkenes. We compare the reactivity of oxetane radicals to other benzylic systems. Computational studies indicate that Giese additions of unstrained benzylic radicals into acrylates are reversible and result in low yields and radical dimerization. Benzylic radicals as part of a strained ring, however, are less stable and more π-delocalized, decreasing dimer and increasing Giese product formation. Oxetanes show high product yields due to ring strain and Bent's rule rendering the Giese addition irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryne A J Dubois
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Juan J Rojas
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Alistair J Sterling
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Hannah C Broderick
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Milo A Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Philip W Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Chulho Choi
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Rd., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - James J Mousseau
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Rd., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - James A Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
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19
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Chakraborty N, Rajbongshi KK, Dahiya A, Das B, Vaishnani A, Patel BK. NIS-initiated photo-induced oxidative decarboxylative sulfoximidation of cinnamic acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2779-2782. [PMID: 36786510 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00142c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
N-Iodosuccinimide catalyzed, visible-light-induced oxidative decarboxylative cross-coupling between cinnamic acids and NH-sulfoximines is presented. This strategy results in the formation of α-keto-N-acyl sulfoximines via the construction of two new CO bonds and one C-N bond. The in situ-generated N-iodosulfoximine serves as the light-absorbing species in the absence of any external photosensitizer. The keto carbonyl and amidic carbonyl oxygen in the resulting product originate from dioxygen and water respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Kamal K Rajbongshi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. .,Department of Chemistry, Handique Girls' College, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Anjali Dahiya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Bubul Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Akshar Vaishnani
- Department of Chemistry, REVA University, Bangalore, 560064, Bengaluru, India
| | - Bhisma K Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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20
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Lu YC, West JG. Chemoselective Decarboxylative Protonation Enabled by Cooperative Earth-Abundant Element Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213055. [PMID: 36350328 PMCID: PMC9839625 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Decarboxylative protonation is a general deletion tactic to replace polar carboxylic acid groups with hydrogen or its isotope. Current methods rely on the pre-activation of acids, non-sustainable hydrogen sources, and/or expensive/highly oxidizing photocatalysts, presenting challenges to their wide adoption. Here we show that a cooperative iron/thiol catalyst system can readily achieve this transformation, hydrodecarboxylating a wide range of activated and unactivated carboxylic acids and overcoming scope limitations in previous direct methods. The reaction is readily scaled in batch configuration and can be directly performed in deuterated solvent to afford high yields of d-incorporated products with excellent isotope incorporation efficiency; characteristics not attainable in previous photocatalyzed approaches. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate a radical mechanism and kinetic results of unactivated acids (KIE=1) are consistent with a light-limited reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chu Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Julian G West
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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21
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Xiong N, Li Y, Zeng R. Merging Photoinduced Iron-Catalyzed Decarboxylation with Copper Catalysis for C–N and C–C Couplings. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ni Xiong
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Rong Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
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22
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Photochemical diazidation of alkenes enabled by ligand-to-metal charge transfer and radical ligand transfer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7881. [PMID: 36564375 PMCID: PMC9789121 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35560-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vicinal diamines are privileged synthetic motifs in chemistry due to their prevalence and powerful applications in bioactive molecules, pharmaceuticals, and ligand design for transition metals. With organic diazides being regarded as modular precursors to vicinal diamines, enormous efforts have been devoted to developing efficient strategies to access organic diazide generated from olefins, themselves common feedstock chemicals. However, state-of-the-art methods for alkene diazidation rely on the usage of corrosive and expensive oxidants or complicated electrochemical setups, significantly limiting the substrate tolerance and practicality of these methods on large scale. Toward overcoming these limitations, here we show a photochemical diazidation of alkenes via iron-mediated ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) and radical ligand transfer (RLT). Leveraging the merger of these two reaction manifolds, we utilize a stable, earth abundant, and inexpensive iron salt to function as both radical initiator and terminator. Mild conditions, broad alkene scope and amenability to continuous-flow chemistry rendering the transformation photocatalytic were demonstrated. Preliminary mechanistic studies support the radical nature of the cooperative process in the photochemical diazidation, revealing this approach to be a powerful means of olefin difunctionalization.
