1
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Gao P, Wu X, Zhang D, Sun X, Zhang G, Chen F. Mechanochemical Activation of Aryl Diazonium Salts: Synthesis of Polycyclic (Hetero)Aromatics. J Org Chem 2024; 89:12197-12203. [PMID: 39162099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Although the synthesis of polycyclic (hetero)aromatics via the [4 + 2] benzannulation process has been thoroughly explored, the restricted availability of energy sources (including thermal, light, and electrical energy) mandates the utilization of substantial quantities of organic solvents, inevitably leading to environmental pollution, resource wastage, and low reaction efficiency. Herein, we report a new method for the synthesis of polycyclic (hetero)aromatics from diazonium salts and alkynes under ball-milling conditions. This mechanochemical approach requires only substoichiometric amounts of DMSO as a liquid-assisted grinding additive and furnishes the desired product in a short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Xinyin Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Medicine Center, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liushi Road 257, Liuzhou, Guangxi 545006, China
| | - Xiaohuan Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
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2
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Zhao Y, Yang Z, Wang X, Kang Q, Wang B, Wu T, Lei H, Ma P, Su W, Wang S, Wu Z, Huang X, Fan C, Wei X. Mechanochemical Synthesis of α-halo Alkylboronic Esters. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2404071. [PMID: 38958542 PMCID: PMC11434113 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
α-halo alkylboronic esters, acting as ambiphilic synthons, play a pivotal role as versatile intermediates in fields like pharmaceutical science and organic chemistry. The sequential transformation of carbon-boron and carbon-halogen bonds into a broad range of carbon-X bonds allows for programmable bond formation, facilitating the incorporation of multiple substituents at a single position and streamlining the synthesis of complex molecules. Nevertheless, the synthetic potential of these compounds is constrained by limited reaction patterns. Additionally, the conventional methods often necessitate the use of bulk toxic solvents, exhibit sensitivity to air/moisture, rely on expensive metal catalysts, and involve extended reaction times. In this report, a ball milling technique is introduced that overcomes these limitations, enabling the external catalyst-free multicomponent coupling of aryl diazonium salts, alkenes, and simple metal halides. This approach offers a general and straightforward method for obtaining a diverse array of α-halo alkylboronic esters, thereby paving the way for the extensive utilization of these synthons in the synthesis of fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Zekun Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Ningxia Jinghong Technology Co., Ltd. No. 98, Huihong District, Shizuishan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Shizuishan, Ningxia, 753000, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Yanta District, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Qinchun Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Bobo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Tianle Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Hao Lei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, P. R. China
| | - Peile Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Wenqiang Su
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Ningxia Jinghong Technology Co., Ltd. No. 98, Huihong District, Shizuishan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Shizuishan, Ningxia, 753000, P. R. China
| | - Xinsong Huang
- Ningxia Jinghong Technology Co., Ltd. No. 98, Huihong District, Shizuishan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Shizuishan, Ningxia, 753000, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76, Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, P. R. China
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3
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Liu R, He X, Liu T, Wang X, Wang Q, Chen X, Lian Z. Organic Reactions Enabled by Mechanical Force-Induced Single Electron Transfer. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401376. [PMID: 38887819 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions, achieved through milling, grinding, or other mechanical actions, have emerged as a solvent-free alternative to traditional solution-based chemistry. Mechanochemistry not only provides the opportunity to eliminate bulk solvent use, reducing waste generation, but also unveils a new reaction strategy which enables the realization of reactions previously inaccessible in solution. While the majority of organic reactions facilitated by mechanical force traditionally follow two-electron transfer pathways similar to their solution-based counterparts, the field of mechanochemically induced single-electron transfer (SET) reactions has witnessed rapid development. This review outlines examples of mechanochemical reactions facilitated by the SET process, focusing on the reagents that initiate SET, thereby positioning mechanochemistry as a burgeoning field within the realm of single-electron chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxuan Liu
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
| | - Xiaochun He
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
| | - Tianfen Liu
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
| | - Xinzhou Chen
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
| | - Zhong Lian
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R., China
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4
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Amer MM, Backer L, Buschmann H, Handler N, Scherf-Clavel O, Holzgrabe U, Bolm C. Prediction of Degradation Profiles for Various Sartans under Solvent-Free Mechanochemical Conditions. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39092810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
For the approval of a drug, the stability data must be submitted to regulatory authorities. Such analyses are often time-consuming and cost-intensive. Forced degradation studies are mainly carried out under harsh conditions in the dissolved state, often leading to extraneous degradation profiles for a solid drug. Oxidative mechanochemical degradation offers the possibility of generating realistic degradation profiles. In this study, a sustainable mechanochemical procedure is presented for the degradation of five active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from the sartan family: losartan potassium, irbesartan, valsartan, olmesartan medoxomil, and telmisartan. High-resolution mass spectrometry enabled the detection of impurities already present in untreated APIs and allowed the elucidation of degradation products. Significant degradation profiles could already be obtained after 15-60 min of ball milling time. Many of the identified degradation products are described in the literature and pharmacopoeias, emphasizing the significance of our results and the applicability of this approach to predict degradation profiles for drugs in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M Amer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Laura Backer
