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Honig ML, Haba A, O'Leary KMF, Robinson EEA, Madungwe KV, Lin Y, McGuire C, Bühlmann P. Improvement of the Upper Detection Limit of Ionophore-Based H +-Selective Electrodes: Explanation and Elimination of Apparently Super-Nernstian Responses. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9901-9908. [PMID: 38850234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The response range of an ion-selective electrode (ISE) has been described by counterion interference at the lower and Donnan failure at the upper detection limit. This approach fails when the potentiometric response at the upper detection limit exhibits an apparently super-Nernstian response, as has been reported repeatedly for H+-selective electrodes. While also observed when samples contain other anions, super-Nernstian responses at low pH are a problem in particular for samples that contain phthalate, a common component of commercial pH calibration solutions. This work shows that coextraction of H+ and a sample anion into the sensing membrane alone does not explain these super-Nernstian responses, even when membrane-internal diffusion potentials are taken into account. Instead, these super-Nernstian responses are explained by the formation of complexes between that anion and at least two protonated ionophore molecules. As demonstrated by experiments and explained with quantitative phase boundary models, the apparently super-Nernstian responses at low pH can be eliminated by restricting the molecular ratio of ionophore and ionic sites. Notably, this conclusion results in recommendations for the optimization of sensing membranes that, in some instances, will conflict with previously reported recommendations from the ionic site theory for the optimization of the lower detection limit. This mechanistic insight is key to maximizing the response range of these ionophore-based ISEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline L Honig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ariki Haba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katie M F O'Leary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Emily E A Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kuzivakwashe V Madungwe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ye Lin
- Emerson Automation Solutions, 6021 Innovation Boulevard, Shakopee, Minnesota 55379, United States
| | - Chad McGuire
- Emerson Automation Solutions, 6021 Innovation Boulevard, Shakopee, Minnesota 55379, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Chen Z, Fan Q, Zhou J, Wang X, Huang M, Jiang H, Cölfen H. Toward Understanding the Formation Mechanism and OER Catalytic Mechanism of Hydroxides by In Situ and Operando Techniques. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202309293. [PMID: 37650657 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient and affordable electrocatalysts for the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains a significant barrier that needs to be overcome for the practical applications of hydrogen production via water electrolysis, transforming CO2 to value-added chemicals, and metal-air batteries. Recently, hydroxides have shown promise as electrocatalysts for OER. In situ or operando techniques are particularly indispensable for monitoring the key intermediates together with understanding the reaction process, which is extremely important for revealing the formation/OER catalytic mechanism of hydroxides and preparing cost-effective electrocatalysts for OER. However, there is a lack of comprehensive discussion on the current status and challenges of studying these mechanisms using in situ or operando techniques, which hinders our ability to identify and address the obstacles present in this field. This review offers an overview of in situ or operando techniques, outlining their capabilities, advantages, and disadvantages. Recent findings related to the formation mechanism and OER catalytic mechanism of hydroxides revealed by in situ or operando techniques are also discussed in detail. Additionally, some current challenges in this field are concluded and appropriate solution strategies are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongkun Chen
- University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Current address: Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der, Ruhr, Germany
| | - Qiqi Fan
- University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jian Zhou
- University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Xingkun Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Membrane Material and Membrane Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Minghua Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 266100, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Heqing Jiang
- Laboratory of Functional Membrane Material and Membrane Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266101, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Helmut Cölfen
- University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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History of Cobaltabis(dicarbollide) in Potentiometry, No Need for Ionophores to Get an Excellent Selectivity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238312. [PMID: 36500404 PMCID: PMC9741054 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This work is a mini-review highlighting the relevance of the θ metallabis(dicarbollide) [3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]- with its peculiar and differentiating characteristics, among them the capacity to generate hydrogen and dihydrogen bonds, to generate micelles and vesicles, to be able to be dissolved in water or benzene, to have a wide range of redox reversible couples and many more, and to use these properties, in this case, for producing potentiometric membrane sensors to monitor amine-containing drugs or other nitrogen-containing molecules. Sensors have been produced with this monoanionic cluster [3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]-. Other monoanionic boron clusters are also discussed, but they are much fewer. It is noteworthy that most of the electrochemical sensor species incorporate an ammonium cation and that this cation is the species to be detected. Alternatively, the detection of the borate anion itself has also been studied, but with significantly fewer examples. The functions of the borate anion in the membrane are different, even as a doping agent for polypyrrole which was the conductive ground on which the PVC membrane was deposited. Apart from these cases related to closo borates, the bulk of the work has been devoted to sensors in which the θ metallabis (dicarbollide) [3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]- is the key element. The metallabis (dicarbollide) anion, [3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]-, has many applications; one of these is as new material used to prepare an ion-pair complex with bioactive protonable nitrogen containing compounds, [YH]x[3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H11)2]y as an active part of PVC membrane potentiometric sensors. The developed electrodes have Nernstian responses for target analytes, i.e., antibiotics, amino acids, neurotransmitters, analgesics, for some decades of concentrations, with a short response time, around 5 s, a good stability of membrane over 45 days, and an optimal selectivity, even for optical isomers, to be used also for real sample analysis and environmental, clinical, pharmaceutical and food analysis.
