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Erhart T, Nadegger C, Vergeiner S, Kreutz C, Müller T, Kräutler B. Novel Types of Phyllobilins in a Fern - Molecular Reporters of the Evolution of Chlorophyll Breakdown in the Paleozoic Era. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401288. [PMID: 38634697 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Breakdown of chlorophyll (Chl), as studied in angiosperms, follows the pheophorbide a oxygenase/phyllobilin (PaO/PB) pathway, furnishing linear tetrapyrroles, named phyllobilins (PBs). In an investigation with fern leaves we have discovered iso-phyllobilanones (iPBs) with an intriguingly rearranged and oxidized carbon skeleton. We report here a key second group of iPBs from the fern and on their structure analysis. Previously, these additional Chl-catabolites escaped their characterization, since they exist in aqueous media as mixtures of equilibrating isomers. However, their chemical dehydration furnished stable iPB-derivatives that allowed the delineation of the enigmatic structures and chemistry of the original natural catabolites. The structures of all fern-iPBs reflect the early core steps of a PaO/PB-type pathway and the PB-to-iPB carbon skeleton rearrangement. A striking further degradative chemical ring-cleavage was observed, proposed to consume singlet molecular oxygen (1O2). Hence, Chl-catabolites may play a novel active role in detoxifying cellular 1O2. The critical deviations from the PaO/PB pathway, found in the fern, reflect evolutionary developments of Chl-breakdown in the green plants in the Paleozoic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Erhart
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Nadegger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Vergeiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Kreutz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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2
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Frei P, Nadegger C, Vollmar AM, Müller T, Moser S. Structural Characterization, and Antioxidative and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Phylloxanthobilins in Tropaeolum majus, a Plant with Relevance in Phytomedicine. PLANTA MEDICA 2024; 90:641-650. [PMID: 38843802 PMCID: PMC11156495 DOI: 10.1055/a-2225-8314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Tropaeolum majus (garden nasturtium) is a plant with relevance in phytomedicine, appreciated not only for its pharmaceutical activities, but also for its beautiful leaves and flowers. Here, we investigated the phytochemical composition of senescent nasturtium leaves. Indeed, we identified yellow chlorophyll catabolites, also termed phylloxanthobilins, which we show to contribute to the bright yellow color of the leaves in the autumn season. Moreover, we isolated and characterized the phylloxanthobilins from T. majus, and report the identification of a pyro-phylloxanthobilin, so far only accessible by chemical synthesis. We show that the phylloxanthobilins contribute to bioactivities of T. majus by displaying strong anti-oxidative effects in vitro and in cellulo, and anti-inflammatory effects as assessed by COX-1 and COX-2 enzyme inhibition, similar to other bioactive ingredients of T. majus, isoquercitrin, and chlorogenic acid. Hence, phylloxanthobilins could play a role in the efficacy of T. majus in the treatment of urinary tract infections, an established indication of T. majus. With the results shown in this study, we aid in the completion of the phytochemical profile of T. majus by identifying additional bioactive natural products as relevant components of this medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Frei
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
| | | | - Angelika M. Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simone Moser
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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3
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Ma S, Weng M, Yang T, Ge L, Yang K. Triterpenes and Pheophorbides from Camellia ptilosperma and Their Cytotoxicity, Photocytotoxicity, and Photodynamic Antibacterial Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:7058. [PMID: 37894536 PMCID: PMC10609551 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Camellia ptilosperma S. Y. Liang et Q. D. Chen led to the isolation of ten undescribed compounds, including six new triterpenes (1-6) and four new pheophorbide-related compounds (7-10). Meanwhile, the cytotoxic activity of the six triterpenes against six cancer cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay. Compound 2 showed potent cytotoxicity toward HepG2 cells with an IC50 value of 2.57 μM. Compounds 4 and 5 exhibited cytotoxicity against MDA-MB231 cells, with IC50 values of 11.31 and 5.52 μM, respectively. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of four new pheophorbides against these cancer cells was evaluated both in the presence and absence of light treatment. Compound 7 exhibited exceptional photocytotoxicity against Hela, MCF-7, and A549 cells, with IC50 values of 0.43 μM, 0.28 μM, and 0.92 μM, respectively. Compound 10 demonstrated significant photodynamic cytotoxic activity against BEL-7402 and HepG2 cells with IC50 values of 0.77 μM and 0.33 μM, respectively. The photodynamic antibacterial activity of 7-10 was also tested for S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa under direct illumination. Compounds 8 and 10 exhibited sensitivity to E. coli and demonstrated a photodynamic antibacterial effect, with a MIC value of 0.625 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Mengling Weng
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Guangxi Fangcheng Golden Camellia National Nature Reserve Management Center, Fangchenggang 538021, China
| | - Li Ge