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23
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Kim C, Jeong J, Vellakkaran M, Hong S. Photocatalytic Decarboxylative Pyridylation of Carboxylic Acids Using In Situ-Generated Amidyl Radicals as Oxidants. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changha Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jinwook Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Mari Vellakkaran
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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24
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Juliá F. Ligand‐to‐Metal Charge Transfer (LMCT) Photochemistry at 3d‐Metal Complexes: An Emerging Tool for Sustainable Organic Synthesis. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Juliá
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia: Institut Catala d'Investigacio Quimica Chemistry Av Paisos Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona SPAIN
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25
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Zhang Y, Qian J, Wang M, Huang Y, Hu P. Visible-Light-Induced Decarboxylative Fluorination of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids Catalyzed by Iron. Org Lett 2022; 24:5972-5976. [PMID: 35950813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and inexpensive protocol for the direct decarboxylative fluorination of aliphatic carboxylic acids catalyzed with iron salts under visible light is presented. This new method allows the facile fluorination of a diverse array of carboxylic acids even on gram scale using a Schlenk flask without loss of efficiency. Mechanistic studies suggest that the photoinduced ligand-to-metal charge transfer process enables the generation of the key step to generate the carboxyl radical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiahui Qian
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yahao Huang
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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26
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27
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Huang CY, Li J, Li CJ. Photocatalytic C(sp 3) radical generation via C-H, C-C, and C-X bond cleavage. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5465-5504. [PMID: 35694342 PMCID: PMC9116372 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C(sp3) radicals (R˙) are of broad research interest and synthetic utility. This review collects some of the most recent advancements in photocatalytic R˙ generation and highlights representative examples in this field. Based on the key bond cleavages that generate R˙, these contributions are divided into C–H, C–C, and C–X bond cleavages. A general mechanistic scenario and key R˙-forming steps are presented and discussed in each section. C(sp3) radicals (R˙) are of broad research interest and synthetic utility.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Jianbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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28
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Wang S, Li T, Gu C, Han J, Zhao CG, Zhu C, Tan H, Xie J. Decarboxylative tandem C-N coupling with nitroarenes via S H2 mechanism. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2432. [PMID: 35508545 PMCID: PMC9068905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic tertiary amines are one of the most important classes of organic compounds in organic chemistry and drug discovery. It is difficult to efficiently construct tertiary amines from primary amines via classical nucleophilic substitution due to consecutive overalkylation. In this paper, we have developed a radical tandem C-N coupling strategy to efficiently construct aromatic tertiary amines from commercially available carboxylic acids and nitroarenes. A variety of aromatic tertiary amines can be furnished in good yields (up to 98%) with excellent functional group compatibility under mild reaction conditions. The use of two different carboxylic acids also allows for the concise synthesis of nonsymmetric aromatic tertiary amines in satisfactory yields. Mechanistic studies suggest the intermediacy of the arylamine–(TPP)Fe(III) species and might provide a possible evidence for an SH2 (bimolecular homolytic substitution) pathway in the critical C-N bond formation step. Aromatic tertiary amines are versatile building blocks in organic synthesis. In this article, the authors report on an iron-catalysed reaction for the decarboxylative C-N coupling from carboxylic acids and nitroarenes, leading to non-symmetric tertiary aromatic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingrui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengyihan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuan-Gang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Hairen Tan
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China. .,Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China.
