1
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Andrews KG, Horton PN, Coles SJ. Programmable synthesis of organic cages with reduced symmetry. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6536-6543. [PMID: 38699263 PMCID: PMC11062111 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00889h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrating symmetry-reducing methods into self-assembly methodology is desirable to efficiently realise the full potential of molecular cages as hosts and catalysts. Although techniques have been explored for metal organic (coordination) cages, rational strategies to develop low symmetry organic cages remain limited. In this article, we describe rules to program the shape and symmetry of organic cage cavities by designing edge pieces that bias the orientation of the amide linkages. We apply the rules to synthesise cages with well-defined cavities, supported by evidence from crystallography, spectroscopy and modelling. Access to low-symmetry, self-assembled organic cages such as those presented, will widen the current bottleneck preventing study of organic enzyme mimics, and provide synthetic tools for novel functional material design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith G Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Lower Mount Joy, South Rd Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Peter N Horton
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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2
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Scott JM, Dale SG, McBroom J, Gould T, Li Q. Size Isn't Everything: Geometric Tuning in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Its Implications for Carbon Nanodots. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2003-2014. [PMID: 38470339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Recent developments in light-emitting carbon nanodots and molecular organic semiconductors have seen renewed interest in the properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a family. The networks of delocalized π electrons in sp2-hybridized carbon grant PAHs light-emissive properties right across the visible spectrum. However, the mechanistic understanding of their emission energy has been limited due to the ground state-focused methods of determination. This computational chemistry work, therefore, seeks to validate existing rules and elucidate new features and characteristics of PAHs that influence their emissions. Predictions based on (time-dependent) density functional theory account for the full 3-dimensional electronic structure of ground and excited states and reveal that twisting and near-degeneracies strongly influence emission spectra and may therefore be used to tune the color of PAHs and, hence, carbon nanodots. We particularly note that the influence of twisting goes beyond torsional destabilization of the ground-state and geometric relaxation of the excited state, with a third contribution associated with the electric transition dipole. Symmetries and peri-condensation may also have an effect, but this could not be statistically confirmed. In pursuing this goal, we demonstrate that with minimal changes to molecular size, the entire visible spectrum may be spanned by geometric modification alone; we have also provided a first estimate of emission energy for 35 molecules currently lacking published emission spectra as well as clear guidelines for when more sophisticated computational techniques are required to predict the properties of PAHs accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Scott
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Stephen G Dale
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
- The Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials (I-FIM), National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| | - James McBroom
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Tim Gould
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Qin Li
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
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3
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Agrawal AR, Shiouki I, Deree Y, Bogoslavsky B, Gidron O. Controlling helicene's pitch by molecular tethering. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1365-1368. [PMID: 38258458 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02075d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
We applied post-cyclization annulation to introduce a series of tethered S-shaped double [4]helicenes in which the intramolecular tether imposes a specific helical handedness. Introducing a tether and then shortening the tether length incrementally increase the pitch angle of [4]helicene, thus enabling a quantitative study of the effects of helicene's pitch on its electronic and (chiro)optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet R Agrawal
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Israa Shiouki
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Yinon Deree
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Benny Bogoslavsky
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Ori Gidron
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, Israel.
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4
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Al-Yassiri MAH. Tubular Magnetic Shielding Scan (TMSS): A New Technique for Molecular Space Exploration. (i) The Case of Aromaticity of Benzene and [ n]Paracyclophanes. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6614-6627. [PMID: 37501257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Both traditional and novel techniques were employed in this work for magnetic shielding evaluation to shed new light on the magnetic and aromaticity properties of benzene and 12 [n]paracyclophanes with n = 3-14. Density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional and all-electron Jorge-ATZP and x2c-TZVPPall-s basis sets was utilized for geometry optimization and magnetic shielding calculations, respectively. Additionally, the 6-311+G(d,p) basis set was incorporated for the purpose of comparing the magnetic shielding results. In addition to traditional evaluations such as NICS/NICSzz-Scan, and 2D-3D σiso(r)/σzz(r) maps, two new techniques were implemented: bendable grids (BGs) and cylindrical grids (CGs) of ghost atoms (Bqs). BGs allow for the recording of magnetic shielding from the bent ring levels of [n]pCPs, while CGs provide tubular magnetic shielding scan (TMSS) maps detailing the magnetic shielding from a cylindrical region above and below the ring frame. Our findings suggest that smaller [n]pCPs with n < 6 exhibit deviations in the magnetic shielding above and below the ring, indicating a broken electron delocalization under the ring. In contrast, larger [n]pCPs tend to behave similarly to benzene in terms of magnetic shielding. Moreover, we found that shorter polymethylene chains of [n]pCPs exhibit significantly higher magnetic shielding interactions with the ring. Both of the above techniques offer new and promising tools for characterizing nonplanar aromatic compounds, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of their magnetic and electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntadar A H Al-Yassiri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadirya, Baghdad 10071, Iraq
