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Li B, Jin Z, Yang F, Li H, Liu J, Jiang Z. Proteomic investigation reveals the role of bacterial laccase from Bacillus pumilus in oxidative stress defense. J Proteomics 2024; 292:105047. [PMID: 37981008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.105047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The wide distribution of laccases in nature makes them involved in different biological processes. However, little information is known about how laccase participates in the defense machinery of bacteria against oxidative stress. The present study aimed to elucidate the oxidative stress response mechanism of Bacillus pumilus ZB1 and the functional role of bacterial laccase in stress defense. The oxidative stress caused by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) significantly induced laccase activity and its transcript level. The morphological analysis revealed that the defense of B. pumilus ZB1 against oxidative stress was activated. Based on the proteomic study, 114 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were up-regulated and 79 DEPs were down-regulated. In COG analysis, 66.40% DEPs were classified into the category "Metabolism". We confirmed that laccase was up-regulated in response to MMS stress and its functional annotation was related to "Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism". Based on protein-protein interaction prediction, two up-regulated DEPs (YcnJ and GabP) showed interaction with laccase and contributed to the formation of laccase stability and adaptability. The overexpressed laccase might improve the antioxidative property of B. pumilus ZB1. These findings provide an insight and the guidelines for better exploitation of bioremediation using bacterial laccase. SIGNIFICANCE: Bacillus pumilus is a gram-positive bacterium that has the potential for many applications, such as bioremediation. The expression of bacterial laccase is significantly influenced by oxidative stress, while the underlying mechanism of laccase overexpression in bacteria has not been fully studied. Elucidation of the biological process may benefit the bioremediation using bacteria in the future. In this study, the differentially expressed proteins were analyzed using a TMT-labeling proteomic approach when B. pumilus was treated with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). Reactive oxygen species induced by MMS activated the secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism in B. pumilus, including laccase overexpression. Moreover, the simultaneously up-regulated YcnJ and GabP may benefit the synthesis and the stability of laccase, then improve the antioxidative property of B. pumilus against environmental stress. Our findings advance the understanding of the adaptive mechanism of B. pumilus to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China; School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Zhuocheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China; School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China; School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Huanan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China; School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Jiashu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China; School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
| | - Zhengbing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China; School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
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Xu T, Gao H, Rojas OJ, Dai H. Silver Nanoparticle-Embedded Conductive Hydrogels for Electrochemical Sensing of Hydroquinone. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112424. [PMID: 37299223 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a conductive hydrogel was successfully synthesized, taking advantage of the high number density of active amino and hydroxyl groups in carboxymethyl chitosan and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. These biopolymers were effectively coupled via hydrogen bonding with the nitrogen atoms of the heterocyclic rings of conductive polypyrrole. The inclusion of another biobased polymer, sodium lignosulfonate (LS), was effective to achieve highly efficient adsorption and in-situ reduction of silver ions, leading to silver nanoparticles that were embedded in the hydrogel network and used to further improve the electro-catalytic efficiency of the system. Doping of the system in the pre-gelled state led to hydrogels that could be easily attached to the electrodes. The as-prepared silver nanoparticle-embedded conductive hydrogel electrode exhibited excellent electro-catalytic activity towards hydroquinone (HQ) present in a buffer solution. At the optimum conditions, the oxidation current density peak of HQ was linear over the 0.1-100 μM concentration range, with a detection limit as low as 0.12 μM (signal-to-noise of 3). The relative standard deviation of the anodic peak current intensity was 1.37% for eight different electrodes. After one week of storage in a 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer solution at 4 °C, the anodic peak current intensity was 93.4% of the initial current intensity. In addition, this sensor showed no interference activity, while the addition of 30 μM CC, RS, or 1 mM of different inorganic ions does not have a significant impact on the test results, enabling HQ quantification in actual water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Huanli Gao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hongqi Dai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Brito de Oliveira Moreira O, Vinícius de Faria L, Matos RC, Enes KB, Costa Couri MR, de Oliveira MAL. Determination of hydroquinone and benzoquinone in pharmaceutical formulations: critical considerations on quantitative analysis of easily oxidized compounds. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4784-4794. [PMID: 36377694 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01631a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydroquinone is a skin-lightening agent used as an active ingredient in topical dermatological formulations prescribed for treating cutaneous diseases caused by hyperpigmentation. Despite being widely used, some toxicological aspects have been associated with these products, mainly due to overdosage and long-term use combined with the easy oxidation of hydroquinone. In this work, an investigative study has been done to gather enough data for selecting a quantitative analytical method for quality control purposes that considers the ease of oxidation not only within the product but also during the experimental procedures. After studying the influence of pH, reversibility, sampling, and standard solution preparation on the redox reaction between hydroquinone and benzoquinone by using spectroscopic, electrophoretic, and electroanalytical measurements, a reliable, fast, and selective chronoamperometric method was achieved. The optimized method was used for the analysis of samples, previously diluted in Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer (pH 5.5) and methanol (1 : 9, v/v), by applying a potential fixed at 0.4 V. A glassy-carbon working electrode, lab-made Ag/AgCl(sat) and platinum wire as a reference electrode and auxiliary electrodes, respectively, and BR buffer (pH 5.5) as supporting electrolyte were the additional experimental conditions used. Analytical performance parameters were verified to confirm the applicability of the new method (LOD 4.22 μmol L-1 and LOQ 14.1 μmol L-1; recovery mean value of 100% with 0.22% RSD). A gel topical formulation containing 4% (w/w) hydroquinone was analyzed through the developed method for determination of dosage and oxidation traces, and a content of 3.53 ± 0.095% (w/w) was found with no indications of degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Vinícius de Faria
- Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Renato Camargo Matos
- Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Karine Braga Enes
- Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Mara Rúbia Costa Couri
- Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Marcone Augusto Leal de Oliveira
- Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics - INCTBio, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Synergistic effects of laccase and pectin on the color changes and functional properties of meat analogs containing beet red pigment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1168. [PMID: 35064181 PMCID: PMC8782913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The widening gap between current supply of meat and its future demand has increased the need to produce plant-based meat analogs. Despite ongoing technical developments, one of the unresolved challenges of plant-based meat analogs is to safely and effectively imitate the appearance of raw and cooked animal-based meat, especially the color. This study aimed to develop a more effective and safe browning system for beet red (BR) in plant-based meat analog patties using laccase (LC) and sugar beet pectin (SBP). First, we investigated the synergistic effects of SBP and LC on BR decolorization of meat analog patties. We discovered that the red tones of LC-treated patties containing BR and SBP were remarkably browned after grilling, compared to patties that did not contain SBP. Notably, this color change by LC + SBP was similar to that of beef patties. Additionally, the hardness of LC-treated meat analog patties containing BR was higher than those that did not contain BR. Interestingly, the presence of SBP and LC enhanced the browning reaction and functional properties of meat analogs containing BR. This is the first report on a browning system for meat analogs containing BR using enzymatic methods to the best of our knowledge.