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29
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Chen TQ, Pedersen PS, Dow NW, Fayad R, Hauke CE, Rosko MC, Danilov EO, Blakemore DC, Dechert-Schmitt AM, Knauber T, Castellano FN, MacMillan DWC. A Unified Approach to Decarboxylative Halogenation of (Hetero)aryl Carboxylic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8296-8305. [PMID: 35486956 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aryl halides are a fundamental motif in synthetic chemistry, playing a critical role in metal-mediated cross-coupling reactions and serving as important scaffolds in drug discovery. Although thermal decarboxylative functionalization of aryl carboxylic acids has been extensively explored, the scope of existing halodecarboxylation methods remains limited, and there currently exists no unified strategy that provides access to any type of aryl halide from an aryl carboxylic acid precursor. Herein, we report a general catalytic method for direct decarboxylative halogenation of (hetero)aryl carboxylic acids via ligand-to-metal charge transfer. This strategy accommodates an exceptionally broad scope of substrates. We leverage an aryl radical intermediate toward divergent functionalization pathways: (1) atom transfer to access bromo- or iodo(hetero)arenes or (2) radical capture by copper and subsequent reductive elimination to generate chloro- or fluoro(hetero)arenes. The proposed ligand-to-metal charge transfer mechanism is supported through an array of spectroscopic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Q Chen
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - P Scott Pedersen
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nathan W Dow
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Remi Fayad
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Cory E Hauke
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Michael C Rosko
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Evgeny O Danilov
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - David C Blakemore
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Dechert-Schmitt
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thomas Knauber
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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30
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Abstract
The quest to find milder and more sustainable methods to generate highly reactive, carbon-centred intermediates has led to a resurgence of interest in radical chemistry. In particular, carboxylic acids are seen as attractive radical precursors due their availability, low cost, diversity, and sustainability. Moreover, the corresponding nucleophilic carbon-radical can be easily accessed through a favourable radical decarboxylation process, extruding CO2 as a traceless by-product. This review summarizes the recent progress on using carboxylic acids directly as convenient radical precursors for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds via the 1,4-radical conjugate addition (Giese) reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Kitcatt
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Simon Nicolle
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Ai-Lan Lee
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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31
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Abstract
In recent years, visible light-induced transition metal catalysis has emerged as a new paradigm in organic photocatalysis, which has led to the discovery of unprecedented transformations as well as the improvement of known reactions. In this subfield of photocatalysis, a transition metal complex serves a double duty by harvesting photon energy and then enabling bond forming/breaking events mostly via a single catalytic cycle, thus contrasting the established dual photocatalysis in which an exogenous photosensitizer is employed. In addition, this approach often synergistically combines catalyst-substrate interaction with photoinduced process, a feature that is uncommon in conventional photoredox chemistry. This Review describes the early development and recent advances of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Pak Shing Cheung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Sumon Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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32
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Ilic A, Schwarz J, Johnson C, de Groot LHM, Kaufhold S, Lomoth R, Wärnmark K. Photoredox Catalysis via Consecutive 2LMCT- and 3MLCT-Excitation of an Fe(III/II)- N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9165-9175. [PMID: 36093023 PMCID: PMC9383194 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02122f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fe-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes attract increasing attention as photosensitisers and photoredox catalysts. Such applications generally rely on sufficiently long excited state lifetimes and efficient bimolecular quenching, which leads to there...