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Shao Y, Ying Y, Ping J. Recent advances in solid-contact ion-selective electrodes: functional materials, transduction mechanisms, and development trends. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4405-4465. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00587k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive overview of recent progress in the design and applications of solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Shao
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Yibin Ying
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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Ogawara S, Carey JL, Zou XU, Bühlmann P. Donnan Failure of Ion-Selective Electrodes with Hydrophilic High-Capacity Ion-Exchanger Membranes. ACS Sens 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Ogawara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jesse L. Carey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xu U. Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Mikhelson KN, Peshkova MA. Advances and trends in ionophore-based chemical sensors. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Egorov VV, Zdrachek EA, Nazarov VA. Potentiometric selectivity coefficients: Problems of experimental determination. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814060057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nägele M, Bakker E, Pretsch E. General description of the simultaneous response of potentiometric ionophore-based sensors to ions of different charge. Anal Chem 2012; 71:1041-8. [PMID: 21662773 DOI: 10.1021/ac980962c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The response of ion-selective membrane electrodes is usually still described with the semiempirical Nicolskii-Eisenman equation although it cannot correctly reproduce experimental data if ions of different charges are involved. The recently published self-consistent model that was derived for two ions of any charges is now extended to any number of ions of any charge. One single explicit equation is here given for the first time for any number of monovalent, divalent, and trivalent ions. Deviations relative to the Nicolskii-Eisenman equation are shown to be especially high at low interferences and bias calibrations if done in a mixed solution of a target sample as well as multivariate calibrations with sensor arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nägele
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
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Miyake M, Chen LD, Pozzi G, Bühlmann P. Ion-selective electrodes with unusual response functions: simultaneous formation of ionophore-primary ion complexes with different stoichiometries. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1104-11. [PMID: 22128799 PMCID: PMC3264767 DOI: 10.1021/ac202761x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the selectivity of an ion-selective electrode (ISE) depends on the stoichiometry of the complexes between its ionophore and the target and interfering ions. It is all the more surprising that the possibility for the simultaneous occurrence of multiple target ion complexes with different complex stoichiometries was mostly ignored in the past. Here, we report on the simultaneous formation of 1:1 and 1:2 complexes of a fluorophilic crown ether in fluorous ISE membranes and how this results in what looks like super-Nernstian responses. These increased response slopes are not caused by mass transfer limitations and can be readily explained with a phase boundary model, a finding that is supported by experimentally determined complex formation constants and excellent fits of response curves. Not only Cs(+) but also the smaller ions Li(+), Na(+), K(+), and NH(4)(+) form 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with the fluorophilic crown ether, with cumulative formation constants of up to 10(15.0) and 10(21.0) for of the 1:1 and 1:2 complexes, respectively. Super-Nernstian responses of the type observed with these electrodes are probably not particularly rare but have lacked in the past an adequate discussion in the literature, remaining ignored or misinterpreted. Preliminary calculations also predict sub-Nernstian responses and potential dips of a similar origin. The proper understanding of such phenomena will facilitate the development of new ISEs based on ionophores that form complexes of higher stoichiometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Li D. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Gianluca Pozzi
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze Tecnologie Molecolari, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
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Bakker E. Generalized Selectivity Description for Polymeric Ion-Selective Electrodes Based on the Phase Boundary Potential Model. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010; 639:1-7. [PMID: 20694153 PMCID: PMC2916183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A generalized description of the response behavior of potentiometric polymer membrane ion-selective electrodes is presented on the basis of ion-exchange equilibrium considerations at the sample-membrane interface. This paper includes and extends on previously reported theoretical advances in a more compact yet more comprehensive form. Specifically, the phase boundary potential model is used to derive the origin of the Nernstian response behavior in a single expression, which is valid for a membrane containing any charge type and complex stoichiometry of ionophore and ion-exchanger. This forms the basis for a generalized expression of the selectivity coefficient, which may be used for the selectivity optimization of ion-selective membranes containing electrically charged and neutral ionophores of any desired stoichiometry. It is shown to reduce to expressions published previously for specialized cases, and may be effectively applied to problems relevant in modern potentiometry. The treatment is extended to mixed ion solutions, offering a comprehensive yet formally compact derivation of the response behavior of ion-selective electrodes to a mixture of ions of any desired charge. It is compared to predictions by the less accurate Nicolsky-Eisenman equation. The influence of ion fluxes or any form of electrochemical excitation is not considered here, but may be readily incorporated if an ion-exchange equilibrium at the interface may be assumed in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Applied Chemistry, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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11