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5
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Frisch S, Neiß C, Lindenthal S, Zorn NF, Rominger F, Görling A, Zaumseil J, Kivala M. Tetra(peri-naphthylene)anthracene: A Near-IR Fluorophore with Four-Stage Amphoteric Redox Properties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203101. [PMID: 36287191 PMCID: PMC10107686 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A novel, benign synthetic strategy towards soluble tetra(peri-naphthylene)anthracene (TPNA) decorated with triisopropylsilylethynyl substituents has been established. The compound is perfectly stable under ambient conditions in air and features intense and strongly bathochromically shifted UV/vis absorption and emission bands reaching to near-IR region beyond 900 nm. Cyclic voltammetry measurements revealed four facilitated reversible redox events comprising two oxidations and two reductions. These remarkable experimental findings were corroborated by theoretical studies to identify the TPNA platform a particularly useful candidate for the development of functional near-IR fluorophores upon appropriate functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Frisch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Neiß
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lindenthal
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas F Zorn
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Suzuki K, Fukuda H, Toda H, Imai Y, Nojima Y, Hasegawa M, Tsurumaki E, Toyota S. Substituent effects on helical structures and chiroptical properties of fused anthracenes with bulky phenyl groups. Tetrahedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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7
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Biswas S, Tabasi ZA, Dawe LN, Zhao Y, Bodwell GJ. Synthesis of anti-[1](1,6)Naphthaleno[1](1,6)naphthalenophane by Double Contractive Annulation of [2.2]Paracyclophane. Org Lett 2022; 24:5009-5013. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Avenue, St. John’s, NL Canada, A1C 5S7
| | - Zahra A. Tabasi
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Avenue, St. John’s, NL Canada, A1C 5S7
| | - Louise N. Dawe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON Canada, N2L 3C5
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Avenue, St. John’s, NL Canada, A1C 5S7
| | - Graham J. Bodwell
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Avenue, St. John’s, NL Canada, A1C 5S7
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Badía-Domínguez I, Canola S, Hernández Jolín V, López Navarrete JT, Sancho-García JC, Negri F, Ruiz Delgado MC. Tuning the Diradical Character of Indolocarbazoles: Impact of Structural Isomerism and Substitution Position. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6003-6010. [PMID: 35737902 PMCID: PMC9272443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a set of 10 positional indolocarbazole (ICz) isomers substituted with dicyanomethylene groups connected via para or meta positions are computationally investigated with the aim of exploring the efficiency of structural isomerism and substitution position in controlling their optical and electronic properties. Unrestricted density functional theory (DFT), a spin-flip time-dependent DFT approach, and the multireference CASSCF/NEVPT2 method have been applied to correlate the diradical character with the energetic trends (i.e., singlet-triplet energy gaps). In addition, the nucleus-independent chemical shift together with ACID plots and Raman intensity calculations were used to strengthen the relationship between the diradical character and (anti)aromaticity. Our study reveals that the substitution pattern and structural isomerism represent a very effective way to tune the diradical properties in ICz-based systems with meta-substituted systems with a V-shaped structure displaying the largest diradical character. Thus, this work contributes to the elucidation of the challenging chemical reactivity and physical properties of diradicaloid systems, guiding experimental chemists to produce new molecules with desirable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Badía-Domínguez
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Sofia Canola
- Department
of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Víctor Hernández Jolín
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan T. López Navarrete
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Fabrizia Negri
- Department
of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- INSTM, UdR Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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9
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Tsuchiya M, Inoue R, Tanaka K, Morisaki Y. Synthesis of Twisted Anthracenes: Induction of Twist Chirality by the Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200418. [PMID: 35603977 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane was employed as chiral scaffolds to twist an anthracene ring by tethering at its 1- and 8positions; thus, twist chirality was induced in the anthracene moiety. The chiroptical properties of the resulting molecule, including circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), were found to be derived from the twist chirality. An analogous molecule bearing long alkyl chains was a viscous liquid, and its liquid film exhibited good CD and CPL profiles. The theoretical studies are carried out to determine the origin of these properties in the ground and excited states, which reproduced well the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Tsuchiya
- Kwansei Gakuin University - Kobe Sanda Campus: Kansei Gakuin Daigaku - Kobe Sanda Campus, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Kwansei Gakuin University - Kobe Sanda Campus: Kansei Gakuin Daigaku - Kobe Sanda Campus, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Kwansei Gakuin University - Kobe Sanda Campus: Kansei Gakuin Daigaku - Kobe Sanda Campus, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Yasuhiro Morisaki
- Kwansei Gakuin University - Kobe Sanda Campus: Kansei Gakuin Daigaku - Kobe Sanda Campus, Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, 669-1330, Sanda, JAPAN
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