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Wang H, Abe I. Recent developments in the enzymatic modifications of steroid scaffolds. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3559-3583. [PMID: 38639195 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00327f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Steroids are an important family of bioactive compounds. Steroid drugs are renowned for their multifaceted pharmacological activities and are the second-largest category in the global pharmaceutical market. Recent developments in biocatalysis and biosynthesis have led to the increased use of enzymes to enhance the selectivity, efficiency, and sustainability for diverse modifications of steroids. This review discusses the advancements achieved over the past five years in the enzymatic modifications of steroid scaffolds, focusing on enzymatic hydroxylation, reduction, dehydrogenation, cascade reactions, and other modifications for future research on the synthesis of novel steroid compounds and related drugs, and new therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Wang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Cen YK, Zhang L, Jiang Y, Meng XF, Li Y, Xiang C, Xue YP, Zheng YG. Not exclusively the activity, but the sweet spot: a dehydrogenase point mutation synergistically boosts activity, substrate tolerance, thermal stability and yield. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3009-3018. [PMID: 38529785 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00211c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic activity is undoubtedly a key focus in enzyme engineering. The complicated reaction conditions hinder some enzymes from industrialization even though they have relatively promising activity. This has occurred to some dehydrogenases. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs) specifically catalyze the conversion between hydroxyl and keto groups, and hold immense potential in the synthesis of steroid medicines. We underscored the importance of 7α-HSDH activity, and analyzed the overall robustness and underlying mechanisms. Employing a high-throughput screening approach, we comprehensively assessed a mutation library, and obtained a mutant with enhanced enzymatic activity and overall stability/tolerance. The superior mutant (I201M) was identified to harbor improved thermal stability, substrate susceptibility, cofactor affinity, as well as the yield. This mutant displayed a 1.88-fold increase in enzymatic activity, a 1.37-fold improvement in substrate tolerance, and a 1.45-fold increase in thermal stability when compared with the wild type (WT) enzyme. The I201M mutant showed a 2.25-fold increase in the kcat/KM ratio (indicative of a stronger binding affinity for the cofactor). This mutant did not exhibit the highest enzyme activity compared with all the tested mutants, but these improved characteristics contributed synergistically to the highest yield. When a substrate at 100 mM was present, the 24 h yield by I201M reached 89.7%, significantly higher than the 61.2% yield elicited by the WT enzyme. This is the first report revealing enhancement of the catalytic efficiency, cofactor affinity, substrate tolerance, and thermal stability of NAD(H)-dependent 7α-HSDH through a single-point mutation. The mutated enzyme reached the highest enzymatic activity of 7α-HSDH ever reported. High enzymatic activity is undoubtedly crucial for enabling the industrialization of an enzyme. Our findings demonstrated that, when compared with other mutants boasting even higher enzymatic activity, mutants with excellent overall robustness were superior for industrial applications. This principle was exemplified by highly active enzymes such as 7α-HSDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ke Cen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Fu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Chao Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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McMillan AS, Foley MH, Perkins CE, Theriot CM. Loss of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron bile acid-altering enzymes impacts bacterial fitness and the global metabolic transcriptome. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0357623. [PMID: 38018975 PMCID: PMC10783122 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03576-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Recent work on bile salt hydrolases (BSHs) in Gram-negative bacteria, such as Bacteroides, has primarily focused on how they can impact host physiology. However, the benefits bile acid metabolism confers to the bacterium that performs it are not well understood. In this study, we set out to define if and how Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. theta) uses its BSHs and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase to modify bile acids to provide a fitness advantage for itself in vitro and in vivo. Genes encoding bile acid-altering enzymes were able to impact how B. theta responds to nutrient limitation in the presence of bile acids, specifically carbohydrate metabolism, affecting many polysaccharide utilization loci. This suggests that B. theta may be able to shift its metabolism, specifically its ability to target different complex glycans including host mucin, when it comes into contact with specific bile acids in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur S. McMillan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Genetics Program, College of Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew H. Foley