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Zook JM, Langmaier J, Lindner E. Current-polarized ion-selective membranes: The influence of plasticizer and lipophilic background electrolyte on concentration profiles, resistance, and voltage transients. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2009; 136:410-418. [PMID: 20161192 PMCID: PMC2728498 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2008.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic background electrolytes consisting of a lipophilic cation and a lipophilic anion, such as tetradodecylammonium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl) borate (ETH 500), or bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene) ammonium tetrakis[3,5bis(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] borate (BTPPATFPB) are incorporated into the membranes of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) to improve the detection limit and selectivity of the electrodes and decrease the resistance of the sensing membrane. In this work, spectroelectrochemical microscopy (SpECM) is used in conjunction with chronopotentiometry to quantify the effects of a lipophilic background electrolyte on the concentration profiles induced inside current-polarized membranes and on the measured voltage transients in chronopotentiometric experiments. In agreement with the theoretical model, the lipophilic background electrolyte incorporated into o-NPOE or DOS plasticized membranes decreases the membrane resistance and thus the contribution of migration in the overall transport across ion-selective membranes. Consequently, it has a significant influence on the changing concentration profiles of the ion-ionophore complex during chronopotentiometric experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Zook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Jan Langmaier
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Ernő Lindner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
- 330 Engineering Technology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, , ,
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12
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Egorov VV. Ion-selective liquid electrodes: Problems of description and experimental determination of selectivity. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s107036320812027x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Koseoglu S, Lai CZ, Ferguson C, Bühlmann P. Response Mechanism of Ion-Selective Electrodes Based on a Guanidine Ionophore: An Apparently ‘Two-Thirds Nernstian’ Response Slope. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Gabrielli C, Hemery P, Letellier P, Masure M, Perrot H, Rahmi MI, Turmine M. Investigation of ion-selective electrodes with neutral ionophores and ionic sites by EIS. I. Theory. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Abstract
This paper describes a pulsed galvanostatic technique to interrogate ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) with no intrinsic ion-exchange properties. Each applied current pulse is followed by a longer baseline potential pulse to regenerate the phase boundary region of the ion-selective membrane. The applied current fully controls the magnitude and sign of the ion flux into the membrane, thus offering instrumental control over an effect that has become very important in ion-selective electrode research in recent years. The resulting chronopotentiometric response curves essentially mimic traditional ISE behavior, with apparently Nernstian response slopes and selectivities that can be described with the Nicolsky equation. Additionally, the magnitude and sign of the current pulse may be used to tune sensor selectivity. Perhaps most important, however, appears to be the finding that the extent of concentration polarization near the membrane surface can be accurately controlled by this technique. A growing number of potentiometric techniques are starting to make use of nonequilibrium principles, and the method introduced here may prove to be very useful to advance these areas of research. The basic characteristics of this pulsed galvanostatic technique are here evaluated with plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membranes containing the sodium-selective ionophore tert-butyl calix[4]arene tetramethyl ester and a lipophilic inert salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Shvarev
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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16
