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Wang JL, Xu ZT, Zhan L, Liao M, Xu CJ. Heat-induced antigen retrieval utilizing modified Tris-EDTA buffer for reprobing of Western blots on nitrocellulose paper. Anal Biochem 2023; 672:115179. [PMID: 37150424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of heat-induced antigen retrieval technologies with Tris-EDTA buffer has dramatically improved immunostaining of specific antigens for routine immunohistochemical detection (Krenacs et al., 2010) [1]. However, little evidence exists on whether heat-Induced antigen retrieval utilizing Tris-EDTA buffer can strip western blot (WB) membranes and allow sequential reprobing. Here, we serendipitously discover that ∼95 °C Tris-EDTA buffer with 0.01% Tween 20 could repeatedly strip the Nitrocellulose membranes (NC). After electroblotting, NC blots were soaked into Tris-EDTA stripping buffer (∼95 °C, 10-25min) and we could perform at least five rounds (the following antibodies used: Vinculin, Atg7, Caspase-3, UBA5, JNK and ERK1/2) stripping in sequential chemiluminescent detections. The NC membranes also show clear western signals and background without losing transferred proteins during the reprobing process of WB. Hence, this study report additional new roles of the heat-Induced antigen retrieval Tris-EDTA buffer with 0.01% Tween 20. The method is simpler, more affordable and harmless for the nitrocellulose paper, which will be helpful for effective reprobing in western blotting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ling Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital 1 of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China.
| | - Ze-Ting Xu
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, PR China.
| | - Ling Zhan
- School of 1st Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, PR China.
| | - Min Liao
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, PR China.
| | - Chao-Jin Xu
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, PR China.
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2
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Kielkopf CL, Bauer W, Urbatsch IL. Analysis of Proteins by Immunoblotting. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2021; 2021:2021/12/pdb.prot102251. [PMID: 34853123 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot102251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In immunoblotting (western blotting), proteins are first separated by SDS-PAGE and then transferred electrophoretically from the gel onto a support membrane that binds proteins tightly. After the unreacted binding sites of the membrane are blocked to suppress nonspecific adsorption of antibodies, the immobilized proteins are reacted with a specific polyclonal or monoclonal antibody. Antigen-antibody complexes are visualized using chromogenic, fluorescent, or chemiluminescent reactions. Immunoblotting protocols are reagent specific and, owing to the wide assortment of equipment, reagents, and antibodies available, highly diverse. Presented here is an example of a workable protocol for developing a blot using horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibody and enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL). ECL is based on the emission of light during the HRP-catalyzed oxidation of luminal or other substrates. Emitted light is captured on film or by a CCD camera, for qualitative or semiquantitative analysis. Because ECL is so sensitive, it has become a popular detection method. This protocol can be modified for different membranes, antibodies, and detection systems. Optimal dilutions of the primary and secondary antibodies need to be determined empirically, but recommendations provided by the manufacturer are usually a good starting point.
