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Meng X, O'Hare D, Ladame S. Surface immobilization strategies for the development of electrochemical nucleic acid sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115440. [PMID: 37406480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Following the recent pandemic and with the emergence of cell-free nucleic acids in liquid biopsies as promising biomarkers for a broad range of pathologies, there is an increasing demand for a new generation of nucleic acid tests, with a particular focus on cost-effective, highly sensitive and specific biosensors. Easily miniaturized electrochemical sensors show the greatest promise and most typically rely on the chemical functionalization of conductive materials or electrodes with sequence-specific hybridization probes made of standard oligonucleotides (DNA or RNA) or synthetic analogues (e.g. Peptide Nucleic Acids or PNAs). The robustness of such sensors is mostly influenced by the ability to control the density and orientation of the probe at the surface of the electrode, making the chemistry used for this immobilization a key parameter. This exhaustive review will cover the various strategies to immobilize nucleic acid probes onto different solid electrode materials. Both physical and chemical immobilization techniques will be presented. Their applicability to specific electrode materials and surfaces will also be discussed as well as strategies for passivation of the electrode surface as a way of preventing electrode fouling and reducing nonspecific binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Meng
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. https://in.linkedin.com/https://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=xiaotong-meng-888IC
| | - Danny O'Hare
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Sylvain Ladame
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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2
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Gallay P, López Mujica M, Bollo S, Rivas G. Genosensing Applications of Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Non-Covalently Functionalized with Polyarginine. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1978. [PMID: 36422406 PMCID: PMC9696550 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the advantages of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) non-covalently functionalized with polyarginine (PolyArg) for the adsorption and electrooxidation of different DNAs and the analytical applications of the resulting platform. The presence of the carbon nanostructures, and mainly the charge of the PolyArg that supports them, facilitates the adsorption of calf-thymus and salmon sperm double-stranded DNAs and produces an important decrease in the overvoltages for the oxidation of guanine and adenine residues and a significant enhancement in the associated currents. As a proof-of-concept of possible GCE/MWCNTs-PolyArg biosensing applications, we develop an impedimetric genosensor for the quantification of microRNA-21 at femtomolar levels, using GCE/MWCNTs-PolyArg as a platform for immobilizing the DNA probe, with a detection limit of 3fM, a sensitivity of 1.544 × 103 Ω M-1, and a successful application in enriched biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Gallay
- INFIQC, Departamento de FIsicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Michael López Mujica
- INFIQC, Departamento de FIsicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Soledad Bollo
- Centro de Investigación de Procesos Redox, CIPRex, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Gustavo Rivas
- INFIQC, Departamento de FIsicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
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Sameiyan E, Bagheri E, Ramezani M, Alibolandi M, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM. DNA origami-based aptasensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 143:111662. [PMID: 31491726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Traditional analytical techniques face many limitations such as time-consuming process, complicated sample preparation, high consumption of reagents and need for expensive equipment. So, it is important that simple, rapid and sensitive detection methods are introduced. Nucleic acids-based assays, particularly aptamers, have a great impact on modern life sciences for biological analysis and target detection. Aptamer-based biosensors with unique recognition properties including high specificity and affinity, rapid response and simple fabrication have attracted much attention. It is believed that two- and three-dimensional structures, sometimes referred to as DNA origami, using DNA aptamers can show more selective binding affinity and better stability over other nucleic acids forms. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in the development and uses of electrochemical and optical DNA origami-based aptasensors to supply readers with a comprehensive understanding of their improvements. Also, the challenges and awards of these approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sameiyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elnaz Bagheri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mona Alibolandi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Karadeniz H, Erdem A. Label-Free Electrochemical Detection of DNA Hybridization Related to Anthrax Lethal Factor by using Carbon Nanotube Modified Sensors. CURR ANAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666181004151547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Anthrax Lethal Factor (ANT) is the dominant virulence factor produced by
B. anthracis and is the major cause of death of infected animals. In this paper, pencil graphite electrodes
GE were modified with single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the detection
of hybridization related to the ANT DNA for the first time in the literature.