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kedi Yang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Karg CA, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS, Moser S. Phyllobilins - Bioactive Natural Products Derived from Chlorophyll - Plant Origins, Structures, Absorption Spectra, and Biomedical Properties. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:637-662. [PMID: 36198325 DOI: 10.1055/a-1955-4624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phyllobilins are open-chain products of the biological degradation of chlorophyll a in higher plants. Recent studies reveal that phyllobilins exert anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as activities against cancer cells, that contribute to the human health benefits of numerous plants. In general, phyllobilins have been overlooked in phytochemical analyses, and - more importantly - in the analyses of medicinal plant extracts. Nevertheless, over the past three decades, > 70 phyllobilins have been identified upon examination of more than 30 plant species. Eight distinct chromophoric classes of phyllobilins are known: phyllolumibilins (PluBs), phylloleucobilins (PleBs), phylloxanthobilins (PxBs), and phylloroseobilins (PrBs)-each in type-I or type-II groups. Here, we present a database of absorption and fluorescence spectra that has been compiled of 73 phyllobilins to facilitate identification in phytochemical analyses. The spectra are provided in digital form and can be viewed and downloaded at www.photochemcad.com. The present review describes the plant origin, molecular structure, and absorption and fluorescence features of the 73 phyllobilins, along with an overview of key medicinal properties. The review should provide an enabling tool for the community for the straightforward identification of phyllobilins in plant extracts, and the foundation for deeper understanding of these ubiquitous but underexamined plant-derived micronutrients for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia A Karg
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Simone Moser
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
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Vollmar AM, Moser S. The advent of phyllobilins as bioactive phytochemicals – natural compounds derived from chlorophyll in medicinal plants and food with immunomodulatory activities. Pteridines 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pteridines-2022-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The degradation of the green plant pigment chlorophyll has fascinated chemists and biologists alike over the last few decades. Bioactivities of the compounds formed in this biochemical degradation pathway, however, have only come to light recently. These natural compounds that are formed from chlorophyll during plant senescence are now called phyllobilins. In this review, we shortly discuss chlorophyll degradation and outline the so-far known bioactivities of selected phyllobilins (phylloleucobilin, dioxobilin-type phylloleucobilin, and phylloxanthobilin), and we also highlight the recently discovered immunomodulatory effects of a yellow phylloxanthobilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika M. Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Simone Moser
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich , Munich , Germany
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Chlorophyll breakdown during fruit ripening: Qualitative analysis of phyllobilins in the peel of apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) cv. ‘Gala’ during different shelf life stages. Food Res Int 2022; 162:112061. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Karg CA, Parráková L, Fuchs D, Schennach H, Kräutler B, Moser S, Gostner JM. A Chlorophyll-Derived Phylloxanthobilin Is a Potent Antioxidant That Modulates Immunometabolism in Human PBMC. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102056. [PMID: 36290779 PMCID: PMC9599000 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phyllobilins are natural products derived from the degradation of chlorophyll, which proceeds via a common and strictly controlled pathway in higher plants. The resulting tetrapyrrolic catabolites—the phyllobilins—are ubiquitous in nature; despite their high abundance, there is still a lack of knowledge about their physiological properties. Phyllobilins are part of human nutrition and were shown to be potent antioxidants accounting with interesting physiological properties. Three different naturally occurring types of phyllobilins—a phylloleucobilin, a dioxobilin-type phylloleucobilin and a phylloxanthobilin (PxB)—were compared regarding potential antioxidative properties in a cell-free and in a cell-based antioxidant activity test system, demonstrating the strongest effect for the PxB. Moreover, the PxB was investigated for its capacity to interfere with immunoregulatory metabolic pathways of tryptophan breakdown in human blood peripheral mononuclear cells. A dose-dependent inhibition of tryptophan catabolism to kynurenine was observed, suggesting a suppressive effect on pathways of cellular immune activation. Although the exact mechanisms of immunomodulatory effects are yet unknown, these prominent bioactivities point towards health-relevant effects, which warrant further mechanistic investigations and the assessment of the in vivo extrapolatability of results. Thus, phyllobilins are a still surprisingly unexplored family of natural products that merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia A. Karg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5–13, 81977 Munich, Germany
| | - Lucia Parráková
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Harald Schennach
- Central Institute of Blood Transfusion and Immunology, University Hospital, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simone Moser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5–13, 81977 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (J.M.G.); Tel.: +49-89-2180-77175 (S.M.); +43-512-9003-70120 (J.M.G.)