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Buschmann
- RD&C Research, Development & Consulting GmbH, 1170 Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Handler
- RD&C Research, Development & Consulting GmbH, 1170 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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5
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Qu R, Wan S, Zhang X, Wang X, Xue L, Wang Q, Cheng GJ, Dai L, Lian Z. Mechanical-Force-Induced Non-spontaneous Dehalogenative Deuteration of Aromatic Iodides Enabled by Using Piezoelectric Materials as a Redox Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400645. [PMID: 38687047 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The development of green and efficient deuteration methods is of great significance for various fields such as organic synthesis, analytical chemistry, and medicinal chemistry. Herein, we have developed a dehalogenative deuteration strategy using piezoelectric materials as catalysts in a solid-phase system under ball-milling conditions. This non-spontaneous reaction is induced by mechanical force. D2O can serve as both a deuterium source and an electron donor in the transformation, eliminating the need for additional stoichiometric exogenous reductants. A series of (hetero)aryl iodides can be transformed into deuterated products with high deuterium incorporation. This method not only effectively overcomes existing synthetic challenges but can also be used for deuterium labelling of drug molecules and derivatives. Bioactivity experiments with deuterated drug molecule suggest that the D-ipriflavone enhances the inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation of BMDMs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Qu
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Shan Wan
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Li Xue
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Juan Cheng
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lian
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
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6
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Wu C, Lv J, Fan H, Su W, Cai X, Yu J. Mechanochemical C-H Arylation and Alkylation of Indoles Using 3 d Transition Metal and Zero-Valent Magnesium. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304231. [PMID: 38294073 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Although the 3 d transition-metal catalyzed C-H functionalization have been extensively employed to promote the formation of valuable carbon-carbon bonds, the persistent problems, including the use of sensitive Grignard reagents and the rigorous operations (solvent-drying, inert gas protection, metal pre-activation and RMgX addition rate control), still leave great room for further development of sustainable methodologies. Herein, we report a mechanochemical technology toward in-situ preparation of highly sensitive organomagnesium reagents, and thus building two general 3 d transition-metal catalytic platforms that enables regioselective arylation and alkylation of indoles with a wide variety of halides (including those containing post transformable functionalities and heteroaromatic rings). This mechanochemical strategy also brings unique reactivity and high step-economy in producing functionalized N-free indole products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Wu
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
- Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jin Lv
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hangqian Fan
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Weike Su
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xinjun Cai
- Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Yu
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
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7
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Sanz-Marco A, Saavedra B, Erbing E, Malmberg J, Johansson MJ, Martín-Matute B. Selective C-H Iodination of Weinreb Amides and Benzamides through Iridium Catalysis in Solution and under Mechanochemical Conditions. Org Lett 2024; 26:2800-2805. [PMID: 37931032 PMCID: PMC11019638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The acid mediated ortho-iodination of Weinreb amides using a readily available catalyst is described. The selective ortho-iodination of Weinreb amides, challenging substrates in directed C-H activations, and also of benzamides is achieved. The process works under mild conditions and tolerates air and moisture, having a great potential for industrial applications. The methodology can be applied under mechanochemical conditions maintaining the reaction outcome and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Sanz-Marco
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Beatriz Saavedra
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Elis Erbing
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Jesper Malmberg
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology
(R&I), Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden
| | - Magnus J. Johansson
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development; Cardiovascular, Renal and
Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden
1, Mölndal, 43150 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Belén Martín-Matute
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
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8