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3
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Goldman A, Harper S, Speicher DW. Detection of Proteins on Blot Membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 86:10.8.1-10.8.11. [PMID: 27801518 DOI: 10.1002/cpps.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Staining of blot membranes enables the visualization of bound proteins. Proteins are usually transferred to blot membranes by electroblotting, by direct spotting of protein solutions, or by contact blots. Staining allows the efficiency of transfer to the membrane to be monitored. This unit describes protocols for staining proteins after electroblotting from polyacrylamide gels to blot membranes such as polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), nitrocellulose, or nylon membranes. The same methods can be used if proteins are directly spotted, either manually or using robotics. Protocols are included for seven general protein stains (amido black, Coomassie blue, Ponceau S, colloidal gold, colloidal silver, India ink, and MemCode) and three fluorescent protein stains (fluorescamine, IAEDANS, and SYPRO Ruby). Also included is an in-depth discussion of the different blot membrane types and the compatibility of different protein stains with downstream applications, such as immunoblotting or N-terminal Edman sequencing. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Goldman
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sandra Harper
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David W Speicher
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, and Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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4
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Westermeier
- SERVA Electrophoresis GmbH, Carl-Benz-Strasse 7, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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7
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Sasse J, Gallagher SR. Detection of Proteins on Blot Transfer Membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 8:8.10B.1-8.10B.6. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im0810bs83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Sasse
- Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children Tampa Florida
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8
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Sasse J, Gallagher SR. Detection of Proteins on Blot Transfer Membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 10:Unit 10.7. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142727.mb1007s84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Sasse
- Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children Tampa Florida
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9
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Abstract
Staining of blot transfer membranes permits visualization of proteins and allows the extent of transfer to be monitored. In the protocols described in this unit, proteins are stained after electroblotting from one-dimensional or two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels to blot membranes such as polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), nitrocellulose, or nylon membranes. Protocols are provided for the use of six general protein stains: amido black, Coomassie blue, Ponceau S, colloidal gold, colloidal silver, and India ink. In addition, the fluorescent stains fluorescamine and IAEDANS, which covalently react with bound proteins, are described. Approximate detection limits for each nonfluorescent stain are indicated along with membrane compatibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harper
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Sasse J, Gallagher SR. Detection of proteins on blot transfer membranes. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; Chapter 10:Unit10.7. [PMID: 18265317 DOI: 10.1002/0471142727.mb1007s64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In the basic and alternate protocols of this unit, proteins are stained after electroblotting from polyacrylamide gels to blot transfer membranes. If the samples of interest are electrophoresed in duplicate and transferred to a blot transfer membrane, half of the membrane can be stained to determine the efficiency of transfer to the membrane and the other half can be used for immunoblotting (i.e., western blotting). Detection limits of each staining method are given along with a list of compatible blot transfer membranes and gels. A support protocol describes a method for alkali treatment that enhances subsequent staining of bound proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Sasse
- Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children, Tampa, Florida, USA
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11
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Stewart AJ, Roberts SJ, Seawright E, Davey MG, Fleming RH, Farquharson C. The presence of PHOSPHO1 in matrix vesicles and its developmental expression prior to skeletal mineralization. Bone 2006; 39:1000-1007. [PMID: 16837257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PHOSPHO1 is a phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase that has previously been implicated in generating inorganic phosphate (P(i)) for matrix mineralization. In this study, we have investigated PHOSPHO1 mRNA expression during embryonic development in the chick. Whole-mount in situ hybridization indicated that PHOSPHO1 expression occurred prior to E6.5 and was initially restricted to the bone collar within the mid-shaft of the diaphysis of long bones but by E11.5 expression was observed over the entire length of the diaphysis. Alcian blue/alizarin red staining revealed that PHOSPHO1 expression seen in the primary regions of ossification preceded the deposition of mineral, suggesting that it is involved in the initial events of mineral formation. We isolated MVs from growth plate chondrocytes and confirmed the presence of high levels of PHOSPHO1 by immunoblotting. Expression of PHOSPHO1, like TNAP activity, was found to be up-regulated in MVs isolated from chondrocytes induced to differentiate by the addition of ascorbic acid. This suggests that both enzymes may be regulated by similar mechanisms. These studies provide for the first time direct evidence that PHOSPHO1 is present in MVs, and its developmental expression pattern is consistent with a role in the early stages of matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Stewart
- Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9PS, United Kingdom
| | - Scott J Roberts
- Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9PS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Megan G Davey
- Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9PS, United Kingdom
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12
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Geerts IS, De Meyer GR, Bult H. Collar-induced elevation of mRNA and functional activity of 5-HT(1B) receptor in the rabbit carotid artery. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 131:1723-31. [PMID: 11139452 PMCID: PMC1572491 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypersensitivity to serotonin (5-HT) develops in rabbit collared carotid arteries. Previous data demonstrated the involvement of 5-HT(1)-like receptors which are not active in normal carotid arteries. This study investigated the interaction in the rabbit carotid artery between 5-HT and a moderate tone as this can uncover functional 5-HT(1)-like receptors. Furthermore, the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein of 5-HT(1B), 5-HT(1D) and 5-HT(2A) receptors was addressed. Silicone collars were placed around the carotid arteries of male New Zealand White rabbits for 1 week. Rings from inside (=collar) and outside (=sham) the collar were either mounted in isolated organ baths for isometric force measurements or frozen in liquid nitrogen to isolate total RNA or proteins which were subsequently analysed by respectively reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. In sham and collared rings concentration-response curves (CRC's) to 5-HT were monophasic. Only in collared segments the presence of a 5-HT(2A) antagonist (spiperone or ketanserin, 0.1 microM) revealed a biphasic CRC which was even more pronounced when a moderate tone was induced by KCl pointing to functional 5-HT(1)-like receptors. The rabbit carotid artery constitutively expressed 5-HT(1B) and 5-HT(2A) mRNA, not 5-HT(1D) mRNA. Manipulation of the carotid artery increased the 5-HT(1B) mRNA level. Collar placement raised it even further. The 5-HT(2A) mRNA level remained unchanged. All the anti-5-HT receptor antibodies tested resulted in variable, non specific patterns with multiple bands. In conclusion, collar placement elevates mRNA expression and activity of the 5-HT(1B) receptor in the rabbit carotid artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Geerts
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp-UIA, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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14
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Bouchez-Mahiout I, Doyen C, Laurière M. Accurate detection of both glycoproteins and total proteins on blots: control of side reactions occurring after periodate oxidation of proteins. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:1412-7. [PMID: 10424463 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990601)20:7<1412::aid-elps1412>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The detection of glycoproteins based on the periodate oxidation of their carbohydrate moiety, and their conjugation to digoxigenin hydrazide directly on blots, leads to high background staining, especially with polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. The addition of Tween-20 to all incubation solutions, except at the oxidation step, strongly reduced the background staining and allowed us to detect lower amounts of glycans fixed on the blots through the protein moiety. The presence of polysaccharides during the oxidation step was shown to produce side reactions that led to the staining of nonglycosylated proteins; it demonstrated risks that may occur with crude extracts when periodate oxidation is performed in solution. The phenomenon was used to design a total protein-staining assay that can be included along with positive and negative controls in a general strategy based on blotting, which was delineated for the identification of glycoproteins in complex tissue extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bouchez-Mahiout
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Centre INRA de Versailles-Grignon, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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15
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Eynard L, Laurière M. The combination of Indian ink staining with immunochemiluminescence detection allows precise identification of antigens on blots: application to the study of glycosylated barley storage proteins. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:1394-6. [PMID: 9694288 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150190833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The localization after blotting of specific spots in two-dimensional electrophoretic protein pattern was achieved using, in that order, Indian ink protein staining and immunodetection with chemiluminescence on the same membrane. Indian ink did not inhibit significantly the antibody reactions even after overnight staining. It produces permanent staining that did not quench the chemiluminescent signal, recorded on a film. This allowed perfect matching between the specific and the total protein patterns. The procedure was applied to the identification of glycoproteins present in barley storage protein preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Eynard
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, Centre INRA de Grignon, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
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16