| | - Johanna M. Gostner
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (J.M.G.); Tel.: +49-89-2180-77175 (S.M.); +43-512-9003-70120 (J.M.G.)
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Burlou-Nagy C, Bănică F, Jurca T, Vicaș LG, Marian E, Muresan ME, Bácskay I, Kiss R, Fehér P, Pallag A. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench: Biological and Pharmacological Properties. A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11091244. [PMID: 35567246 PMCID: PMC9102300 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (EP)is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant, commonly known as purple coneflower and it belongs to the Asteraceae family. The Echinacea genus is originally from North America, in the United States, and its species are widely distributed throughout. There are nine different species of Echinacea, but only three of them are used as medicinal plants with wide therapeutic uses: Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. and Echinacea angustifolia DC. Several significant groups of bioactive compounds with pharmacological activities have been isolated from Echinacea species. Numerous beneficial effects have been demonstrated about these compounds. The immunomodulatory effect was initially demonstrated, but over time other effects have also been highlighted. The present review gives a comprehensive summary of the chemical constituents, bioactive compounds, biological effects and therapeutical uses of purple coneflower. Research shows that such a well-known and recognized species needs to be further studied to obtain efficient products with a guarantee of the safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Burlou-Nagy
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (F.B.); (T.J.); (L.G.V.); (E.M.)
| | - Florin Bănică
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (F.B.); (T.J.); (L.G.V.); (E.M.)
| | - Tünde Jurca
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (F.B.); (T.J.); (L.G.V.); (E.M.)
| | - Laura Grațiela Vicaș
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (F.B.); (T.J.); (L.G.V.); (E.M.)
| | - Eleonora Marian
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (F.B.); (T.J.); (L.G.V.); (E.M.)
| | - Mariana Eugenia Muresan
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410068 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (I.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Rita Kiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Pálma Fehér
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (I.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Annamaria Pallag
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (F.B.); (T.J.); (L.G.V.); (E.M.)
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Facile retro-Dieckmann cleavage of a pink phyllobilin: new type of potential downstream steps of natural chlorophyll breakdown. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-02894-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn senescent leaves of higher plants, colourless chlorophyll (Chl) catabolites typically accumulate temporarily, and undergo natural oxidation, in part, to yellow- and pink-coloured phyllobilins (PBs). The latter, also classified as phylloroseobilins (PrBs), represent the final currently established products of Chl-breakdown, possibly playing important roles in metabolism. However, PrBs, themselves, do not accumulate in the leaves. Indeed, the original PrB identified, then classified as a pink Chl-catabolite (PiCC), is remarkably instable in methanolic solution. As reported here, PiCC readily converts at room temperature into yellow tetrapyrroles. The deduced main process, a retro-Dieckmann reaction, cleaves open its ring E moiety, the α-methoxycarbonyl-cyclopentanone unit characteristic of the Chls and of the natural Chl-derived PBs. This readily occurring reaction of the PiCC represents an unprecedented skeletal transformation of a PB, furnishing a cross-conjugated biladiene with a basic structure more similar to the heme-derived bilins.