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Hu HC, Yu SY, Tsai YH, Hsieh PW, Wang HC, Chen YN, Chuang YT, Lee MY, Chang HW, Hu HC, Wu YC, Chang FR, Szatmári I, Fülöp F. Synthesis of bioactive evodiamine and rutaecarpine analogues under ball milling conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2620-2629. [PMID: 38451121 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00056k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions achieved by processes such as milling and grinding are promising alternatives to traditional solution-based chemistry. This approach not only eliminates the need for large amounts of solvents, thereby reducing waste generation, but also finds applications in chemical and materials synthesis. The focus of this study is on the synthesis of quinazolinone derivatives by ball milling, in particular evodiamine and rutaecarpine analogues. These compounds are of interest due to their diverse bioactivities, including potential anticancer properties. The study examines the reactions carried out under ball milling conditions, emphasizing their efficiency in terms of shorter reaction times and reduced environmental impact compared to conventional methods. The ball milling reaction of evodiamine and rutaecarpine analogues resulted in yields of 63-78% and 22-61%, respectively. In addition, these compounds were tested for their cytotoxic activity, and evodiamine exhibited an IC50 of 0.75 ± 0.04 μg mL-1 against the Ca9-22 cell line. At its core, this research represents a new means to synthesise these compounds, providing a more environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative to traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chun Hu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and HUN-REN-Stereochemistry Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yin Yu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Yi-Hong Tsai
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 907101, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Yan-Ning Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ting Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Sciences, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yu Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Sciences, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chun Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and HUN-REN-Stereochemistry Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and HUN-REN-Stereochemistry Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
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9
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Cvetnić M, Šplajt R, Topić E, Rubčić M, Bregović N. Direct thermodynamic characterization of solid-state reactions by isothermal calorimetry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:67-75. [PMID: 37955204 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03933a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing importance of solid-state reactions, their thermodynamic characterization has largely remained unexplored. This is in part due to the lack of methodology for measuring the heat effects related to reactions between solid reactants. We address here this gap and report on the first direct thermodynamic study of chemical reactions between solid reactants by isothermal calorimetry. Three reaction classes, cationic host-guest complex formation, molecular co-crystallization, and Baeyer-Villiger oxidation were investigated, showcasing the versatility of the devised methodology to provide detailed insight into the enthalpy changes related to various reactions. The reliability of the method was confirmed by correlation with the values obtained via solution calorimetry using Hess's law. The thermodynamic characterization of solid-state reactions described here will enable a deeper understanding of the factors governing solid-state processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Cvetnić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac, 102/A, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia.
| | - Robert Šplajt
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac, 102/A, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia.
| | - Edi Topić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac, 102/A, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia.
| | - Mirta Rubčić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac, 102/A, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia.
| | - Nikola Bregović
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac, 102/A, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia.
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10
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Wang X, Zhang X, Xue L, Wang Q, You F, Dai L, Wu J, Kramer S, Lian Z. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Aryl Fluorides by Using Ball Milling and a Piezoelectric Material as the Redox Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307054. [PMID: 37523257 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Aryl fluorides are important structural motifs in many pharmaceuticals. Although the Balz-Schiemann reaction provides an entry to aryl fluorides from aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates, it suffers from drawbacks such as long reaction time, high temperature, toxic solvent, toxic gas release, and low functional group tolerance. Here, we describe a general method for the synthesis of aryl fluorides from aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates using a piezoelectric material as redox catalyst under ball milling conditions in the presence of Selectfluor. This approach effectively addresses the aforementioned limitations. Furthermore, the piezoelectric material can be recycled multiple times. Mechanistic investigations indicate that this fluorination reaction may proceed via a radical pathway, and Selectfluor plays a dual role as both a source of fluorine and a terminal reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Li Xue
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Fengzhi You
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jiagang Wu
- Department of Materials Science, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Søren Kramer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zhong Lian
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
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11
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Cao H, Long CJ, Yang D, Guan Z, He YH. Electrochemical Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Isochroman and Unactivated Ketones. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4145-4154. [PMID: 36952394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented electrochemical cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction between isochroman and unactivated ketones to directly synthesize α-substituted isochromans has been developed. This strategy provides a facile and efficient procedure to the direct activation of C(sp3)-H bond adjacent to the O atom of isochroman. The method features high atom economy, chemical oxidant-free, and mild conditions, in which methanesulfonic acid (MsOH) acts as both electrolyte and catalyst, making the process more convenient and environmentally friendly. Gram-scale experiment and synthesis of antitumor active compounds demonstrate the great potential of this protocol for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chao-Jiu Long