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Hoffman WL, Jump AA, Ruggles AO, Kelly PJ. Antibodies bound to nitrocellulose in acidic buffers retain biological activity. Electrophoresis 1993; 14:886-91. [PMID: 8223398 DOI: 10.1002/elps.11501401141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This report compares the binding of proteins to nitrocellulose membranes in acidic buffers (pH 2 and 3) with binding in neutral buffer (pH 7). Initially, similar amounts of antibodies and other proteins bound to the nitrocellulose membrane in both acidic and neutral buffers. However, the susceptibility of individual proteins to displacement (stripping) from the membrane by the milk blocking agent depended on the pH of the buffer used to bind the proteins to the membrane. Most proteins that bound to nitrocellulose in acidic buffers were relatively resistant to milk-stripping compared to proteins bound in pH 7 buffer. Acid-binding of proteins to nitrocellulose also decreased the amount of protein that was stripped from the nitrocellulose membrane when Tween 20 was included in the washing buffer. After correcting for the amount of antibody remaining on the membrane after the milk block, it was found that acid-bound antibodies were unchanged in biological activity when compared with the same antibodies bound at neutral pH. These results suggest that acid-binding of proteins could increase the sensitivity of nitrocellulose membrane assays that use milk and/or Tween 20.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Hoffman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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17
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Bohrmann J. Antisera against a channel-forming 16 kDa protein inhibit dye-coupling and bind to cell membranes in Drosophila ovarian follicles. J Cell Sci 1993; 105 ( Pt 2):513-8. [PMID: 7691843 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.105.2.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila ovarian follicles, communication via gap junctions can be observed between the oocyte and its surrounding follicular epithelium. In the present study, the intercellular exchange of the fluorescent tracer Lucifer Yellow was analysed following pressure-injections of five different sera or protein solutions into the oocyte of stage-10 follicles. Three of the tested sera are directed against a channel-forming 16 kDa protein, which is a component of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase and of Nephrops norvegicus gap junctions. When one of these antisera was injected 5–10 min prior to the dye, the percentage of follicles showing dye-coupling between oocyte and follicle cells was extremely small. On the other hand, injections of non-immune serum or of bovine serum albumin solution had only minor inhibitory effects. With indirect immunofluorescence, the three Nephrops antisera revealed a discrete punctate pattern at the membranes between neighbouring follicle cells as well as between follicle cells and oocyte. Most likely, this fluorescent pattern represents the distribution of gap junctions in the follicular epithelium. On immunoblots, the Nephrops antisera recognized a 29 kDa Drosophila ovary protein with high specificity. Affinity purification of one of these antisera against the 29 kDa protein revealed that this protein of Drosophila and the 16 kDa membrane-channel protein of Nephrops are immunologically related. Thus, the Nephrops antisera might help to reveal, in future injection experiments, the functional role of gap-junction mediated communication in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bohrmann
- Institut für Biologie I (Zoologie), Universität Freiburg, Germany
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18
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Beckers G, Berzborn RJ, Strotmann H. Zero-length crosslinking between subunits delta and I of the H(+)-translocating ATPase of chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1101:97-104. [PMID: 1385976 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(92)90473-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of spinach thylakoids with 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC)/N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (sulfo-NHS) induced formation of a zero-length crosslink of an apparent molecular mass of 38 kDa. This product was shown, by immunodetection, to consist of subunit delta of CF1 and subunit I of CF0. The crosslink was isolated by preparative SDS gel electrophoresis and subjected to cyanogen bromide cleavage. Electrophoretic and immunological analysis of the resulting peptides suggested that the crosslink was formed between a glutamyl or aspartyl residue at the C-terminal end of subunit I and a basic amino acid of subunit delta in the range between Val-1 to Met-165. Treatment of thylakoids with EDC/Sulfo-NHS resulted in inhibition of photophosphorylation and CF0CF1-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis without affecting formation of a proton gradient related to phenazine methosulfate-mediated cyclic electron transport. Inhibition of H+ transport-coupled ATP hydrolysis was more pronounced than non-coupled methanol-stimulated ATP hydrolysis. The results suggest that subunits delta and I form a connection between the partial complexes CF1 and CF0 in situ. Crosslinking of the two subunits may impede the translocation of protons through CF0CF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Beckers
- Institut für Biochemie der Pflanzen, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
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19
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Beeley JA, Sweeney D, Lindsay JC, Buchanan ML, Sarna L, Khoo KS. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of human parotid salivary proteins. Electrophoresis 1991; 12:1032-41. [PMID: 1815955 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150121207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The proteins in human parotid saliva have been separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into 20 or more well resolved species. The Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) R-250 and silver staining procedures have been modified to overcome the problems encountered with staining of proline-rich proteins. By means of the CBB R-250 procedure which stains proline-rich proteins pink-violet, immunoblotting, concanavalin A binding, periodate-Schiff staining and zinc binding, all of the major proteins have been characterised. Substantial individual-to-individual differences were observed in the protein patterns formed. Comparison of parotid, submandibular, and whole saliva from a single individual indicated that fewer proline-rich proteins are expressed in submandibular saliva than in parotid, but whole saliva contains much lower levels than either duct secretion. The results will form a useful base for future research into the functions of salivary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Beeley