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Caroline E. Perkins
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Casey M. Theriot
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Lou D, Cao Y, Duan H, Tan J, Li B, Zhou Y, Wang D. Characterization of a Novel Thermostable 7α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase. Protein Pept Lett 2024; 31:153-160. [PMID: 38288819 DOI: 10.2174/0109298665279004231229100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 7α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7α-HSDH) plays a pivotal role in vivo in the biotransformation of secondary bile acids and has great potential in industrial biosynthesis due to its broad substrate specificity. In this study, we expressed and characterized a novel thermostable 7α-HSDH (named Sa 7α-HSDH). METHODS The DNA sequence was derived from the black bear gut microbiome metagenomic sequencing data, and the coding sequence of Sa 7α-HSDH was chemically synthesized. The heterologous expression of the enzyme was carried out using the pGEX-6p-1 vector. Subsequently, the activity of the purified enzyme was studied by measuring the absorbance change at 340 nm. Finally, the three-dimensional structure was predicted with AlphaFold2. RESULTS Coenzyme screening results confirmed it to be NAD(H) dependent. Substrate specificity test revealed that Sa 7α-HSDH could catalyze taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) with catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) 3.81 S-1 mM-1. The optimum temperature of Sa 7α-HSDH was measured to be 75°C, confirming that it belongs to thermophilic enzymes. Additionally, its thermostability was assessed using an accelerated stability test over 32 hours. The catalytic activity of Sa 7α-HSDH remained largely unchanged for the first 24 hours and retained over 90% of its functionality after 32 hours at 50°C. Sa 7α-HSDH exhibited maximal activity at pH 10. The effect of metal ions-K+, Na+, Mg2+ and Cu2+-on the enzymatic activity of Sa 7α-HSDH was investigated. Only Mg2+ was observed to enhance the enzyme's activity by 27% at a concentration of 300 mM. Neither K+ nor Na+ had a significant influence on activity. Only Cu2+ was found to reduce enzyme activity. CONCLUSION We characterized the thermostable 7α-HSDH, which provides a promising biocatalyst for bioconversion of steroids at high reaction temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Yangyang Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Hongtao Duan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Binyan Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Yuanjun Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Based Intelligent Computing, Jinan, 250022, China
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Wang MQ, You ZN, Yang BY, Xia ZW, Chen Q, Pan J, Li CX, Xu JH. Machine-Learning-Guided Engineering of an NADH-Dependent 7β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase for Economic Synthesis of Ursodeoxycholic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19672-19681. [PMID: 38016669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) catalyzed by an NADH-dependent 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7β-HSDH) is more economic compared with an NADPH-dependent 7β-HSDH when considering the much higher cost of NADP+/NADPH than that of NAD+/NADH. However, the poor catalytic performance of NADH-dependent 7β-HSDH significantly limits its practical applications. Herein, machine-learning-guided protein engineering was performed on an NADH-dependent Rt7β-HSDHM0 from Ruminococcus torques. We combined random forest, Gaussian Naïve Bayes classifier, and Gaussian process regression with limited experimental data, resulting in the best variant Rt7β-HSDHM3 (R40I/R41K/F94Y/S196A/Y253F) with improvements in specific activity and half-life (40 °C) by 4.1-fold and 8.3-fold, respectively. The preparative biotransformation using a "two stage in one pot" sequential process coupled with Rt7β-HSDHM3 exhibited a space-time yield (STY) of 192 g L-1 d-1, which is so far the highest productivity for the biosynthesis of UDCA from chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) with NAD+ as a cofactor. More importantly, the cost of raw materials for the enzymatic production of UDCA employing Rt7β-HSDHM3 decreased by 22% in contrast to that of Rt7β-HSDHM0, indicating the tremendous potential of the variant Rt7β-HSDHM3 for more efficient and economic production of UDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Qiang Wang
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Neng You
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Yi Yang
