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Duarte-Junior GF, Lobo-Júnior EO, Medeiros Junior Í, da Silva JAF, do Lago CL, Coltro WKT. Separation of carbohydrates on electrophoresis microchips with controlled electrolysis. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:693-698. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Íris Medeiros Junior
- Petróleo Brasileiro S.A.; Centro de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello (CENPES); Rio de Janeiro/RJ Brasil
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2
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Aid T, Paist L, Lopp M, Kaljurand M, Vaher M. An optimized capillary electrophoresis method for the simultaneous analysis of biomass degradation products in ionic liquid containing samples. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1447:141-7. [PMID: 27095128 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An indirect capillary electrophoresis method for a quantitative determination of mono-, di- and oligosaccharides was developed to investigate biomass degradation, the isomerization of glucose into fructose and conversion of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) in ionic liquids (ILs). Three chromophores, namely 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (PDC), maleic acid and phthalic acid, were used to perform indirect detection. The electroosmotic flow (EOF) was reversed to reduce analysis time, using 1-tetradecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (C14MImCl). The simultaneous separation of the underivatized mono-, di- and oligosaccharides was performed using four cellodextrin oligomers (cellotriose, cellotetraose, cellopentaose, cellohexaose), eight carbohydrates (xylose, fructose, glucose, galactose, lactose, cellobiose, raffinose, sucrose), two organic acids (acetic acid, levulinic acid) and 5-HMF. The best performance was obtained using background electrolyte (BGE) composed of 138.2mM NaOH, 40mM maleic acid and 5mMC14MImCl, the applied voltage was -21.7kV. The linear ranges for analyzed compounds were following: organic acids, raffinose and sucrose from 0.20 to 7mM, cellodextrin oligomers from 0.25 to 5mM, other analyzed carbohydrates from 0.25 to 7mM and 5-HMF from 0.05 to 7mM. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of peak areas varied from 3.47 to 9.62% during a 5-day analysis period and 0.58-5.29% during one day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Aid
- Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Loore Paist
- Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Margus Lopp
- Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Kaljurand
- Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Merike Vaher
- Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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3
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Toppazzini M, Coslovi A, Rossi M, Flamigni A, Baiutti E, Campa C. Capillary Electrophoresis of Mono- and Oligosaccharides. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1483:301-338. [PMID: 27645743 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6403-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reports an overview of the recent advances in the analysis of mono- and oligosaccharides by capillary electrophoresis (CE); furthermore, relevant reviews and research articles recently published in the field are tabulated. Additionally, pretreatments and procedures applied to uncharged and acidic carbohydrates (i.e., monosaccharides and lower oligosaccharides carrying carboxylate, sulfate, or phosphate groups) are described.Representative examples of such procedures are reported in detail, upon describing robust methodologies for the study of (1) neutral oligosaccharides derivatized by reductive amination and by formation of glycosylamines; (2) sialic acid derivatized with 2-aminoacridone, released from human serum immunoglobulin G; (3) anomeric couples of neutral glycosides separated using borate-based buffers; (4) unsaturated, underivatized oligosaccharides from lyase-treated alginate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Toppazzini
- GSK Vaccines, Manufacturing Science & Technology Bellaria di Rosia, Sovicille (Siena), Italy
| | - Anna Coslovi
- GSK Vaccines, Manufacturing Science & Technology Bellaria di Rosia, Sovicille (Siena), Italy
| | - Marco Rossi
- Bracco Imaging SpA-CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anna Flamigni
- Bracco Imaging SpA-CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - Edi Baiutti
- Bracco Imaging SpA-CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristiana Campa
- GSK Vaccines, Manufacturing Science & Technology Bellaria di Rosia, Sovicille (Siena), Italy.