Methods:
The electrochemical monitoring of label-free DNA hybridization related to ANT DNA was
explored using both SCNT and MCNT modified PGEs with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV).
The performance characteristics of ANT-DNA hybridization on disposable GEs were explored by
measuring the guanine signal in terms of optimum analytical conditions; the concentration of SCNT
and MCNT, the concentrations of probe and target, and also the hybridization time. Under the optimum
conditions, the selectivity of probe modified electrodes was tested and the detection limit was
calculated.
Results:
The selectivity of ANT probes immobilized onto MCNT-GEs was tested in the presence of
hybridization of probe with NC no response was observed and with MM, smaller responses were observed
in comparison to full-match DNA hybridization case. Even though there are unwanted substituents
in the mixture samples containing both the target and NC in the ratio 1:1 and both the target
and MM in the ratio 1:1, it has been found that ANT probe immobilized CNT modified graphite sensor
can also select its target by resulting with 20.9% decreased response in comparison to the one
measured in the case of full-match DNA hybridization case Therefore, it was concluded that the detection
of direct DNA hybridization was performed by using MCNT-GEs with an acceptable selectivity.
Conclusion:
Disposable SCNT/MCNT modified GEs bring some important advantages to our assay
including easy use, cost-effectiveness and giving a response in a shorter time compared to unmodified
PGE, carbon paste electrode and glassy carbon electrode developed for electrochemical monitoring
of DNA hybridization. Consequently, the detection of DNA hybridization related to the ANT
DNA by MCNT modified sensors was performed by using lower CNT, probe and target concentrations,
in a shorter hybridization time and resulting in a lower detection limit according to the SCNT
modified sensors. In conclusion, MCNT modified sensors can yield the possibilities leading to the
development of nucleic acid sensors platforms for the improvement of fast and cost-effective detection
systems with respect to DNA chip technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Karadeniz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Arzum Erdem
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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Biosensing based on pencil graphite electrodes. Talanta 2018; 190:235-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Paleček E, Heyrovský M, Dorčák V. J. Heyrovský's Oscillographic Polarography. Roots of Present Chronopotentiometric Analysis of Biomacromolecules. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Paleček
- Institute of Biophysics of the CAS; Královopolská 135 612 65 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Michael Heyrovský
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the CAS; Dolejškova 2155/3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Dorčák
- Institute of Biophysics of the CAS; Královopolská 135 612 65 Brno Czech Republic
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Phase Transition Detection in Accumulation of a Potential Anticancer Drug Cl-IPBD with DNA: Supercoiled and Linear pUC19 Plasmids. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.05.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Paleček E, Tkáč J, Bartošík M, Bertók T, Ostatná V, Paleček J. Electrochemistry of nonconjugated proteins and glycoproteins. Toward sensors for biomedicine and glycomics. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2045-108. [PMID: 25659975 PMCID: PMC4360380 DOI: 10.1021/cr500279h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Paleček
- Institute
of Biophysics Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Královopolská
135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tkáč
- Institute
of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Bartošík
- Regional
Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk
Memorial Cancer Institute, Žlutý kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Bertók
- Institute
of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Ostatná
- Institute
of Biophysics Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Královopolská
135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Paleček
- Central
European Institute of Technology, Masaryk
University, Kamenice
5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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10
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Gniazdowska A, Palinska-Saadi A, Krawczyk E, Elzanowska H, Maj-Zurawska M. Supercoiled and linear plasmid DNAs interactions with methylene blue. Bioelectrochemistry 2013; 92:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Direct determination of 5-methylcytosine based on electrochemical activation of surfactant functionalized graphene modified pyrolytic graphite electrode. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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12
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Gutierrez F, Rubianes MD, Rivas GA. Adsorption and Electrooxidation of DNA at Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Dispersed in Glucose Oxidase. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Vertical graphene nanoflakes for the immobilization, electrocatalytic oxidation and quantitative detection of DNA. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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14