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Isolation and Screening of Microorganisms for the Effective Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Agricultural Wastes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5514745. [PMID: 34604384 PMCID: PMC8481070 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5514745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic waste is the most abundant biorenewable biomass on earth, and its hydrolysis releases highly valued reducing sugars. However, the presence of lignin in the biopolymeric structure makes it highly resistant to solubilization thereby hindering the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose. Microorganisms are known for their potential complex enzymes that play a dominant role in lignocellulose conversion. Therefore, the current study was designed to isolate and screen potential microorganisms for their selective delignification ability for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. An extensive isolation and screening procedure yielded 36 desired isolates (22 bacteria, 7 basidiomycete fungi, and 7 filamentous fungi). Submerged cultivation of these desired microorganisms revealed 4 bacteria and 10 fungi with potent lignocellulolytic enzyme activities. The potent isolates were identified as Pleurotus, Trichoderma, Talaromyces, Bacillus, and Chryseobacterium spp. confirmed by morphological and molecular identification. The efficiency of these strains was determined through enzyme activities, and the degraded substrates were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Among all isolated microbes, Pleurotus spp. were found to have high laccase activity. The cellulose-decomposing and selective delignification strains were subjected to solid-state fermentation (SSF). SSF of field waste corn stalks as a single-carbon source provides Pleurotus spp. better condition for the secretion of ligninolytic enzymes. These isolated ligninolytic enzymes producing microorganisms may be used for the effective pretreatment of lignocellulosic agricultural wastes for the production of high value-added natural products by fermentation.
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3D Prussian blue/Pt decorated carbon nanofibers based screen-printed microchips for the ultrasensitive hydroquinone biosensing. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Bioelectrocatalysis using redox enzymes appears as a sustainable way for biosensing, electricity production, or biosynthesis of fine products. Despite advances in the knowledge of parameters that drive the efficiency of enzymatic electrocatalysis, the weak stability of bioelectrodes prevents large scale development of bioelectrocatalysis. In this review, starting from the understanding of the parameters that drive protein instability, we will discuss the main strategies available to improve all enzyme stability, including use of chemicals, protein engineering and immobilization. Considering in a second step the additional requirements for use of redox enzymes, we will evaluate how far these general strategies can be applied to bioelectrocatalysis.
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Bu T, Yang R, Zhang Y, Cai Y, Tang Z, Li C, Wu Q, Chen H. Improving decolorization of dyes by laccase from Bacillus licheniformis by random and site-directed mutagenesis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10267. [PMID: 33240620 PMCID: PMC7666548 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dye wastewater increases cancer risk in humans. For the treatment of dyestuffs, biodegradation has the advantages of economy, high efficiency, and environmental protection compared with traditional physical and chemical methods. Laccase is the best candidate for dye degradation because of its multiple substrates and pollution-free products. METHODS Here, we modified the laccase gene of Bacillus licheniformis by error-prone PCR and site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in E. coli. The protein was purified by His-tagged protein purification kit. We tested the enzymatic properties of wild type and mutant laccase by single factor test, and further evaluated the decolorization ability of laccase to acid violet, alphazurine A, and methyl orange by spectrophotometry. RESULTS Mutant laccase Lacep69and D500G were superior to wild type laccase in enzyme activity, stability, and decolorization ability. Moreover, the laccase D500G obtained by site-directed mutagenesis had higher enzyme activity in both, and the specific activity of the purified enzyme was as high as 426.13 U/mg. Also, D500G has a higher optimum temperature of 70 °C and temperature stability, while it has a more neutral pH 4.5 and pH stability. D500G had the maximum enzyme activity at a copper ion concentration of 12 mM. The results of decolorization experiments showed that D500G had a strong overall decolorization ability, with a lower decolorization rate of 18% for methyl orange and a higher decolorization rate of 78% for acid violet. CONCLUSION Compared with the wild type laccase, the enzyme activity of D500G was significantly increased. At the same time, it has obvious advantages in the decolorization effect of different dyes. Also, the advantages of temperature and pH stability increase its tolerance to the environment of dye wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongliang Bu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - YanJun Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Yuntao Cai
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Zizhong Tang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Chenglei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