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Ilic
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University SE-22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Jesper Schwarz
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University SE-22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Catherine Johnson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University SE-75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Lisa H M de Groot
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University SE-22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Simon Kaufhold
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University SE-22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Reiner Lomoth
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University SE-75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University SE-22100 Lund Sweden
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33
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Wang M, Wen J, Huang Y, Hu P. Selective Degradation of Styrene-Related Plastics Catalyzed by Iron under Visible Light*. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:5049-5056. [PMID: 34510789 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Efficient degradation of plastics, the vital challenge for a sustainable future, stands in need of better chemical recycling procedures that help produce commercially valuable small molecules and redefine plastic waste as a rich source of chemical feedstock. However, the corresponding chemical recycling methods, while being generally restricted to polar polymers, need improvement. Particularly, degradation of chemically inert nonpolar polymers, the major constitutes of plastics, suffers from low selectivity and very harsh transformation conditions. Herein, an efficient method was developed for selective degradation of styrene-related plastics under gentle conditions through multiple oxidation of sp3 C-H bonds and sp3 C-C bonds. The procedure was catalyzed with inexpensive iron salts under visible light, using oxygen as green oxidant. Furthermore, simple iron salts could be used to degrade plastics in the absence of solvent under natural conditions, highlighting the potential application of iron salts as additives for degradable plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jinglan Wen
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yahao Huang
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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34
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Zhang G, Zhang Z, Zeng R. Photoinduced
FeCl
3
‐Catalyzed
Alkyl Aromatics Oxidation toward Degradation of Polystyrene at Room Temperature
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Zongnan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Rong Zeng
- School of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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35
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Abderrazak Y, Bhattacharyya A, Reiser O. Durch sichtbares Licht induzierte Homolyse unedler, gut verfügbarer Metallsubstratkomplexe: Eine komplementäre Aktivierungsstrategie in der Photoredoxkatalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Abderrazak
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Aditya Bhattacharyya
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
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36
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Abderrazak Y, Bhattacharyya A, Reiser O. Visible-Light-Induced Homolysis of Earth-Abundant Metal-Substrate Complexes: A Complementary Activation Strategy in Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21100-21115. [PMID: 33599363 PMCID: PMC8519011 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The mainstream applications of visible-light photoredox catalysis predominately involve outer-sphere single-electron transfer (SET) or energy transfer (EnT) processes of precious metal RuII or IrIII complexes or of organic dyes with low photostability. Earth-abundant metal-based Mn Ln -type (M=metal, Ln =polydentate ligands) complexes are rapidly evolving as alternative photocatalysts as they offer not only economic and ecological advantages but also access to the complementary inner-sphere mechanistic modes, thereby transcending their inherent limitations of ultrashort excited-state lifetimes for use as effective photocatalysts. The generic process, termed visible-light-induced homolysis (VLIH), entails the formation of suitable light-absorbing ligated metal-substrate complexes (Mn Ln -Z; Z=substrate) that can undergo homolytic cleavage to generate Mn-1 Ln and Z. for further transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Abderrazak
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Aditya Bhattacharyya
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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37
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Li S, Su M, Sun J, Hu K, Jin J. Visible Light-Promoted Magnesium, Iron, and Nickel Catalysis Enabling C(sp 3)-H Lactonization of 2-Alkylbenzoic Acids. Org Lett 2021; 23:5842-5847. [PMID: 34236198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A mild and practical C(sp3)-H lactonization protocol has been achieved by merging photocatalysis and magnesium (iron, nickel) catalysis. A diverse range of 2-alkylbenzoic acids with a variety of substitution patterns could be transformed into the corresponding phthalide products. Based on the mechanistic experimentation and reported prior studies, a possible mechanism for the benzylic oxidative lactonization reaction was proposed with the hypothetic photoactive ternary complex formed between the 2-alkylbenzoic acid substrate, magnesium ion, and bromate anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mincong Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kunjun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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38