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Ostatná V, Černocká H, Paleček E. Simple protein structure-sensitive chronopotentiometric analysis with dithiothreitol-modified Hg electrodes. Bioelectrochemistry 2012; 87:84-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Ostatná V, Černocká H, Kurzątkowska K, Paleček E. Native and denatured forms of proteins can be discriminated at edge plane carbon electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 735:31-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Paleček
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 612
65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bartošík
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 612
65 Brno, Czech Republic
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17
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Paleček E, Bartošík M, Ostatná V, Trefulka M. Electrocatalysis in proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates. CHEM REC 2012; 12:27-45. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Pedano ML, Rivas GA. Adsorption and Electrooxidation of DNA at Glassy Carbon Paste Electrodes. ANAL LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00032711003653866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Palinska A, Grodzka A, Elzanowska H, Kepska B, Zwierkowska E, Achmatowicz S, Maj-Zurawska M. Methylene Blue Interactions with Chromosomal and Plasmid DNA on Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200900278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Hasoň S, Vetterl V, Jelen F, Fojta M. Improved sensitivity and selectivity of uric acid voltammetric sensing with mechanically grinded carbon/graphite electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Hasoň S, Fojt L, Šebest P, Fojta M. Improved Electrochemical Detection of Purine Nucleobases at Mechanically Roughened Edge-Plane Pyrolytic Graphite Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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BADAWY WA, EL-RIES MA, MAHDI IM. Carbon Paste- and PVC Membrane Electrodes as Sensitive Sensors for the Determination of Antidiabetic Drugs for Type 2 Diabetic Patients. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:1431-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed A. EL-RIES
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, National Organization for Drug Control and Research
| | - Inas M. MAHDI
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, National Organization for Drug Control and Research
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23
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Gong M, Han T, Cai C, Lu T, Du J. Fabrication and characterization of DNA–thionine–carbon nanotube nanocomposites. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Wang Q, Gao F, Jiao K. Voltammetric Studies on the Recognition of a Copper Complex to Single- and Double-Stranded DNA and Its Application in Gene Biosensor. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Kerman K, Vestergaard M, Tamiya E. Electroanalytical Characterization of Adenosine Mono-, Di- and Triphosphate Oxidation on Carbon Electrode. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802208716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Kamel AH, Moreira FTC, Delerue-Matos C, Sales MGF. Electrochemical determination of antioxidant capacities in flavored waters by guanine and adenine biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:591-9. [PMID: 18640022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The immobilization and electro-oxidation of guanine and adenine as DNA bases on glassy carbon electrode are evaluated by square wave voltammetric analysis. The influence of electrochemical pretreatments, nature of supporting electrolyte, pH, accumulation time and composition of DNA nucleotides on the immobilization effect and the electrochemical mechanism are discussed. Trace levels of either guanine or adenine can be readily detected following short accumulation time with detection limits of 35 and 40 ngmL(-1) for guanine and adenine, respectively. The biosensors of guanine and adenine were employed for the voltammetric detection of antioxidant capacity in flavored water samples. The method relies on monitoring the changes of the intrinsic anodic response of the surface-confined guanine and adenine species, resulting from its interaction with free radicals from Fenton-type reaction in absence and presence of antioxidant. Ascorbic acid was used as standard to evaluate antioxidant capacities of samples. Analytical data was compared with that of FRAP method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman H Kamel
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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27
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Nano-composition of riboflavin-nafion functional film and its application in biosensing. J Biosci 2008; 33:279-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-008-0045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Pedano M, Pietrasanta L, Teijelo M, Rivas G. Characterization of DNA Layers Adsorbed on Glassy Carbon Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Vestergaard M', Kerman K, Tamiya E. An Overview of Label-free Electrochemical Protein Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2007; 7:3442-3458. [PMID: 28903304 PMCID: PMC3841905 DOI: 10.3390/s7123442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical-based protein sensors offer sensitivity, selectivity and reliabilityat a low cost, making them very attractive tools for protein detection. Although the sensorsuse a broad range of different chemistries, they all depend on the solid electrode surface,interactions with the target protein and the molecular recognition layer. Traditionally, redoxenzymes have provided the molecular recognition elements from which target proteins haveinteracted with. This necessitates that the redox-active enzymes couple with electrodesurfaces and usually requires the participation of added diffusional components, or assemblyof the enzymes in functional chemical matrices. These complications, among many others,have seen a trend towards non-enzymatic-based electrochemical protein sensors. Severalelectrochemical detection approaches have been exploited. Basically, these have fallen intotwo categories: labeled and label-free detection systems. The former rely on a redox-activesignal from a reporter molecule or a label, which changes upon the interaction of the targetprotein. In this review, we discuss the label-free electrochemical detection of proteins,paying particular emphasis to those that exploit intrinsic redox-active amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun 'delanji Vestergaard