Graphical abstract
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Karg CA, Wang S, Al Danaf N, Pemberton RP, Bernard D, Kretschmer M, Schneider S, Zisis T, Vollmar AM, Lamb DC, Zahler S, Moser S. Tetrapyrrolische Pigmente aus dem Häm‐ und Chlorophyllabbau interagieren mit Aktin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia A. Karg
- Pharmazeutische Biologie Department Pharmazie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Shuaijun Wang
- Pharmazeutische Biologie Department Pharmazie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Nader Al Danaf
- Center for Nanoscience (CeNS) und Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Ryan P. Pemberton
- Atomwise Inc. 717 Market Street, Suite 800 San Francisco CA 94103 USA
| | - Denzil Bernard
- Atomwise Inc. 717 Market Street, Suite 800 San Francisco CA 94103 USA
| | - Maibritt Kretschmer
- Pharmazeutische Biologie Department Pharmazie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Sabine Schneider
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Themistoklis Zisis
- Pharmazeutische Biologie Department Pharmazie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Angelika M. Vollmar
- Pharmazeutische Biologie Department Pharmazie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Don C. Lamb
- Center for Nanoscience (CeNS) und Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Pharmazeutische Biologie Department Pharmazie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Simone Moser
- Pharmazeutische Biologie Department Pharmazie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
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Karg CA, Wang S, Al Danaf N, Pemberton RP, Bernard D, Kretschmer M, Schneider S, Zisis T, Vollmar AM, Lamb DC, Zahler S, Moser S. Tetrapyrrolic Pigments from Heme- and Chlorophyll Breakdown are Actin-Targeting Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22578-22584. [PMID: 34310831 PMCID: PMC8519017 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll and heme are among the "pigments of life", tetrapyrrolic structures, without which life on Earth would not be possible. Their catabolites, the phyllobilins and the bilins, respectively, share not only structural features, but also a similar story: Long considered waste products of detoxification processes, important bioactivities for both classes have now been demonstrated. For phyllobilins, however, research on physiological roles is sparse. Here, we introduce actin, the major component of the cytoskeleton, as the first discovered target of phyllobilins and as a novel target of bilins. We demonstrate the inhibition of actin dynamics in vitro and effects on actin and related processes in cancer cells. A direct interaction with G-actin is shown by in silico studies and confirmed by affinity chromatography. Our findings open a new chapter in bioactivities of tetrapyrroles-especially phyllobilins-for which they form the basis for broad implications in plant science, ecology, and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia A. Karg
- Pharmaceutical BiologyDepartment of PharmacyLudwig-Maximilians University of MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Shuaijun Wang
- Pharmaceutical BiologyDepartment of PharmacyLudwig-Maximilians University of MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Nader Al Danaf
- Center for Nanoscience (CeNS) and Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM)Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians University of MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | | | - Denzil Bernard
- Atomwise Inc.717 Market Street, Suite 800San FranciscoCA94103USA
| | - Maibritt Kretschmer
- Pharmaceutical BiologyDepartment of PharmacyLudwig-Maximilians University of MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Sabine Schneider
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians University MunichButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Themistoklis Zisis
- Pharmaceutical BiologyDepartment of PharmacyLudwig-Maximilians University of MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Angelika M. Vollmar
- Pharmaceutical BiologyDepartment of PharmacyLudwig-Maximilians University of MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Don C. Lamb
- Center for Nanoscience (CeNS) and Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM)Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians University of MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Pharmaceutical BiologyDepartment of PharmacyLudwig-Maximilians University of MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Simone Moser
- Pharmaceutical BiologyDepartment of PharmacyLudwig-Maximilians University of MunichButenandtstraße 5–1381377MunichGermany
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Aubry S, Christ B, Kräutler B, Martinoia E, Thomas H, Zipfel C. An evergreen mind and a heart for the colors of fall. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4625-4633. [PMID: 33860301 PMCID: PMC8219035 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
With the finest biochemical and molecular approaches, convincing explorative strategies, and long-term vision, Stefan Hörtensteiner succeeded in elucidating the biochemical pathway responsible for chlorophyll degradation. After having contributed to the identification of key chlorophyll degradation products in the course of the past 25 years, he gradually identified and characterized most of the crucial players in the PAO/phyllobilin degradation pathway of chlorophyll. He was one of the brightest plant biochemists of his generation, and his work opened doors to a better understanding of plant senescence, tetrapyrrole homeostasis, and their complex regulation. He sadly passed away on 5 December 2020, aged 57.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Aubry
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Christ