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Amemiya S, Bühlmann P, Odashima K. A Generalized Model for Apparently “Non-Nernstian” Equilibrium Responses of Ionophore-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes. 1. Independent Complexation of the Ionophore with Primary and Secondary Ions. Anal Chem 2003; 75:3329-39. [PMID: 14570181 DOI: 10.1021/ac026471g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A generalized model that describes apparently "non-Nernstian" equilibrium responses of ionophore-based ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) is presented. It is formulated for primary and secondary ions of any charges that enter the membrane phase and independently form complexes with the ionophore, respectively. Equations for the phase boundary potential model were solved numerically to obtain whole response curves as a function of the sample activity of the primary ion, and analytical solutions could be obtained for apparently non-Nernstian response sections in these response curves. Ionophore-based ISEs can give three types of apparently non-Nernstian equilibrium responses, i.e., apparently "super-Nernstian", "inverted-Nernstian", and "sub-Nernstian" responses. The values of the response slopes depend on the charge numbers of the primary and secondary ions and on the stoichiometries of their complexes with the ionophore. The theoretical predictions for super-Nernstian responses agree well with the experimental results obtained with ISEs based on acidic ionophores or metalloporphyrin ionophores. Also, theoretical response curves with inverted-Nernstian slopes were found to be similar in character to the pH responses of Ca2+-selective electrodes based on organophosphate ionophores, which have been known to exhibit a so-called "potential dip". The quantitative understanding of apparently non-Nernstian response slopes presented here provides an insight into ionophore-analyte complexation processes in ISE membranes and should be helpful for the design of new ionophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Nagels L, Bazylak G, Zielinska D. Designing Potentiometric Sensor Materials for the Determination of Organic Ionizable Substances in HPLC. ELECTROANAL 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200390065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Sokalski T, Lingenfelter P, Lewenstam A. Numerical Solution of the Coupled Nernst−Planck and Poisson Equations for Liquid Junction and Ion Selective Membrane Potentials. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp026406a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Sokalski
- Process Chemistry Group, c/o Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02093 Warsaw, Poland, and Faculty of Material Science and Ceramics, University of Mining and Metallurgy, 30059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Peter Lingenfelter
- Process Chemistry Group, c/o Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02093 Warsaw, Poland, and Faculty of Material Science and Ceramics, University of Mining and Metallurgy, 30059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewenstam
- Process Chemistry Group, c/o Centre for Process Analytical Chemistry and Sensor Technology (ProSens), Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FIN-20500 Åbo/Turku, Finland, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02093 Warsaw, Poland, and Faculty of Material Science and Ceramics, University of Mining and Metallurgy, 30059 Cracow, Poland
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Ceresa A, Radu A, Peper S, Bakker E, Pretsch E. Rational design of potentiometric trace level ion sensors. A Ag+-selective electrode with a 100 ppt detection limit. Anal Chem 2002; 74:4027-36. [PMID: 12199570 DOI: 10.1021/ac025548y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Submicromolar to picomolar lower detection limits have recently been obtained with various polymer membrane ion-selective electrodes by minimizing biases due to ion fluxes through the membrane. For the best performance, the compositions of the membrane and inner solution should be optimized for each application. Given the number of parameters to be adjusted, it has been difficult to find the best parameters for a target sample. In this paper, a much simplified and more practical steady-state model of zero-current ion fluxes is derived, which is based on measurable parameters. The model allows one to predict achievable lower detection limits for a membrane with given selectivities. It can also be used to predict the optimal composition of the inner filling solution for the measurement of samples with a known, typical ionic background. Selectivity coefficients of monovalent and divalent analyte ions required for desired detection limits in drinking water are calculated. As an application of the proposed general recipe, a silver-selective electrode is developed on the basis of the ionophore O,O''-bis[2-(methylthio)ethyl]-tert-butylcalix[4]arene. With the predicted optimal composition of the inner electrolyte, its lower detection limit is found to be 10(-9) M or 100 ppt Ag+ with an ionic background of 10(-5) M LiNO3, which is very close to the expected value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Ceresa
- Laboratonum für Organische Chemie, ETH Hönggerberg, Zürich, Switzerland
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20
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Gyurcsányi RE, Lindner E. Spectroscopic method for the determination of the ionic site concentration in solvent polymeric membranes and membrane plasticizers. Anal Chem 2002; 74:4060-8. [PMID: 12199575 DOI: 10.1021/ac020120k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The built-in site density of either fixed sites or mobile hydrophobic ion sites determines whether a membrane is permselective for cations or anions of the sample. The molar ratio of the ionophore to the intrinsic or added ionic sites in an ion-selective membrane significantly influences the potentiometric response of ionophore-based electrodes. Consequently, full knowledge of the "site inventory" in an ion-selective membrane maybe essential when new, uncharacterized polymers or plasticizers are implemented for ion-selective electrode fabrication. A simple spectroscopic method was developed for the fast and accurate determination of the ionic site concentration (covalently attached functionalized groups or impurities) in plasticized polymeric membranes and membrane plasticizers. The method is based on the determination of the degree of protonation of hydrogen ion-selective chromoionophores incorporated into these membranes or dissolved in the membrane plasticizers. In electroneutral membranes, the concentration of the positively charged, protonated ionophore and the total concentration of negative sites are equal. The method was applied for the determination of ionic sites (both positively and negatively charged) in PVC materials (different purity grade, and bearing various functional groups), polyurethanes (aliphatic, aromatic, and polycarbonate-based), and selected Fluka plasticizers (2-nitrophenyl octyl ether and 2-ethylhexyl sebacate). The technique proved to be appropriate for fast quantification of ionic impurities in hydrophobic, optically transparent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Gyurcsányi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Herff College of Engineering, University of Memphis, Tennessee 38152-6582, USA