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST),1-1 Asahidai, Nomi City, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Kagan Kerman
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Eiichi Tamiya
- Nanobiotechnology and Biodevice Laboratory, Dept. of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
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30
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Paleček E, Ostatná V. Electroactivity of Nonconjugated Proteins and Peptides. Towards Electroanalysis of All Proteins. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200704033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Shiraishi H, Itoh T, Hayashi H, Takagi K, Sakane M, Mori T, Wang J. Electrochemical detection of E. coli 16S rDNA sequence using air-plasma-activated fullerene-impregnated screen printed electrodes. Bioelectrochemistry 2007; 70:481-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2006.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2006] [Revised: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Ravera M, Bagni G, Mascini M, Osella D. DNA-metallodrugs interactions signaled by electrochemical biosensors: an overview. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2007; 2007:91078. [PMID: 18354727 PMCID: PMC2266972 DOI: 10.1155/2007/91078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of drugs with DNA is an important aspect in pharmacology. In recent years, many important technological advances have been made to develop new techniques to monitor biorecognition and biointeraction on solid devices. The interaction between DNA and drugs can cause chemical and conformational modifications and, thus, variation of the electrochemical properties of nucleobases. The propensity of a given compound to interact with DNA is measured as a function of the decrease of guanine oxidation signal on a DNA electrochemical biosensor. Covalent binding at N7 of guanine, electrostatic interactions, and intercalation are the events that this kind of biosensor can detect. In this context, the interaction between a panel of antitumoral Pt-, Ru-, and Ti-based metallodrugs with DNA immobilized on screen-printed electrodes has been studied. The DNA biosensors are used for semiquantitative evaluation of the analogous interaction occurring in the biological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Ravera
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Vita, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Bellini 25g, 15100 Alessandria, Italy.
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Paixão TR, Bertotti M. Electrocatalytic oxidation of deoxyguanosine on a glassy carbon electrode modified with a ruthenium oxide hexacyanoferrate film. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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34
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Ren Y, Jiao K, Xu G, Sun W, Gao H. An Electrochemical DNA Sensor Based on Electrodepositing Aluminum Ion Films on Stearic Acid-Modified Carbon Paste Electrode and Its Application for the Detection of Specific Sequences Related to Bar Gene and CP4 Epsps Gene. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200503355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Rivas GA, Pedano ML, Ferreyra NF. Electrochemical Biosensors for Sequence‐Specific DNA Detection. ANAL LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710500371121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Immobilization of DNA at Glassy Ccarbon Electrodes: A Critical Study of Adsorbed Layer. SENSORS 2005. [DOI: 10.3390/s5060424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Peng H, Soeller C, Vigar N, Kilmartin PA, Cannell MB, Bowmaker GA, Cooney RP, Travas-Sejdic J. Label-free electrochemical DNA sensor based on functionalised conducting copolymer. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 20:1821-8. [PMID: 15681199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Revised: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 07/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple and label-free electrochemical sensor for recognition of the DNA hybridization event was prepared based on a new functionalised conducting copolymer, poly[pyrrole-co-4-(3-pyrrolyl) butanoic acid]. This precursor copolymer can be easily electrodeposited on the electrode surface and shows high electroactivity in an aqueous medium. An amino-substituted oligonucleotide (ODN) probe was covalently grafted onto the surface of the copolymer in a one step procedure and tested on hybridization with complementary ODN segments. The cyclic voltammogram of ODN probe-modified copolymer showed very little change when incubated in presence of non-complementary ODN, while a significant, and reproducible, modification of the voltammogram was observed after addition of complementary ODN. The AC impedance spectrum showed an increased charge transfer resistance (Rct) and double layer capacitance of the sensor film after hybridisation. Sensors with thinner films showed higher sensitivity than thicker films, suggesting that hybridisation at or near the surface of the film produces a larger change in electrical properties than that within the body of the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Polymer Electronics Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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38