- Dental School Oral Biochemistry Unit (Oral Biology Group), University of Glasgow, UK
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20
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Hoffman WL, Jump AA, Kelly PJ, Ruggles AO. Binding of antibodies and other proteins to nitrocellulose in acidic, basic, and chaotropic buffers. Anal Biochem 1991; 198:112-8. [PMID: 1789412 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90514-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This report compares the binding of proteins to nitrocellulose membranes in acidic buffers (pH 2 and 3) with binding in neutral buffer (pH 7), basic buffers (pH 12 and 13), 8 M urea (pH 2, 3, and 7), and 6 M guanidine hydrochloride (pH unadjusted). Initially, similar amounts of antibodies and other proteins bound to the nitrocellulose membrane in all of these buffers and solvents. However, the susceptibility of individual proteins to displacement (stripping) from the membrane by the milk blocking agent depended on both the pH and the type of buffer or solvent used to bind the proteins to the membrane. Most proteins that were bound to nitrocellulose in acidic buffers were relatively resistant to milk stripping compared to proteins bound in pH 7 buffer. After correction for the amount of antibody remaining on the membrane after the milk block, it was found that acid-bound antibodies were unchanged in biological activity when compared with the same antibodies bound at neutral pH. These results suggest that acid binding of proteins could increase the sensitivity of nitrocellulose membrane assays using a milk block.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Hoffman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235
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21
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Pote KG, Ross MD. Each otoconia polymorph has a protein unique to that polymorph. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 98:287-95. [PMID: 1873986 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90181-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Otoconia, contained within the vestibular portion of the inner ear, are mineralized by one of three polymorphs of calcium carbonate. Each otoconial polymorph contains a unique, major protein. 2. The major protein of calcitic otoconia of members of different vertebrate classes, Amphibia (African clawed frog) and Mammalia (rat), have similar molecular weights. 3. The major protein of calcitic rat otoconia and of vateritic otoconia of the gar may be calcium binding proteins. No protein from the other polymorph, aragonite, appear to have this characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Pote
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22901
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22
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Zawistowski J, Howes N. Production of monoclonal antibodies against high Mr avenin polypeptides. J Cereal Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0733-5210(09)80106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Immunoblotting is a commonly used technique for the immunodetection of specific proteins which have been fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We describe here a simple procedure for the double staining of immunoblots, first to detect the immunoreactive component(s) by histochemistry using enzyme-conjugated secondary antibodies, and second to visualize the general protein electrophoretogram using India ink. This procedure permits the direct comparison of electrophoretic mobilities between the immunoreactive protein(s) and the total protein population as well as protein standards of known Mr. The experimental advantage of the procedure is that no additional manipulation of the protein samples or the standards is necessary prior to electrophoretic fractionation. In this report, detection of the vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, calbindin-D28K, is used to illustrate the application of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ono
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
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24
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Bayer MG, Maier TL, Gebhart UB, Schenk HEA. Cyanellar Ferredoxin-NADP+-oxidoreductase of Cyanophora paradoxa is encoded by the nuclear genome and synthesized on cytoplasmatic 80S ribosomes. Curr Genet 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00312619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Abstract
The efficiency of semi-dry electrophoretic transfer after sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-electrophoresis using PhastGel media was investigated in a model system using three isotope labelled proteins. To give a full picture of the blotting process the amount of protein present in the gel, membranes, and filter papers was determined after different transfer times. The influence of the transfer buffer, commonly used additives such as methanol and SDS, and several different immobilizing matrices was investigated. Soybean trypsin inhibitor, bovine serum albumin, and ferritin were used as model proteins to study the effect of size on transfer efficiency. Basically, all three stages of the blotting process decide the result; the elution of protein from the gel, the immobilization of protein to the membrane, and the loss of material from the membrane during transfer. A theoretical explanation for the observed poor binding to a second membrane is discussed. Our results show that the buffer composition has little influence on the efficiency of transfer from the gel, but can be significant to the binding capacity of the membrane. In all experiments performed, there was never one moment during the transfer when all protein was eluted from the gel and simultaneously still bound to the membrane. The highest recovery in the membrane was obtained at different time intervals for different proteins. This indicates that quantitative transfer procedures cannot be generalized. However, obtaining an optimal method for reliable quantification of a specific protein or group of proteins is possible. For general protein staining of nitrocellulose and polyvinylidene difluoride membranes, a highly sensitive silver staining method requiring only 15 min has been used.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jacobson
- Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology AB, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Kenimer JG, Kim KJ, Probst PG, Manclark CR, Burstyn DG, Cowell JL. Monoclonal antibodies to pertussis toxin: utilization as probes of toxin function. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1989; 8:37-51. [PMID: 2466764 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.1989.8.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Six monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to pertussis toxin (PT) have been generated and characterized. Five of these MAbs (3CX4, 3C4D, 6D11C, 6FX1, and X2X5) interact with determinants on the catalytic subunit (S1) of PT, and one (6DX3) is specific for subunit S4. The MAbs are divided into three groups based upon their ability to neutralize the effects of PT in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell assay. Three of the MAbs (3CX4, 3C4D and 6D11C) had high neutralization titers, one MAb (6FX1) displayed weak neutralizing activity, and two MAbs (X2X5 and 6DX3) had no neutralizing ability. The combination of one of the high titer MAbs (3CX4) with the low titer MAb (6FX1) resulted in a synergistic enhancement of neutralizing capability. F(ab')2 fragments prepared from MAb's 3CX4 and X2X5 displayed activities in the CHO-cell assay which were identical to the native MAb's. The ability of the MAbs to neutralize PT in the CHO-cell toxin neutralization assay correlated with their ability to inhibit the in vitro ADP-ribosylation of PT. A competition ELISA method demonstrated that this panel of MAbs recognizes at least four separate epitopes on the PT molecule. Biotin-conjugated MAbs were shown to be useful reagents to probe the interaction of pertussis toxin with fetuin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Kenimer
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
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27
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Li KW, Geraerts WP, van Elk R, Joosse J. Fixation increases sensitivity of India ink staining of proteins and peptides on nitrocellulose paper. Anal Biochem 1988; 174:97-100. [PMID: 2464292 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(88)90523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The detectability by India ink staining of proteins and peptides dot-blotted on nitrocellulose paper was assessed before and after fixation. Fixation considerably increased the detectability of proteins and peptides. Denaturation by KOH treatment or baking at 100 degrees C for 15 min gave the best results. Precipitation by isopropanol/acetic acid gave intermediate results, whereas crosslinking with glutaraldehyde improved the detectability of small peptides, but not of proteins. Ferridye and Aurodye were also tested after baking. Both dyes were more sensitive and stained more proteins and peptides than India ink. In all cases the detectability of peptides smaller than Mr 1500 was poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Li
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Gültekin H, Heermann KH. The use of polyvinylidenedifluoride membranes as a general blotting matrix. Anal Biochem 1988; 172:320-9. [PMID: 2461113 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(88)90451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A fast chemical staining of protein by Coomassie blue on a stable nonshrinking membrane of polyvinylidenedifluoride is described. The procedure is especially useful for detection of nonlabeled marker proteins in comparison to specifically detected proteins. The membrane is highly suitable for other chemical stains like silver, gold, or india ink for immunostaining, lectin binding, and binding of radioactive ligands like 45Ca. Blocking of the background against nonspecific binding to proteins was studied using different reagents. A multiple slit plate is described for volume-saving simultaneous application of multiple reactants on one protein-loaded membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gültekin
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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29
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Egger D, Bienz K. Colloidal gold staining and immunoprobing of proteins on the same nitrocellulose blot. Anal Biochem 1987; 166:413-7. [PMID: 2449096 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(87)90592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proteins blotted onto nitrocellulose can be stained with colloidal gold. They retain their immunoreactivity so that the stained blot can be probed with appropriate antibodies. The resulting antigen-antibody reaction is made visible by a peroxidase-coupled antispecies antibody. The blue peroxidase reaction product contrasts well with the red-stained protein pattern and allows an easy documentation by black-and-white photography.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Egger
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Bruneau SM, Guinet RM. Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis antigens studied by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot. MYKOSEN 1987; 30:271-80. [PMID: 3306369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1987.tb03979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Moeremans M, Daneels G, De Raeymaeker M, De Wever B, De Mey J. The use of colloidal metal particles in protein blotting. Electrophoresis 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150080907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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32
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Taketa K. A tetrazolium method for peroxidase staining: Application to the antibody-affinity blotting of α-fetoprotein separated by lectin affinity electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150080908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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