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan-Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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12
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Priestley I, Battilocchio C, Iosub AV, Barreteau F, Bluck GW, Ling KB, Ingram K, Ciaccia M, Leitch JA, Browne DL. Safety Considerations and Proposed Workflow for Laboratory-Scale Chemical Synthesis by Ball Milling. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Priestley
- Huddersfield Manufacturing Centre, Syngenta Ltd, Huddersfield HD2 1FF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrei V. Iosub
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Barreteau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Gavin W. Bluck
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth B. Ling
- Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine Ingram
- Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Ciaccia
- Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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13
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Lu MZ, Goh J, Maraswami M, Jia Z, Tian JS, Loh TP. Recent Advances in Alkenyl sp 2 C-H and C-F Bond Functionalizations: Scope, Mechanism, and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:17479-17646. [PMID: 36240299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alkenes and their derivatives are featured widely in a variety of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and advanced materials. Significant efforts have been made toward the development of new and practical methods to access this important class of compounds by selectively activating the alkenyl C(sp2)-H bonds in recent years. In this comprehensive review, we describe the state-of-the-art strategies for the direct functionalization of alkenyl sp2 C-H and C-F bonds until June 2022. Moreover, metal-free, photoredox, and electrochemical strategies are also covered. For clarity, this review has been divided into two parts; the first part focuses on currently available alkenyl sp2 C-H functionalization methods using different alkene derivatives as the starting materials, and the second part describes the alkenyl sp2 C-F bond functionalization using easily accessible gem-difluoroalkenes as the starting material. This review includes the scope, limitations, mechanistic studies, stereoselective control (using directing groups as well as metal-migration strategies), and their applications to complex molecule synthesis where appropriate. Overall, this comprehensive review aims to document the considerable advancements, current status, and emerging work by critically summarizing the contributions of researchers working in this fascinating area and is expected to stimulate novel, innovative, and broadly applicable strategies for alkenyl sp2 C-H and C-F bond functionalizations in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhu Lu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Goh
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Manikantha Maraswami
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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14
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Yu Y, Zheng X, Duan C, Craig SL, Widenhoefer RA. Force-Modulated Selectivity of the Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation of 1-Alkenes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Xujun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Chenghao Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ross A. Widenhoefer
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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15
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Gamboa-Velázquez G, Juaristi E. Mechanoenzymology in the Kinetic Resolution of β-Blockers: Propranolol as a Case Study. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:343-350. [PMID: 36855594 PMCID: PMC9955203 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.1c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in biotechnology, protein engineering, and enzymatic immobilization have made it possible to carry out biocatalytic transformations through alternative non-conventional activation strategies. In particular, mechanoenzymology (i.e., the use of the mechanical force produced by milling or grinding to activate a biotransformation) has become a new area in so-called "green chemistry", reshaping key fundaments of biocatalysis and leading to the exploration of enzymatic transformations under more sustainable conditions. Significantly, numerous chiral active pharmaceutical ingredients have been synthesized via mechanoenzymatic methods, boosting the use of biocatalysis in the synthesis of chiral drugs. In this regard and aiming to widen the scope of the young field of mechanoenzymology, a dual kinetic resolution of propranolol precursors was explored. The biocatalytic methodology mediated by Candida antarctica Lipase B (CALB) and activated by mechanical force allowed the isolation of both enantiomeric precursors of propranolol with high enantiomeric excess (up to 99% ee), complete conversion (c = 50%), and excellent enantiodifferentiation (E > 300). Moreover, the enantiomerically pure products were used to synthesize both enantiomers of the β-blocker propranolol with high enantiopurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Gamboa-Velázquez
- Departamento
de Química, Centro de Investigación
y de Estudios Avanzados, 07360 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Eusebio Juaristi
- Departamento
de Química, Centro de Investigación
y de Estudios Avanzados, 07360 Ciudad de México, Mexico,El
Colegio Nacional, Luis
González Obregón 23, Centro Histórico, 06020 Ciudad de México, Mexico,
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16
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Zhang J, Zhang P, Ma Y, Szostak M. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Ketones via Chemoselective Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Acyl Chlorides. Org Lett 2022; 24:2338-2343. [PMID: 35297638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The direct synthesis of ketones via acyl Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of widely available acyl chlorides is a central transformation in organic synthesis. Herein, we report the first mechanochemical solvent-free method for highly chemoselective synthesis of ketones from acyl chlorides and boronic acids. This acylation reaction is conducted in the solid state, in the absence of potentially harmful solvents, for a short reaction time and shows excellent selectivity for C(acyl)-Cl bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yangmin Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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