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Wei Xia
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Pan
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Xiu Li
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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Artasensi A, Bassanini I, E Ferrandi E, Feni L, Vistoli G, Fumagalli L, Gandolfi R. Chemoenzymatic approach towards the synthesis of the antitumor and antileishmanial marine metabolite (+)-Harzialactone A via the stereoselective, biocatalyzed reduction of a prochiral ketone. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106675. [PMID: 37329813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As a rich source of biological active compounds, marine natural products have been increasingly screened as candidates for developing new drugs. Among the several marine products and metabolites, (+)-Harzialactone A has drawn considerable attention for its antitumor and antileishmanial activity. In this work a chemoenzymatic approach has been implemented for the preparation of the marine metabolite (+)-Harzialactone A. The synthesis involved a stereoselective, biocatalyzed reduction of the prochiral ketone 4-oxo-5-phenylpentanoic acid or the corresponding esters, all generated by chemical reactions. A collection of different promiscuous oxidoreductases (both wild-type and engineered) and diverse microorganism strains were investigated to mediate the bioconversions. After co-solvent and co-substrate investigation in order to enhance the bioreduction performance, T. molischiana in presence of NADES (choline hydrochloride-glucose) and ADH442 were identified as the most promising biocatalysts, allowing the obtainment of the (S)-enantiomer with excellent ee (97% to > 99% respectively) and good to excellent conversion (88% to 80% respectively). The successful attempt in this study provides a new chemoenzymatic approach for the synthesis of (+)-Harzialactone A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Artasensi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Ivan Bassanini
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche ''Giulio Natta'', Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy.
| | - E E Ferrandi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche ''Giulio Natta'', Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lucia Feni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giulio Vistoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Gandolfi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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McMillan AS, Foley MH, Perkins CE, Theriot CM. Loss of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron bile acid altering enzymes impact bacterial fitness and the global metabolic transcriptome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.27.546749. [PMID: 37425690 PMCID: PMC10327073 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.27.546749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. theta) is a Gram-negative gut bacterium that encodes enzymes that alter the bile acid pool in the gut. Primary bile acids are synthesized by the host liver and are modified by gut bacteria. B. theta encodes two bile salt hydrolases (BSHs), as well as a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH). We hypothesize that B. theta modifies the bile acid pool in the gut to provide a fitness advantage for itself. To investigate each gene's role, different combinations of genes encoding bile acid altering enzymes (bshA, bshB, and hsdhA) were knocked out by allelic exchange, including a triple KO. Bacterial growth and membrane integrity assays were done in the presence and absence of bile acids. To explore if B. theta's response to nutrient limitation changes due to the presence of bile acid altering enzymes, RNASeq analysis of WT and triple KO strains in the presence and absence of bile acids was done. WT B. theta is more sensitive to deconjugated bile acids (CA, CDCA, and DCA) compared to the triple KO, which also decreased membrane integrity. The presence of bshB is detrimental to growth in conjugated forms of CDCA and DCA. RNA-Seq analysis also showed bile acid exposure impacts multiple metabolic pathways in B. theta, but DCA significantly increases expression of many genes in carbohydrate metabolism, specifically those in polysaccharide utilization loci or PULs, in nutrient limited conditions. This study suggests that bile acids B. theta encounters in the gut may signal the bacteria to increase or decrease its utilization of carbohydrates. Further study looking at the interactions between bacteria, bile acids, and the host may inform rationally designed probiotics and diets to ameliorate inflammation and disease. Importance Recent work on BSHs in Gram-negative bacteria, such as Bacteroides, has primarily focused on how they can impact host physiology. However, the benefits bile acid metabolism confers to the bacterium that performs it is not well understood. In this study we set out to define if and how B. theta uses its BSHs and HSDH to modify bile acids to provide a fitness advantage for itself in vitro and in vivo. Genes encoding bile acid altering enzymes were able to impact how B. theta responds to nutrient limitation in the presence of bile acids, specifically carbohydrate metabolism, affecting many polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs). This suggests that B. theta may be able to shift its metabolism, specifically its ability to target different complex glycans including host mucin, when it comes into contact with specific bile acids in the gut. This work will aid in our understanding of how to rationally manipulate the bile acid pool and the microbiota to exploit carbohydrate metabolism in the context of inflammation and other GI diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur S. McMillan