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Qin Y, Bakker E. Evaluation of the separate equilibrium processes that dictate the upper detection limit of neutral ionophore-based potentiometric sensors. Anal Chem 2002; 74:3134-41. [PMID: 12141674 DOI: 10.1021/ac0156159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The upper detection limit of polar ionophore-based ion-selective electrode membranes is predicted by utilizing the coextraction constant of dissociated electrolyte, the stability constant of the ionophore, and the membrane composition. The coextraction constant of dissociated electrolytes into the polar poly(vinyl chloride) membrane plasticized with o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (PVC-NPOE) is here measured by a novel approach. The sandwich membrane technique is utilized, with one membrane segment containing a lipophilic cation exchanger and the other containing an anion exchanger. This yields information about the coextraction constant and the free ion concentrations of the electrolyte in the two segments. Predictions correlate quantitatively with the upper detection limit observed for ion-selective electrodes based on the ionophores valinomycin, tert-butylcalix[4]arene tetraethyl ester, and calcimycin. The difficulties of the prediction of the upper detection limit for nonpolar poly(vinyl chloride) membranes plasticized with bis(2-ethylhexyl sebacate) (PVC-DOS) due to ion association are discussed in detail. A thermodynamic cycle experiment with a series of sandwich membranes shows that the principal processes governing the upper detection limit of PVC-DOS membranes are identical to those for the PVC-NPOE membranes. However, the stability of the ion pairs between the ionophore-metal ion complexes and the extracted anion are different from that of ion pairs formed between the same anion and the lipophilic anion exchanger. This makes it difficult to quantitatively predict the upper detection limit on the basis of simple apparent coextraction and complexation data alone. The approach reported herein is useful not only for mechanistic purposes but also to shed light onto the many cases where coextraction effects need to be understood but are not directly experimentally accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA
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22
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Mikhelson KM, Bobacka J, Ivaska A, Lewenstam A, Bochenska M. Selectivity of lithium electrodes: correlation with ion-lonophore complex stability constants and with interfacial exchange current densities. Anal Chem 2002; 74:518-27. [PMID: 11838669 DOI: 10.1021/ac0155660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lithium-selective electrodes with solvent polymeric membranes based on two different dicyclohexylamide neutral ionophores are studied systematically. The selectivity of lithium response is studied by means of the ordinary potentiometric experiments. Stability constants of lithium, sodium, and potassium ions with the neutral ionophores are measured by means of the segmented sandwich membrane method. Charge transfer through the membrane bulk and across the membrane/solution interface is studied by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Well-resolved Faradaic impedance semicircles are obtained, allowing calculation of exchange current densities for lithium, sodium, and potassium. It is clearly demonstrated that the potentiometric selectivity coefficients correlate well with thermodynamic equilibrium parameters. The correlation with exchange current densities also exists, although it is low, and seems rather qualitative than quantitative. The results are treated in favor of equilibrium at the membrane/solution interface. It is also concluded (tentatively) that the kinetic description is equivalent to the equilibrium one, giving evidence that ion-ionophore complexes form directly at the interface.
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23
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Shultz MM, Stefanova OK, Mokrov SB, Mikhelson KN. Potentiometric estimation of the stability constants of ion-lonophore complexes in ion-selective membranes by the sandwich membrane method: theory, advantages, and limitations. Anal Chem 2002; 74:510-7. [PMID: 11838668 DOI: 10.1021/ac015564f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Segmented sandwich membrane method of studying stoichiometry and stability constants of ion-ionophore complexes in ion-selective membranes is considered in detail. The experimental data (reported earlier in Russian) concerning complexes of various ions with valinomycin, with H+-selective neutral ionophore hexabutyltriamidophosphate, and with anion-binding neutral ionophore p-hexyl trifluoroacetylbenzoate is presented in a compact form. Advantages of titration technique in the sandwich membrane method (the presence of an internal criterion of reliability, and the possibility of direct determination of complex stoichiometry coefficients) are specially addressed. Biases of the estimates of the constants caused by ion-pair formation in real membranes and by diffusion potential are analyzed by means of computer simulations. The possibility of revealing two coexisting complexes with different compositions is also discussed.