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Quaternary Ammonium Based Carboxyl Functionalized Ionic Liquid for Covalent Immobilization of Horseradish Peroxidase and Development of Electrochemical Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Raymundo-Pereira PA, Silva TA, Caetano FR, Ribovski L, Zapp E, Brondani D, Bergamini MF, Marcolino LH, Banks CE, Oliveira ON, Janegitz BC, Fatibello-Filho O. Polyphenol oxidase-based electrochemical biosensors: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1139:198-221. [PMID: 33190704 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The detection of phenolic compounds is relevant not only for their possible benefits to human health but also for their role as chemical pollutants, including as endocrine disruptors. The required monitoring of such compounds on-site or in field analysis can be performed with electrochemical biosensors made with polyphenol oxidases (PPO). In this review, we describe biosensors containing the oxidases tyrosinase and laccase, in addition to crude extracts and tissues from plants as enzyme sources. From the survey in the literature, we found that significant advances to obtain sensitive, robust biosensors arise from the synergy reached with a diversity of nanomaterials employed in the matrix. These nanomaterials are mostly metallic nanoparticles and carbon nanostructures, which offer a suitable environment to preserve the activity of the enzymes and enhance electron transport. Besides presenting a summary of contributions to electrochemical biosensors containing PPOs in the last five years, we discuss the trends and challenges to take these biosensors to the market, especially for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago A Silva
- Departamento de Metalurgia e Química, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET-MG), 35180-008, Timóteo, MG, Brazil
| | - Fábio R Caetano
- Laboratório de Sensores Eletroquímicos (LabSensE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Laís Ribovski
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Zapp
- Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 89036-256, Brazil
| | - Daniela Brondani
- Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 89036-256, Brazil
| | - Marcio F Bergamini
- Laboratório de Sensores Eletroquímicos (LabSensE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Marcolino
- Laboratório de Sensores Eletroquímicos (LabSensE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Craig E Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Janegitz
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Orlando Fatibello-Filho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Chen M, Zhang M, Wang X, Yang Q, Wang M, Liu G, Yao L. An All-Solid-State Nitrate Ion-Selective Electrode with Nanohybrids Composite Films for In-Situ Soil Nutrient Monitoring. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20082270. [PMID: 32316351 PMCID: PMC7219068 DOI: 10.3390/s20082270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, an all-solid-state nitrate doped polypyrrole (PPy(NO3−) ion-selective electrode (ISE) was prepared with a nanohybrid composite film of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO). Preliminary tests on the ISE based in-situ soil nitrate–nitrogen (NO3−-N) monitoring was conducted in a laboratory 3-stage column. Comparisons were made between the NO3−-N content of in-situ soil percolate solution and laboratory-prepared extract solution. Possible influential factors of sample depth, NO3−-N content, soil texture, and moisture were varied. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) characterized morphology and content information of the composite film of ERGO/AuNPs. Due to the performance excellence for conductivity, stability, and hydrophobicity, the ISE with ERGO/AuNPs illustrates an acceptable detection range from 10−1 to 10−5 M. The response time was determined to be about 10 s. The lifetime was 65 days, which revealed great potential for the implementation of the ERGO/AuNPs mediated ISE for in-situ NO3−-N monitoring. In-situ NO3−-N testing results conducted by the all-solid-state ISE followed a similar trend with the standard UV-VIS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory on Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research of Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (M.C.); (X.W.); (Q.Y.); (M.W.); (G.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Miao Zhang
- Key Laboratory on Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research of Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (M.C.); (X.W.); (Q.Y.); (M.W.); (G.L.); (L.Y.)
- Key Lab of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xuming Wang
- Key Laboratory on Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research of Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (M.C.); (X.W.); (Q.Y.); (M.W.); (G.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Qingliang Yang
- Key Laboratory on Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research of Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (M.C.); (X.W.); (Q.Y.); (M.W.); (G.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Maohua Wang
- Key Laboratory on Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research of Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (M.C.); (X.W.); (Q.Y.); (M.W.); (G.L.); (L.Y.)
- Key Lab of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory on Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research of Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (M.C.); (X.W.); (Q.Y.); (M.W.); (G.L.); (L.Y.)
- Key Lab of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Key Laboratory on Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research of Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (M.C.); (X.W.); (Q.Y.); (M.W.); (G.L.); (L.Y.)
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