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Carbon Electrodes in DNA Hybridisation Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1871-0069(05)01007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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39
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Li N, Guo L, Jiang J, Yang X. Interaction of echinomycin with guanine: electrochemistry and spectroscopy studies. Biophys Chem 2004; 111:259-65. [PMID: 15501569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2004] [Revised: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of antitumor antibiotic, echinomycin (Echi) with guanine (Gua) was thoroughly investigated by adsorptive transfer stripping cyclic voltammetry, ultraviolet and visible adsorption spectra (UV/Vis) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Electrochemistry provided a simple tool for verifying the occurrence of interaction between Echi and Gua. Echi could be accumulated from the solution and give well-defined electrochemical signals in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0) only when Gua was present on the surface of the electrochemically pretreated glass carbon electrode (GCE), suggesting a strong binding of Echi to Gua. All the acquired spectral data showed that a new adduct between Echi and Gua was formed, and two pairs of adjacent intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the Ala backbone atoms in Echi and Gua (Ala-NH to Gua-N3 and Gua-NH2 to Ala-CO) played a dominating role in the interaction. Electrochemistry coupled with spectroscopy techniques could provide a relatively easy way to obtain useful insights into the molecular mechanism of drug-DNA interactions, which should be important in the development of new anticancer drugs with specific base recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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40
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Jiang M, Ray WW, Mukherjee B, Wang J. Electrochemically controlled release of lipid/DNA complexes: a new tool for synthetic gene delivery system. Electrochem commun 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2004.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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41
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Lucarelli F, Marrazza G, Turner APF, Mascini M. Carbon and gold electrodes as electrochemical transducers for DNA hybridisation sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2004; 19:515-30. [PMID: 14683635 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(03)00256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genosensor technology relying on the use of carbon and gold electrodes is reviewed. The key steps of each analytical procedure, namely DNA-probe immobilisation, hybridisation, labelling and electrochemical investigation of the surface, are discussed in detail with separate sections devoted to label-free and newly emerging magnetic assays. Special emphasis has been given to protocols that have been used with real DNA samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Lucarelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Firenze, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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42
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Kerman K, Morita Y, Takamura Y, Tamiya E. Label-free electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization on gold electrode. Electrochem commun 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2003.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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43
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Fojta M, Havran L, Billova S, Kostecka P, Masarik M, Kizek R. Two-Surface Strategy in Electrochemical DNA Hybridization Assays: Detection of Osmium-Labeled Target DNA at Carbon Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200390050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Pedano ML, Rivas GA. Immobilization of DNA on glassy carbon electrodes for the development of affinity biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2003; 18:269-77. [PMID: 12485774 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(02)00176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption and electrooxidation of nucleic acids on glassy carbon electrodes are evaluated by using chronopotentiometric stripping analysis. The influence of electrochemical pretreatments, supporting electrolyte, halides and monovalent cations levels as well as the role of the oligonucleotide length and composition, accumulation potential and time on the adsorption and further electrooxidation of oligo(dG)(11) and oligo(dG)(21) are discussed. The adsorption behavior of single and double stranded calf thymus DNA on untreated glassy carbon electrodes is also evaluated. Trace (microg/l) levels of the oligonucleotides and polynucleotides can be readily detected following short accumulation periods with detection limits of 25, 60, 126 and 219 microg/l for oligo(dG)(21), oligo(dG)(11), ss and ds calf thymus DNA, respectively. The confined DNA layers demonstrated to be stable in air, in 0.200 M acetate buffer pH 5.00 and in 0.020 M phosphate buffer pH 7.40+0.50 M NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Pedano