- Berries and Medicinal Plants, Plant Production Systems, Agroscope, Conthey, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Howard Thomas
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth, Wales, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Wang P, Karg CA, Frey N, Frädrich J, Vollmar AM, Moser S. Phyllobilins as a challenging diverse natural product class: Exploration of pharmacological activities. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2100061. [PMID: 34155668 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phyllobilins are a group of chlorophyll-derived bilin-type linear tetrapyrroles, generated in the process of chlorophyll breakdown. Since the first phyllobilin was isolated and characterized in 1991, more and more structures of these chlorophyll catabolites were identified alongside the biochemical players involved in chlorophyll breakdown. In the meantime, phyllobilins are known to occur in a large natural structural variety, and new modifications are still being discovered. Phyllobilins have been regarded as products of chlorophyll detoxification for a very long time, hence they have been completely overlooked as a natural product class in terms of their biological role or pharmacological activity. A change of this paradigm, however, is long overdue. Here, we review the current knowledge of the pharmacological activities of phyllobilins and give an overview of the diverse structural modifications, laying the groundwork for analyzing their role(s) as active components in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Wang
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Karg
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadine Frey
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Frädrich
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Moser
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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14
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Li C, Podewitz M, Kräutler B. A Blue Zinc Complex of a Dioxobilin‐Type Pink Chlorophyll Catabolite Exhibiting Bright Chelation‐Enhanced Red Fluorescence. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Innsbruck Innrain 80/82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
- Center of Molecular Biosciences University of Innsbruck (CMBI) Innrain 80/82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
- Present address: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science & Technology Meilong Rd 130 200237 Shanghai China
| | - Maren Podewitz
- Center of Molecular Biosciences University of Innsbruck (CMBI) Innrain 80/82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
- Institute of General Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry University of Innsbruck Innrain 80/82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Innsbruck Innrain 80/82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
- Center of Molecular Biosciences University of Innsbruck (CMBI) Innrain 80/82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
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15
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Karg CA, Doppler C, Schilling C, Jakobs F, Dal Colle MCS, Frey N, Bernhard D, Vollmar AM, Moser S. A yellow chlorophyll catabolite in leaves of Urtica dioica L.: An overlooked phytochemical that contributes to health benefits of stinging nettle. Food Chem 2021; 359:129906. [PMID: 33962192 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Stinging nettle is appreciated for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which renders the plant a popular ingredient in a healthy diet in form of salads or smoothies. The most common use, presumably, is of dried leaves as ingredient in tea mixtures. The plant's health benefits are attributed primarily to phenolic phytochemicals. Here we describe the characterization and quantification of a phylloxanthobilin (PxB), a yellow chlorophyll catabolite, in nettle tea. Despite their abundance in the plant kingdom, chlorophyll catabolites have been overlooked as phytochemicals and as part of human nutrition. Our investigations of tea reveal that one cup of nettle tea contains about 50 µg of PxB with large variations depending on the supplier. When investigating the bioactivities of PxB, our observations show that PxB has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities comparable to known bioactive small molecules found in nettle, indicating the phylloxanthobilin to be an overlooked ingredient of nettle tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia A Karg
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Christian Doppler
- Division of Pathophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, Johannes-Kepler-University Linz, Krankenhausstrasse 7a, A-4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Charlotte Schilling
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Franziska Jakobs
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany; Department of Chemistry, High Point University, One University Parkway High Point, NC 27268, United States
| | - Marlene C S Dal Colle
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nadine Frey
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - David Bernhard
- Division of Pathophysiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, Johannes-Kepler-University Linz, Krankenhausstrasse 7a, A-4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Simone Moser
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany.
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Zhou K, Huang J, Wu J, Qiu G. An unexpected iron(II)-promoted reaction of N-arylprop-2-yn-1-imines with water: Facile assembly of multi-substituted pyrroles. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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