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Abbas MN, Saeed AA, Ali MB, Errachid A, Zine N, Baraket A, Singh B. Biosensor for the oxidative stress biomarker glutathione based on SAM of cobalt phthalocyanine on a thioctic acid modified gold electrode. J Solid State Electrochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-018-04191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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2
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Huang Y, Mason AJ. Lab-on-CMOS integration of microfluidics and electrochemical sensors. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3929-34. [PMID: 23939616 PMCID: PMC3793889 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces a CMOS-microfluidics integration scheme for electrochemical microsystems. A CMOS chip was embedded into a micro-machined silicon carrier. By leveling the CMOS chip and carrier surface to within 100 nm, an expanded obstacle-free surface suitable for photolithography was achieved. Thin film metal planar interconnects were microfabricated to bridge CMOS pads to the perimeter of the carrier, leaving a flat and smooth surface for integrating microfluidic structures. A model device containing SU-8 microfluidic mixers and detection channels crossing over microelectrodes on a CMOS integrated circuit was constructed using the chip-carrier assembly scheme. Functional integrity of microfluidic structures and on-CMOS electrodes was verified by a simultaneous sample dilution and electrochemical detection experiment within multi-channel microfluidics. This lab-on-CMOS integration process is capable of high packing density, is suitable for wafer-level batch production, and opens new opportunities to combine the performance benefits of on-CMOS sensors with lab-on-chip platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Kochius S, Magnusson AO, Hollmann F, Schrader J, Holtmann D. Immobilized redox mediators for electrochemical NAD(P)+ regeneration. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 93:2251-64. [PMID: 22327354 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3900-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of dissolved redox mediators for NAD(P)(+) regeneration has been demonstrated several times. Nevertheless, the use of mediators in solutions for sensor applications is not a very convenient strategy since the analysis is not reagentless and long stabilization times occur. The most important drawbacks of dissolved mediators in biocatalytic applications are interferences during product purification, limited reusability of the mediators, and their cost-intensive elimination from wastewater. Therefore, the use of immobilized mediators has both economic and ecological advantages. This work critically reviews the current state-of-art of immobilized redox mediators for electrochemical NAD(P)(+) regeneration. Various surface modification techniques, such as adsorption polymerization and covalent linkage, as well as the corresponding NAD(P)(+) regeneration rates and the operational stability of the immobilized mediator films, will be discussed. By comparison with other existing regeneration systems, the technical potential and future perspectives of biocatalytic redox reactions based on electrochemically fed immobilized mediators will be assessed.
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Mandler D, Kraus-Ophir S. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) for electrochemical sensing. J Solid State Electrochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-011-1493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Hasebe Y, Wang Y, Fukuoka K. Electropolymerized poly(Toluidine blue)-modified carbon felt for highly sensitive amperometric determination of NADH in flow injection analysis. J Environ Sci (China) 2011; 23:1050-1056. [PMID: 22066231 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Poly(pheniothiazine) films were prepared on a porous carbon felt (CF) electrode surface by an electrooxidative polymerization of three phenothiazine derivatives (i.e.,Tthionine (TN), Toluidine Blue (TB) and Methylene Blue (MB)) from 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0). Among the three phenothiazies, the poly(TB) film-modified CF exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced form (NADH) at +0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The poly(TB) film-modified CF was successfully used as working electrode unit of highly sensitive amperometric flow-through detector for NADH. The peak currents (peak heights) were almost unchanged, irrespective of a carrier flow rate ranging from 2.0 to 4.1 mL/min, resulting in the measurement of NADH (ca. 30 samples/hr) at 4.1 mL/min. The peak current responses of NADH showed linear relationship over the concentration range from 1 to 30 micromol/L (sensitivity: 0.318 microA/(micromol/L); correlation coefficient: 0.997). The lower detection limit was found to be 0.3 micromol/L (S/N = 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Hasebe
- Department of Life Science and Green Chemistry, Saitama Institute of Technology, 1690 Fusaiji, Fukaya, Saitama 369-0293, Japan.