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Tsurugi H, Mashima K. Renaissance of Homogeneous Cerium Catalysts with Unique Ce(IV/III) Couple: Redox-Mediated Organic Transformations Involving Homolysis of Ce(IV)-Ligand Covalent Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7879-7890. [PMID: 33904711 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the catalytic application of cerium complexes were achieved through controlling the Ce(IV/III) redox couple. Although Ce(IV) complexes have been extensively investigated as stoichiometric oxidants in organic synthesis on the basis of their highly positive redox potentials, these complexes can be used as catalysts, not only by introducing supporting ligands around the coordination sphere of cerium, but also by taking advantage of the photoresponsive properties of Ce(IV) and Ce(III) species. Cerium is highly abundant, comparable to that of some first-row transition metals such as copper, nickel, and zinc. Cerium complexes are new and promising homogeneous catalyst candidates for a variety of organic transformations under mild reaction conditions. They are typically used to activate dioxygen to oxidize organic compounds and applied for organic radical generation using the photoresponsive character of Ce(IV) carboxylates and alkoxides as well as electronic transition of Ce(III), in which homolysis of Ce(IV)-ligand covalent bonds is an important step for the overall catalytic cycle. In this Perspective, we first review the early discovery of Ce(OAc)4-mediated oxidative transformations to emphasize the importance of Ce(IV)-OAc bond homolysis in various C-C bond-forming reactions and its relation to recent developments. We then focus on the fundamental importance of Ce(IV) reactivity involving thermal and photoassisted homolysis of the Ce(IV)-ligand covalent bond and the developments regarding Ce(IV/III) redox changes in catalytic reactions together with our recent findings on cerium-based catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Tsurugi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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39
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Zeng Z, Feceu A, Sivendran N, Gooßen LJ. Decarboxylation‐Initiated Intermolecular Carbon‐Heteroatom Bond Formation. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Zeng
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Abigail Feceu
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Nardana Sivendran
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Lukas J. Gooßen
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
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40
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Xie P, Shi S, Hu X, Xue C, Du D. Sunlight Photocatalytic Synthesis of Aryl Hydrazides by Decatungstate‐Promoted Acylation under Room Temperature. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemistry Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry Additives for Industry Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Sanshan Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemistry Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry Additives for Industry Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Xueqing Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemistry Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry Additives for Industry Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Cheng Xue
- College of Chemistry and Chemistry Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry Additives for Industry Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Dongdong Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemistry Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry Additives for Industry Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an 710021 China
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41
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Xu P, López-Rojas P, Ritter T. Radical Decarboxylative Carbometalation of Benzoic Acids: A Solution to Aromatic Decarboxylative Fluorination. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5349-5354. [PMID: 33818084 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abundant aromatic carboxylic acids exist in great structural diversity from nature and synthesis. To date, the synthetically valuable decarboxylative functionalization of benzoic acids is realized mainly by transition-metal-catalyzed decarboxylative cross couplings. However, the high activation barrier for thermal decarboxylative carbometalation that often requires 140 °C reaction temperature limits both the substrate scope as well as the scope of suitable reactions that can sustain such conditions. Numerous reactions, for example, decarboxylative fluorination that is well developed for aliphatic carboxylic acids, are out of reach for the aromatic counterparts with current reaction chemistry. Here, we report a conceptually different approach through a low-barrier photoinduced ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT)-enabled radical decarboxylative carbometalation strategy, which generates a putative high-valent arylcopper(III) complex, from which versatile facile reductive eliminations can occur. We demonstrate the suitability of our new approach to address previously unrealized general decarboxylative fluorination of benzoic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Priscila López-Rojas
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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42
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Jalali M, Ho CC, Fuller RO, Lucas NT, Ariafard A, Bissember AC. Photochemical Activation of a Hydroxyquinone-Derived Phenyliodonium Ylide by Visible Light: Synthetic and Mechanistic Investigations. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1758-1768. [PMID: 33377772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have identified and extensively investigated the photochemical activation and reaction of a hydroxyquinone-derived phenyliodonium ylide in the presence of visible light using experiment and theory. These studies revealed that in its photoexcited state this iodonium is capable of facilitating a range of single-electron transfer (SET) processes, including hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), a Povarov-type reaction, and atom-transfer radical addition chemistry. Where possible, we have employed density functional theory (DFT) to develop a more complete understanding of these photoinduced synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Jalali
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Curtis C Ho
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Rebecca O Fuller
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Nigel T Lucas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago 9054, New Zealand
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Alex C Bissember
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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43