- INFIQC, Departamento de Físico Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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45
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Cai H, Cao X, Jiang Y, He P, Fang Y. Carbon nanotube-enhanced electrochemical DNA biosensor for DNA hybridization detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 375:287-93. [PMID: 12560975 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-002-1652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2002] [Revised: 10/08/2002] [Accepted: 10/15/2002] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel and sensitive electrochemical DNA biosensor based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with a carboxylic acid group (MWNTs-COOH) for covalent DNA immobilization and enhanced hybridization detection is described. The MWNTs-COOH-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was fabricated and oligonucleotides with the 5'-amino group were covalently bonded to the carboxyl group of carbon nanotubes. The hybridization reaction on the electrode was monitored by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analysis using an electroactive intercalator daunomycin as an indicator. Compared with previous DNA sensors with oligonucleotides directly incorporated on carbon electrodes, this carbon nanotube-based assay with its large surface area and good charge-transport characteristics dramatically increased DNA attachment quantity and complementary DNA detection sensitivity. This is the first application of carbon nanotubes to the fabrication of an electrochemical DNA biosensor with a favorable performance for the rapid detection of specific hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cai
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, P.R. China
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46
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Ozkan D, Kara P, Kerman K, Meric B, Erdem A, Jelen F, Nielsen PE, Ozsoz M. DNA and PNA sensing on mercury and carbon electrodes by using methylene blue as an electrochemical label. Bioelectrochemistry 2002; 58:119-26. [PMID: 12401578 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5394(02)00131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Described here are the electrochemical parameters for MB on binding to DNA at hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE), glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and carbon paste electrode (CPE) in the solution and at the electrode surface. MB, which interacts with the immobilized calf thymus DNA, was detected by using single-stranded DNA-modified HMDE or CPE (ssDNA-modified HMDE or CPE), bare HMDE or CPE, and double-stranded DNA-modified HMDE or CPE (dsDNA-modified HMDE or CPE) in combination with adsorptive transfer stripping voltammetry (AdTSV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and alternating current voltammetry (ACV) techniques. The structural conformation of DNA and hybridization between synthetic peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and DNA oligonucleotides were determined by the changes in the voltammetric peak of MB. The PNA and DNA probes were also challenged with excessive and equal amount of noncomplementary DNA and a mixture that contained one-base mismatched and target DNA. The partition coefficient was also obtained from the signal of MB with probe, hybrid, and ssDNA-modified GCEs. The effect of probe, target, and ssDNA concentration upon the MB signal was investigated. These results demonstrated that MB could be used as an effective electroactive hybridization indicator for DNA biosensors. Performance characteristics of the sensor are described, along with future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilsat Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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47
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48
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Wang HS, Ju HX, Chen HY. Simultaneous determination of guanine and adenine in DNA using an electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Palecek E, Fojta M, Jelen F. New approaches in the development of DNA sensors: hybridization and electrochemical detection of DNA and RNA at two different surfaces. Bioelectrochemistry 2002; 56:85-90. [PMID: 12009450 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5394(02)00025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Up to now, the development of the electrochemical DNA hybridization sensors relied on solid electrodes, on which both the hybridization and detection steps have been performed. Here we propose a new method in which the DNA hybridization is performed at commercially available magnetic beads and electrochemical detection on detection electrodes (DE). Due to minimum nonspecific DNA adsorption at the magnetic beads, very high specificity of the DNA hybridization is achieved. Optimum DE can be chosen only with respect to the given electrode process. It is shown that high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of relatively long target DNAs can be obtained (a) by using cathodic stripping voltammetry at mercury or solid mercury amalgam DEs for the determination of purine bases, released from DNA by acid treatment, and (b) by enzyme-linked immunoassay of target DNA modified by osmium tetroxide,2,2'-bipyridine (Os,bipy) at carbon DEs. Direct determination of Os,bipy at mercury and carbon electrodes is also possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Palecek
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolska 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
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50
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