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Lacharmoise PD, Le Ru EC, Etchegoin PG. Guiding molecules with electrostatic forces in surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2009; 3:66-72. [PMID: 19206250 DOI: 10.1021/nn800710m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In surface enhanced raman scattering (SERS) the problem of drawing molecules to the places where surface plasmon resonance enhancements will produce signals is one of the most basic ones, and the initial obstacle to every application of the effect. We explore the possibility of using electrostatic forces as a means to "guide" charged molecules in solution toward SERS active substrates. We also show explicitly the possibility of selectively enhancing different types of dyes according to their charge, and we discuss briefly possible extensions for other applications where "electrostatic guiding" could be an option.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Lacharmoise
- Institut de Ciencia de Materials de Barcelona-CSIC, Esfera UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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In situ Raman spectroelectrochemical study of redox processes at poly(Toluidine blue) modified electrode. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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HASEBE Y, SHIRAI T, NAGASHIMA T, GU T, UCHIYAMA S. FIA of NADH Using Flow-Through Electrochemical Detector with Thionine-Adsorbed Carbon Felt. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2005. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.54.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi HASEBE
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Saitama Institute of Technology
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Saitama Institute of Technology
| | - Takayuki SHIRAI
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Saitama Institute of Technology
| | - Tomohiro NAGASHIMA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Saitama Institute of Technology
| | - Tingting GU
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Saitama Institute of Technology
| | - Shunichi UCHIYAMA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Saitama Institute of Technology
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Saitama Institute of Technology
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Chen Y, Yuan J, Tian C, Wang X. Flow-Injection Analysis and Voltammetric Detection of NADH with a Poly-Toluidine Blue Modified Electrode. ANAL SCI 2004; 20:507-11. [PMID: 15068296 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Poly-Toluidine Blue film was prepared by electrooxidative polymerization at a glassy carbon electrode in a phosphate buffer solution. The resulting chemically modified electrode (CME) exhibited excellent electrocatalysis toward the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide coenzyme (NADH) with over a 450 mV decrease of the overpotential compared with that at a bare glassy carbon electrode. Two electrochemical determinations of NADH, cyclic voltammetry and flow injection analysis, were established based on the electrocatalytical performance of the resulting modified electrode. Under an identical determinate condition, the voltammetric detection for NADH gave a detection limit of 3.3 micromol L(-1) with a linear concentration range of 9.1 micromol L(-1) to 1.8 mmol L(-1). As a detector in a flow-injection system, the CME gave a detection limit of 0.1 micromol L(-1) for NADH with a linear concentration range of 1.0 micromol L(-1) to 3.2 mmol L(-1). Obviously, flow-injection analysis is superior to voltammetric detection in NADH determination for its lower detection limit and wider detectable linear range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Chen
- Faculty of Material Science and Chemistry Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, P R China.
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Electrooxidative coupling of a toluidine blue O terminated self-assembled monolayer studied by electrochemistry and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(01)00702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Milczarek G, Ciszewski A. Voltammetric Detection of NADH Free from Interference of Ascorbic Acid Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with an Electropolymerized Porphyrin Film. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200102)13:2<164::aid-elan164>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Milczarek G, Ciszewski A. Voltammetric Detection of NADH Free from Interference of Ascorbic Acid Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with an Electropolymerized Porphyrin Film. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200102)13:2%3c164::aid-elan164%3e3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Ramesh P, Sampath S. A binderless, bulk-modified, renewable surface amperometric sensor for NADH and ethanol. Anal Chem 2000; 72:3369-73. [PMID: 10939414 DOI: 10.1021/ac000049n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Graphite particles are exfoliated and subsequently functionalized with toluidine blue. The resulting covalently modified graphite particles are restacked without any binder to form a surface-renewable, bulk-modified electrode. Electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH and its application in the amperometric biosensing of ethanol using alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme have been demonstrated with this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ramesh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Ciszewski A, Milczarek G. Electrocatalysis of NADH oxidation with an electropolymerized film of 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dimethylbutane. Anal Chem 2000; 72:3203-9. [PMID: 10939388 DOI: 10.1021/ac991182m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of 1,4-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dimethylbutane, known also as nordihydroguaiaretic acid, on a glassy carbon electrode anodically pretreated in KCl solution gives rise to a stabile redox-active polymer containing the o-quinone moiety. The redox response of the modified electrode is typical for a surface-immobilized species. The modifier thickness can be easy controlled by a number of potential cycles applied during electropolymerization, and a surface coverage up to 1.1 x 10(-9) mol cm(-2) can be achieved. The film exhibits catalytic activity toward NADH oxidation. Characteristic kinetic constants for the mediated oxidation of NADH were derived from rotating disk experiments performed in phosphate or Tris/acetate buffers. The effects of film thickness, solution pH, and the presence of Mg2+ cation on the catalytic efficiency of the modified electrode were discussed and compared with literature data concerning related systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ciszewski
- Institute of Chemistry and Applied Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Poland.
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Electrochemical study of the redox dyes Nile Blue and Toluidine Blue adsorbed on graphite and zirconium phosphate modified graphite. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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A carbon paste electrode modified by entrapped toluidine blue-O for amperometric determination of l-lactate. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Zhou DM, Sun JJ, Chen HY, Fang HQ. Electrochemical polymerization of toluidine blue and its application for the amperometric determination of β-d-glucose. Electrochim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(97)00297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Characterization of electron transfer reactions of microperoxidase assembled at short-chain thiol-monolayers on gold. Biosens Bioelectron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(97)00085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Bardea A, Katz E, Bückmann AF, Willner I. NAD+-Dependent Enzyme Electrodes: Electrical Contact of Cofactor-Dependent Enzymes and Electrodes. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja971192+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Ohtani M, Kuwabata S, Yoneyama H. Electrochemical oxidation of reduced nicotinamide coenzymes at Au electrodes modified with phenothiazine derivative monolayers. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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The electrochemical polymerization of methylene green and its electrocatalysis for the oxidation of NADH. Anal Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(96)00117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Anderson JL, Bowden EF, Pickup PG. Dynamic Electrochemistry: Methodology and Application. Anal Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/a1960015y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Edmond F. Bowden
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Peter G. Pickup
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3X7
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25
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Mandler D, Turyan I. Applications of self-assembled monolayers in electroanalytical chemistry. ELECTROANAL 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140080302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Analytical application of self assembled monolayers on gold electrodes: critical importance of surface pretreatment. Biosens Bioelectron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-5663(95)99217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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