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24
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Tohda K, Higuchi T, Dragoe D, Umezawa Y. Threshold ionic site concentrations required for Nernstian potentiometric responses of neutral ionophore-incorporated ion-selective liquid membranes. ANAL SCI 2001; 17:833-9. [PMID: 11708115 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An equation that can describe the concentrations of ionic sites required for a Nernstian potentiometric response slope of neutral ionophore-incorporated ion-selective liquid membranes is presented. This equation is derived from a model based on electrical diffuse layers on both the membrane and the aqueous sides of the interface, in which the phase boundary potential is correlated to the surface charge density as well as the salt concentrations in the bulk membrane and aqueous solution. To experimentally and accurately confirm the validity of this equation, response characteristics of field effect transistors covered by neutral ionophore-based liquid membranes with varying concentrations of a derivative of tetraphenylborate as an anionic site but free of ionic impurities were examined. The observed membrane potentials and the response slopes for membranes with various concentrations of anionic sites were in good agreement with the values calculated from the theory presented in this paper with the measured complexation stability constants for the relevant systems. This result indicates that the theoretical prediction based on the proposed equation for the anionic site concentration is accessible for the preparation of neutral ionophore-incorporated ion-selective liquid membranes, which show Nernstian response slopes for the primary ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tohda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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25
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Andredakis GE, Moschou EA, Matthaiou K, Froudakis GE, Chaniotakis NA. Theoretical and experimental studies of metallated phenanthroline derivatives as carriers for the optimization of the nitrate sensor. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)00972-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Tohda K, Dragoe D, Shibata M, Umezawa Y. Studies on the matched potential method for determining the selectivity coefficients of ion-selective electrodes based on neutral ionophores: experimental and theoretical verification. ANAL SCI 2001; 17:733-43. [PMID: 11707944 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A theory is presented that describes the matched potential method (MPM) for the determination of the potentiometric selectivity coefficients (KA,Bpot) of ion-selective electrodes for two ions with any charge. This MPM theory is based on electrical diffuse layers on both the membrane and the aqueous side of the interface, and is therefore independent of the Nicolsky-Eisenman equation. Instead, the Poisson equation is used and a Boltzmann distribution is assumed with respect to all charged species, including primary, interfering and background electrolyte ions located at the diffuse double layers. In this model, the MPM-selectivity coefficients of ions with equal charge (ZA = ZB) are expressed as the ratio of the concentrations of the primary and interfering ions in aqueous solutions at which the same amounts of the primary and interfering ions permselectively extracted into the membrane surface. For ions with unequal charge (ZA not equal to ZB), the selectivity coefficients are expressed as a function not only of the amounts of the primary and interfering ions permeated into the membrane surface, but also of the primary ion concentration in the initial reference solution and the delta EMF value. Using the measured complexation stability constants and single ion distribution coefficients for the relevant systems, the corresponding MPM selectivity coefficients can be calculated from the developed MPM theory. It was found that this MPM theory is capable of accurately and precisely predicting the MPM selectivity coefficients for a series of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) with representative ionophore systems, which are generally in complete agreement with independently determined MPM selectivity values from the potentiometric measurements. These results also conclude that the assumption for the Boltzmann distribution was in fact valid in the theory. The recent critical papers on MPM have pointed out that because the MPM selectivity coefficients are highly concentration dependent, the determined selectivity should be used not as "coefficient", but as "factor". Contrary to such a criticism, it was shown theoretically and experimentally that the values of the MPM selectivity coefficient for ions with equal charge (ZA = ZB) never vary with the primary and interfering ion concentrations in the sample solutions even when non-Nernstian responses are observed. This paper is the first comprehensive demonstration of an electrostatics-based theory for the MPM and should be of great value theoretically and experimentally for the audience of the fundamental and applied ISE researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tohda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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27
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Modeling of divalent/monovalent ion selectivity of ion-exchanger-based solvent polymeric membranes doped with coexchanger. Anal Chem 2000; 72:4965-72. [PMID: 11055716 DOI: 10.1021/ac991317o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is shown that the addition of a coexchanger does not always improve the selectivity of an ion-selective electrode. As a model case, the selectivity toward divalent primary ions I2+ in the presence of monovalent interference J+ is numerically simulated for membranes based on ion-exchanger R- and doped with a coexchanger (ionic additive) S+. It is, for the first time, demonstrated that the addition of a coexchanger, together with a high mobility of ion-exchanger sites, may be either beneficial or harmful to selectivity. Accordingly, two distinctive representatives of systems, i.e., membrane/solution are discussed. The theory is illustrated with experimental data obtained from PVC membranes based on calcium bis(2ethylhexyl)-phosphate plasticized with tris(2ethylhexyl)phosphate and doped with tetradecylammonium. Electrodes with these membranes exhibit both types of selectivity behavior. Interference from lithium with a calcium response may be sufficiently decreased by the addition of tetradecylammonium, while the interference from potassium and cesium was increased in the doped membranes.