- Genetics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew H. Foley
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Caroline E. Perkins
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Casey M. Theriot
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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Štěrbová K, Rychlá N, Matoušková P, Skálová L, Raisová Stuchlíková L. Short-chain dehydrogenases in Haemonchus contortus: changes during life cycle and in relation to drug-resistance. Vet Res 2023; 54:19. [PMID: 36882840 PMCID: PMC9993613 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs) regulate the activities of many hormones and other signaling molecules and participate in the deactivation of various carbonyl-bearing xenobiotics. Nevertheless, knowledge about these important enzymes in helminths remains limited. The aim of our study was to characterize the SDR superfamily in the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Genome localization of SDRs was explored, and phylogenetic analysis in comparison with SDRs from free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the domestic sheep (Ovis aries, a typical host of H. contortus) was constructed. The expression profile of selected SDRs during the life cycle along with differences between the drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains, were also studied. Genome sequencing enabled the identification of 46 members of the SDR family in H. contortus. A number of genes have no orthologue in the sheep genome. In all developmental stages of H. contortus, SDR1, SDR3, SDR5, SDR6, SDR14, and SDR18 genes were the most expressed, although in individual stages, huge differences in expression levels were observed. A comparison of SDRs expression between the drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of H. contortus revealed several SDRs with changed expression in the resistant strain. Specifically, SDR1, SDR12, SDR13, SDR16 are SDR candidates related to drug-resistance, as the expression of these SDRs is consistently increased in most stages of the drug-resistant H. contortus. These findings revealing several SDR enzymes of H. contortus warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolína Štěrbová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Rychlá
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Raisová Stuchlíková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského, 1203, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Clean enzymatic production of ursodeoxycholic acid enabled by a newly identified NADH-dependent 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.112946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Functional Characterization and Synthetic Application of Is2-SDR, a Novel Thermostable and Promiscuous Ketoreductase from a Hot Spring Metagenome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012153. [PMID: 36293010 PMCID: PMC9603792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a metagenome mining-based search of novel thermostable hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs), enzymes that are able to selectively oxidize/reduce steroidal compounds, a novel short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR), named Is2-SDR, was recently discovered. This enzyme, found in an Icelandic hot spring metagenome, shared a high sequence similarity with HSDHs, but, unexpectedly, showed no activity in the oxidation of the tested steroid substrates, e.g., cholic acid. Despite that, Is2-SDR proved to be a very active and versatile ketoreductase, being able to regio- and stereoselectively reduce a diversified panel of carbonylic substrates, including bulky ketones, α- and β-ketoesters, and α-diketones of pharmaceutical relevance. Further investigations showed that Is2-SDR was indeed active in the regio- and stereoselective reduction of oxidized steroid derivatives, and this outcome was rationalized by docking analysis in the active site model. Moreover, Is2-SDR showed remarkable thermostability, with an apparent melting temperature (TM) around 75 °C, as determined by circular dichroism analysis, and no significant decrease in catalytic activity, even after 5 h at 80 °C. A broad tolerance to both water-miscible and water-immiscible organic solvents was demonstrated as well, thus, confirming the potential of this new biocatalyst for its synthetic application.