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Song F, Zhu S, Wang H, Chen G. Iridium-Catalyzed Intermolecular N—N Coupling for Hydrazide Synthesis Using N-Benzoyloxycarbamates as Acyl Nitrene Precursor. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202105044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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Liu YA, Liao X, Chen H. Recent Progress in Radical Decarboxylative Functionalizations Enabled by Transition-Metal (Ni, Cu, Fe, Co or Cr) Catalysis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAliphatic carboxylic acids are abundant in natural and synthetic sources and are widely used as connection points in many chemical transformations. Radical decarboxylative functionalization promoted by transition-metal catalysis has achieved great success, enabling carboxylic acids to be easily transformed into a wide variety of products. Herein, we highlight the recent advances made on transition-metal (Ni, Cu, Fe, Co or Cr) catalyzed C–X (X = C, N, H, O, B, or Si) bond formation as well as syntheses of ketones, amino acids, alcohols, ethers and difluoromethyl derivatives via radical decarboxylation of carboxylic acids or their derivatives, including, among others, redox-active esters (RAEs), anhydrides, and diacyl peroxides.1 Introduction2 Ni-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Functionalizations3 Cu-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Functionalizations4 Fe-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Functionalizations5 Co- and Cr-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Functionalizations6 Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahu A Liu
- Discovery Chemistry, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation
| | - Xuebin Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University
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45
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Zhou W, Wu X, Miao M, Wang Z, Chen L, Shan S, Cao G, Yu D. Light Runs Across Iron Catalysts in Organic Transformations. Chemistry 2020; 26:15052-15064. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Jun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of, Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Neijiang Normal University Neijiang 641100 P. R. China
| | - Xu‐Dong Wu
- Faculty of Material and Chemical Engineering Yibin University Yibin, Sichuan 644007 P. R. China
| | - Meng Miao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of, Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Zhe‐Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of, Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of, Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Si‐Yi Shan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of, Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Guang‐Mei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of, Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Da‐Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of, Education College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
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46
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Merchant RR, Lang SB, Yu T, Zhao S, Qi Z, Suzuki T, Bao J. A General One-Pot Protocol for Hindered N-Alkyl Azaheterocycles from Tertiary Carboxylic Acids. Org Lett 2020; 22:4180-4184. [PMID: 32383385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this letter, we report a general one-pot strategy that utilizes three elementary steps (decarboxylative hydrazination, Boc deprotection, and heterocycle condensation) to regioselectively prepare hindered C(sp3) substituted pyrazoles and triazoles. The operational simplicity of this sequence and ubiquity of tertiary carboxylic acids allow rapid access to hindered N-alkyl azaheterocycles that will be useful to practitioners of medicinal chemistry and agro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan R Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Simon B Lang
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tingting Yu
- IDSU, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, China
| | | | - Zhiqi Qi
- IDSU, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Takao Suzuki
- IDSU, WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jianming Bao
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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47
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Shirase S, Tamaki S, Shinohara K, Hirosawa K, Tsurugi H, Satoh T, Mashima K. Cerium(IV) Carboxylate Photocatalyst for Catalytic Radical Formation from Carboxylic Acids: Decarboxylative Oxygenation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids and Lactonization of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5668-5675. [PMID: 32109060 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We found that in situ generated cerium(IV) carboxylate generated by mixing the precursor Ce(OtBu)4 with the corresponding carboxylic acids served as efficient photocatalysts for the direct formation of carboxyl radicals from carboxylic acids under blue light-emitting diodes (blue LEDs) irradiation and air, resulting in catalytic decarboxylative oxygenation of aliphatic carboxylic acids to give C-O bond-forming products such as aldehydes and ketones. Control experiments revealed that hexanuclear Ce(IV) carboxylate clusters initially formed in the reaction mixture and the ligand-to-metal charge transfer nature of the Ce(IV) carboxylate clusters was responsible for the high catalytic performance to transform the carboxylate ligands to the carboxyl radical. In addition, the Ce(IV) carboxylate cluster catalyzed direct lactonization of 2-isopropylbenzoic acid to produce the corresponding peroxy lactone and γ-lactone via intramolecular 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (1,5-HAT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Shirase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Sota Tamaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Koichi Shinohara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Keishi Hirosawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hayato Tsurugi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Satoh
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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48
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Xia S, Hu K, Lei C, Jin J. Intramolecular Aromatic C–H Acyloxylation Enabled by Iron Photocatalysis. Org Lett 2020; 22:1385-1389. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Xia
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Kunjun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Chuanhu Lei
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jian Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 20032, China
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