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28
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Mi Y, Bakker E. Determination of complex formation constants of lipophilic neutral ionophores in solvent polymeric membranes with segmented sandwich membranes. Anal Chem 1999; 71:5279-87. [PMID: 10596210 DOI: 10.1021/ac9905930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A potentiometric method to determine ionophore complex formation constants in solvent polymeric membrane phases, proposed originally by Russian researchers, is critically evaluated and compared to other established methods. It requires membrane potential measurements on two-layer sandwich membranes, where only one side contains the ionophore. The resulting initial membrane potential reflects the ion activity ratio at both aqueous phase--membrane interfaces and can be conveniently used to calculate complex formation constants in situ. This method is potentially useful, since it does not require the use of a reference ion or second ionophore in the measurement. In this paper, the five ionophores valinomycin, BME-44, ETH 2120, tert-butylcalix[4]arene tetraethyl ester, and S,S'-methylenebis(diisobutyldithiocarbamate) are characterized in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticized with dioctyl sebacate (DOS) and compared with other established methods. The resulting formation constants correspond well to literature values. The influence of varying membrane concentrations and different anionic site additives is studied and found to be relatively small. Experiments are also performed with and without lipophilic inert electrolytes and with ionophore-free sandwich membranes to illustrate the effect of ion pairing and the membrane internal diffusion potential on the response of such sandwich membranes. These experiments suggest that ions are completely associated in PVC-DOS membranes, but that such ion pairs are rather nonspecific. Diffusion potentials seem to play a minor role with these systems. The results are explained with theory. This work indicates that the characterization of electrically charged ionophores, anion-selective ionophores, and ionophores in membrane matrixes other than PVC plasticized with DOS may now be experimentally accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mi
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA
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29
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30
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Jadhav S, Bakker E. Voltammetric and amperometric transduction for solvent polymeric membrane ion sensors. Anal Chem 1999; 71:3657-64. [PMID: 10489520 DOI: 10.1021/ac990195x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes basic response features of solvent polymeric membrane ion sensors with voltammetric and amperometric transduction. The model systems used here contain no ionophore for simplicity reasons. Reasonable simplifications of the theory are introduced that allow one to understand the response mechanism in view of a practical application of these sensors. It is shown that ion-sensing membranes preferentially contain no ion-exchanger properties in order to function optimally in a voltammetric mode. As with the systems studied by Kihara, both liquid-polymer interfaces of the membrane are preferably polarizable. Specifically, they contain the highly lipophilic electrolyte tetradodecylammonium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate (ETH 500) in the membrane to improve lifetime, increase the magnitude of the potential window, and prohibit exchange reactions with sample ions. An ohmic behavior that is associated with an assisted electrolyte-transfer process is observed only above a threshold potential which can be quantitatively predicted by theory. The threshold potential depends on the nature and activity of sample anions and cations in the sample and inner filling solution of the membrane electrode. Within the experimental conditions discussed in this paper, these sensors seem to measure sample ion activities, not concentrations, since the rate-limiting step is the diffusion of extracted ions away from the interface into the membrane bulk. Similarly, no effect of sample stirring on the measured current is observed. This contrasts to work done on liquid-liquid electrolyte-transfer reactions, where large diffusion coefficients in the organic phase often lead to substantial sample depletion effects. The detection of anions and cations with the same membrane is demonstrated in a cyclic voltammetric mode. Direct continuous detection of one type of anion is accomplished by pulsed amperometry to ensure a rapid, repetitive renewal of the membrane composition between measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, Aubuur University, Alabama 36849, USA
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31
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Lindner E, Gyurcsányi RE, Buck RP. Tailored Transport Through Ion-Selective Membranes for Improved Detection Limits and Selectivity Coefficients. ELECTROANAL 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(199907)11:10/11<695::aid-elan695>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Mikhelson KN, Lewenstam A, Didina SE. Contribution of the Diffusion Potential to the Membrane Potential and to the Ion-Selective Electrode Response. ELECTROANAL 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(199907)11:10/11<793::aid-elan793>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Bühlmann P, Umezawa Y. Apparently “Non-Nernstian” Equilibrium Responses Based on Complexation Between the Primary Ion and a Secondary Ion in the Liquid ISE Membrane. ELECTROANAL 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(199907)11:10/11<687::aid-elan687>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Mi Y, Green C, Bakker E. Polymeric Membrane pH Electrodes Based on Electrically Charged Ionophores. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ac980678l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Mi
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | | | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
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35
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Bühlmann P, Amemiya S, Yajima S, Umezawa Y. Co-Ion Interference for Ion-Selective Electrodes Based on Charged and Neutral Ionophores: A Comparison. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9805145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Setsuko Yajima
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshio Umezawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Janata
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400
| | - Mira Josowicz
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400
| | - Petr Vanýsek
- Department of Chemistry, Nothern Illinois University DeKalb, Illinois 60115
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37
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Nägele M, Mi Y, Bakker E, Pretsch E. Influence of Lipophilic Inert Electrolytes on the Selectivity of Polymer Membrane Electrodes. Anal Chem 1998; 70:1686-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ac970903j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Nägele