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Favale N, Costa S, Scapoli C, Carrieri A, Sabbioni S, Tamburini E, Benazzo A, Bernacchia G. Reconstruction of Acinetobacter johnsonii ICE_NC genome using hybrid de novo genome assemblies and identification of the 12α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1506-1519. [PMID: 35686660 PMCID: PMC9540589 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The role of a Acinetobacter johnsonii strain, isolated from a soil sample, in the biotransformation of bile acids (BAs) was already described but the enzymes responsible for these transformations were only partially purified and molecularly characterized. METHODS AND RESULTS This study describes the use of hybrid de novo assemblies, that combine long-read Oxford Nanopore and short-read Illumina sequencing strategies, to reconstruct the entire genome of A. johnsonii ICE_NC strain and to identify the coding region for a 12α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (12α-HSDH), involved in BAs metabolism. The de novo assembly of the A. johnsonii ICE_NC genome was generated using Canu and Unicycler, both strategies yielded a circular chromosome of about 3.6 Mb and one 117 kb long plasmid. Gene annotation was performed on the final assemblies and the gene for 12α-HSDH was detected on the plasmid. CONCLUSIONS Our findings illustrate the added value of long read sequencing in addressing the challenges of whole genome characterization and plasmid reconstruction in bacteria. These approaches also allowed the identification of the A. johnsonii ICE_NC gene for the 12α-HSDH enzyme, whose activity was confirmed at the biochemical level. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OR THE STUDY At present, this is the first report on the characterization of a 12α-HSDH gene in an A. johnsonii strain able to biotransform cholic acid into ursodeoxycholic acid, a promising therapeutic agent for several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Favale
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Costa
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Scapoli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Carrieri
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Sabbioni
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Tamburini
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Benazzo
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bernacchia
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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12
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Nasti R, Bassanini I, Ferrandi EE, Linguardo F, Bertuletti S, Vanoni M, Riva S, Verotta L, Monti D. Stereoselective Biocatalyzed Reductions of Ginger Active Components Recovered from Industrial Wastes. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200105. [PMID: 35188325 PMCID: PMC9314113 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ginger is among the most widespread and widely consumed traditional medicinal plants around the world. Its beneficial effects, which comprise e. g. anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities as well as gastrointestinal regulatory effects, are generally attributed to a family of non-volatile compounds characterized by an arylalkyl long-chained alcohol, diol, or ketone moiety. In this work, ginger active components have been successfully recovered from industrial waste biomass of fermented ginger. Moreover, their recovery has been combined with the first systematic study of the stereoselective reduction of gingerol-like compounds by isolated alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs), obtaining the enantioenriched sec-alcohol derivatives via a sustainable biocatalytic path in up to >99 % conversions and >99 % enantiomeric/diastereomeric excesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nasti
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Ivan Bassanini
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Erica Elisa Ferrandi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Federica Linguardo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Susanna Bertuletti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Marta Vanoni
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Luisella Verotta
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, Milano, 20131, Italy
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13
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Bertuletti S, Ferrandi EE, Monti D, Fronza G, Bassanini I, Riva S. Synthesis of ω‐Muricholic Acid by One‐Pot Enzymatic Mitsunobu Inversion using Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Bertuletti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Mario Bianco 9 Milano 20131 Italy
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department University of Milan Via Mangiagalli 25 Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Erica Elisa Ferrandi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Mario Bianco 9 Milano 20131 Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Mario Bianco 9 Milano 20131 Italy
| | - Giovanni Fronza
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Mancinelli 7 Milano 20131 Italy
| | - Ivan Bassanini
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Mario Bianco 9 Milano 20131 Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via Mario Bianco 9 Milano 20131 Italy
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14
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Lou D, Liu X, Tan J. An Overview of 7α- and 7β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: Structure, Specificity and Practical Application. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1206-1219. [PMID: 34397319 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666210816114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
7α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase are key enzymes involved in bile acid metabolism. They catalyze the epimerization of a hydroxyl group through 7-keto bile acid intermediates. Basic research of the two enzymes has focused on exploring new enzymes and the structure-function relationship. The application research focused on the in vitro biosynthesis of bile acid drugs and the exploration and improvement of their catalytic ability based on molecular engineering. This article summarized the primary and advanced structural characteristics, specificities, biochemical properties, and applications of the two enzymes. The emphasis is also given to obtaining of novel 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that are thermally stable and active in the presence of organic solvents, high substrate concentration, and extreme pH values. To achieve these goals, enzyme redesigning based on protein engineering and genomics may be the most useful approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
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15
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Liu Z, Zhang R, Zhang W, Xu Y. Ile258Met mutation of Brucella melitensis 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase significantly enhances catalytic efficiency, cofactor affinity, and thermostability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3573-3586. [PMID: 33937927 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NAD(H)-dependent 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation of chenodeoxycholic acid to 7-oxolithocholic acid. Here, we designed mutations of Ile258 adjacent to the catalytic pocket of Brucella melitensis 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The I258M variant gave a 4.7-fold higher kcat, but 4.5-fold lower KM, compared with the wild type, resulting in a 21.8-fold higher kcat/KM value for chenodeoxycholic acid oxidation. It presented a 2.0-fold lower KM value with NAD+, suggesting stronger binding to the cofactor. I258M produced 7-oxolithocholic acid in the highest yield of 92.3% in 2 h, whereas the wild-type gave 88.4% in 12 h. The I258M mutation increased the half-life from 20.8 to 31.1 h at 30 °C. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated increased interactions and a modified tunnel improved the catalytic efficiency, and enhanced rigidity at three regions around the ligand-binding pocket increased the enzyme thermostability. This is the first report about significantly improved catalytic efficiency, cofactor affinity, and enzyme thermostability through single site-mutation of Brucella melitensis 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. KEY POINTS: • Sequence and structure analysis guided the site mutation design. • Thermostability, catalytic efficiency and 7-oxo-LCA production were determined. • MD simulation was performed to indicate the improvement by I258M mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenchi Zhang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
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16
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Kõllo M, Kasari M, Kasari V, Pehk T, Järving I, Lopp M, Jõers A, Kanger T. Designed whole-cell-catalysis-assisted synthesis of 9,11-secosterols. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:581-588. [PMID: 33747232 PMCID: PMC7940815 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of 9,11-secosteroids starting from the natural corticosteroid cortisol is described. There are two key steps in this approach, combining chemistry and synthetic biology. Stereo- and regioselective hydroxylation at C9 (steroid numbering) is carried out using whole-cell biocatalysis, followed by the chemical cleavage of the C-C bond of the vicinal diol. The two-step method features mild reaction conditions and completely excludes the use of toxic oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kõllo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Marje Kasari
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50104 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Villu Kasari
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50104 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnis Pehk
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ivar Järving
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Margus Lopp
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Arvi Jõers
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50104 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tõnis Kanger
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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17
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Abstract
Enzymatic methods for the oxidation of alcohols are critically reviewed. Dehydrogenases and oxidases are the most prominent biocatalysts, enabling the selective oxidation of primary alcohols into aldehydes or acids. In the case of secondary alcohols, region and/or enantioselective oxidation is possible. In this contribution, we outline the current state-of-the-art and discuss current limitations and promising solutions.
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18
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Laccase Did It again: A Scalable and Clean Regeneration System for NAD+ and Its Application in the Synthesis of 12-oxo-Hydroxysteroids. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10060677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific oxidation of 12α-OH group of hydroxysteroids is required for the preparation of cheno- and ursodeoxycholic acid (CDCA and UDCA, respectively). The C12 oxidation of hydroxysteroids into their 12-oxo derivatives can selectively be performed by employing 12α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. These enzymes use NAD(P)+ as an electron acceptor, which has to be re-oxidized in a so-called “regeneration system”. Recently, the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX) was applied for the regeneration of NAD+ in the enzymatic preparation of 12-oxo-CDCA from cholic acid (CA), which allows air to be used as an oxidant. However, the NOX system suffers from low activity and low stability. Moreover, the substrate loading is limited to 10 mM. In this study, the laccase/mediator system was investigated as a possible alternative to NOX, employing air as an oxidant. The laccase/mediator system shows higher productivity and scalability than the NOX system. This was proven with a preparative biotransformation of 20 g of CA into 12-oxo-CDCA (92% isolated yield) by employing a substrate loading of 120 mM (corresponding to 50 g/L). Additionally, the performance of the laccase/mediator system was compared with a classical ADH/acetone regeneration system and with other regeneration systems reported in literature.
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