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Yanming Mi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Ernö Pretsch
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
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38
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Lindner E, Zwickl T, Bakker E, Lan BTT, Tóth K, Pretsch E. Spectroscopic in Situ Imaging of Acid Coextraction Processes in Solvent Polymeric Ion-Selective Electrode and Optode Membranes. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ac970952w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernö Lindner
- Institute of General and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Budapest, 1111 Budapest, Szent Gellért tér 4, Hungary, Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Titus Zwickl
- Institute of General and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Budapest, 1111 Budapest, Szent Gellért tér 4, Hungary, Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Eric Bakker
- Institute of General and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Budapest, 1111 Budapest, Szent Gellért tér 4, Hungary, Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Bui Thi Thu Lan
- Institute of General and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Budapest, 1111 Budapest, Szent Gellért tér 4, Hungary, Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Klara Tóth
- Institute of General and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Budapest, 1111 Budapest, Szent Gellért tér 4, Hungary, Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Ernö Pretsch
- Institute of General and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Budapest, 1111 Budapest, Szent Gellért tér 4, Hungary, Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
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39
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Bakker E, Pretsch E. Ion-Selective Electrodes Based on Two Competitive Ionophores for Determining Effective Stability Constants of Ion−Carrier Complexes in Solvent Polymeric Membranes. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ac970878h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ernö Pretsch
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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40
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Amemiya S, Bühlmann P, Umezawa Y. A Phase Boundary Potential Model for Apparently “Twice-Nernstian” Responses of Liquid Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes. Anal Chem 1998; 70:445-54. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9710184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
| | - Yoshio Umezawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
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41
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Bakker E, Bühlmann P, Pretsch E. Carrier-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes and Bulk Optodes. 1. General Characteristics. Chem Rev 1997; 97:3083-3132. [PMID: 11851486 DOI: 10.1021/cr940394a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1528] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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42
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Sokalski T, Ceresa A, Zwickl T, Pretsch E. Large Improvement of the Lower Detection Limit of Ion-Selective Polymer Membrane Electrodes. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja972932h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Sokalski
- Department of Organic Chemistry Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alan Ceresa
- Department of Organic Chemistry Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Titus Zwickl
- Department of Organic Chemistry Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ernö Pretsch
- Department of Organic Chemistry Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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43
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Hall DG. A Thermodynamic Approach to the Calibration of Ion Selective Membrane Electrodes in the Presence of Interfering Species. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp970923p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denver G. Hall
- North East Wales Institute, Plas Coch, Mold Road, Wrexham LL11 2AW, United Kingdom
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44
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Andredakis G, Tsagatakis J, Chaniotakis NA. Anion partitioning into highly lipophilic organic phases. ELECTROANAL 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140091113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Tohda K, Yoshiyagawa S, Umezawa Y. Ion-selective charge separation at the phase boundary of ionophore-incorporated liquid membranes as studied by optical second-harmonic generation. J Mol Struct 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(96)09624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Yajima S, Tohda K, Bühlmann P, Umezawa Y. Donnan Exclusion Failure of Neutral Ionophore-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes Studied by Optical Second-Harmonic Generation. Anal Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ac961315t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Yajima
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
| | - Koji Tohda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
| | - Yoshio Umezawa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
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47
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Bakker E. Determination of Unbiased Selectivity Coefficients of Neutral Carrier-Based Cation-Selective Electrodes. Anal Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ac960891m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
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48
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49
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Odashima K, Bühlmann P, Sugawara M, Tohda K, Koga K, Umezawa Y. Chemical sensing based on membranes with supramolecular functions of biomimetic and biological origin. ADVANCES IN SUPRAMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1068-7459(97)80018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Schneider B, Zwickl T, Federer B, Pretsch E, Lindner E. Spectropotentiometry: A New Method for in Situ Imaging of Concentration Profiles in Ion-Selective Membranes with Simultaneous Recording of Potential−Time Transients. Anal Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9604245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schneider
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Titus Zwickl
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Federer
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ernö Pretsch
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ernö Lindner
- Institute for General and Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Budapest, Szent Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
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