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4
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Fedorowski J, LaCourse WR. A review of pulsed electrochemical detection following liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 861:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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Microfluidic system for enzymeless electrochemical determination of inulin using catalytically active metal nanowires. Mikrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1384-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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6
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García M, Batalla P, Escarpa A. Metallic and polymeric nanowires for electrochemical sensing and biosensing. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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7
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Development and validation of an indirect pulsed electrochemical detection method for monitoring the inhibition of Abl1 tyrosine kinase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 90:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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8
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García M, Alonso-Fernández JR, Escarpa A. Copper Nanowires Immobilized on the Boards of Microfluidic Chips for the Rapid and Simultaneous Diagnosis of Galactosemia Diseases in Newborn Urine Samples. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9116-25. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402331v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel García
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Ramón Alonso-Fernández
- Laboratorio
de Metabolopatías, Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico (CHUS) and Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Sánchez-Pomales G, Zangmeister RA. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Glycobiosensing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.4061/2011/825790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosensors based on electrochemical transduction mechanisms have recently made advances into the field of glycan analysis. These glyco-biosensors offer simple, rapid, sensitive, and economical approaches to the measurement need for rapid glycan analysis for biomarker detection, cancer and disease diagnostics, and bioprocess monitoring of therapeutic glycoproteins. Although the prevalent methods of glycan analysis (high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) provide detailed identification and structural analysis of glycan species, there are significantly few low-cost, rapid glycan assays available for diagnostic and screening applications. Here we review instances in which glyco-biosensors have been used for glycan analysis using a variety of electrochemical transduction mechanisms (e.g., amperometric, potentiometric, impedimetric, and voltammetric), selective binding agents (e.g., lectins and antibodies), and redox species (e.g., enzyme substrates, inorganic, and nanomaterial).
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Affiliation(s)
- Germarie Sánchez-Pomales
- Bioprocess Measurements Group, Biochemical Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Zangmeister
- Bioprocess Measurements Group, Biochemical Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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10
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Protein glycosylation analysis with capillary-based electromigrative separation techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12566-010-0018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Capillary electrophoretic separation and post-column electrochemical detection of mercury and methyl mercury and applications to coal samples. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.02.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Guan Q, Henry CS. Improving MCE with electrochemical detection using a bubble cell and sample stacking techniques. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3339-46. [PMID: 19802848 PMCID: PMC3005344 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two efforts to improve the sensitivity and limits of detection for MCE with electrochemical detection are presented here. One is the implementation of a capillary expansion (bubble cell) at the detection zone to increase the exposed working electrode surface area. Bubble cell widths were varied from 1x to 10x the separation channel width (50 mum) to investigate the effects of electrode surface area on detection sensitivity, LOD, and separation efficiency. Improved detection sensitivity and decreased detection limits were obtained with increased bubble cell width, and LODs of dopamine and catechol detected in a 5x bubble cell were 25 and 50 nM, respectively. Meanwhile, fluorescent imaging results demonstrated approximately 8 and approximately 12% loss in separation efficiency in 4x and 5x bubble cell, respectively. Another effort at reducing the LOD involves using field amplified sample injection for gated injection and field amplified sample stacking for hydrodynamic injection. Stacking effects are shown for both methods using amperometric detection and pulsed amperometric detection. The LODs of dopamine in a 4x bubble cell were 8 and 20 nM using field amplified sample injection and field amplified sample stacking, respectively. However, improved LODs were not obtained for anionic analytes using either stacking technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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13
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Simultaneous determination of phenylenediamine isomers and dihydroxybenzene isomers in hair dyes by capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with amperometric detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:653-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Campa C, Rossi M. Capillary electrophoresis of neutral carbohydrates: mono-, oligosaccharides, glycosides. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 384:247-305. [PMID: 18392573 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-376-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This chapter reports an overview of the recent advances in the analysis of neutral sugars by capillary electrophoresis (CE); furthermore, some relevant reviews and research articles in the field are tabulated. Comparison of CE with chromatography is also presented, with special attention to separation efficiency and sensitivity. The main routes aimed at pretreatment and CE analysis of uncharged mono-, oligosaccharides, and glycosides are described. Representative examples of such procedures are reported in detail, upon describing robust methodologies for the study of (1) neutral mono- and oligosaccharides derivatized by reductive amination and by formation of glycosylamines; (2) underivatized mono- and di-saccharides analyzed using highly alkaline buffers; and (3) anomeric couples of glycosides separated using borate-based buffers.
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15
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Dong S, Zhang S, Cheng X, He P, Wang Q, Fang Y. Simultaneous determination of sugars and ascorbic acid by capillary zone electrophoresis with amperometric detection at a carbon paste electrode modified with polyethylene glycol and Cu2O. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1161:327-33. [PMID: 17574259 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a kind of novel carbon paste electrode modified with double modifiers-polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Cu(2)O (PEG/Cu(2)O CPME) in capillary zone electrophoresis with amperometric detection (CZE-AD) was applied to simultaneously determine three sugars: glucose, sucrose, fructose and ascorbic acid (AA). The catalytic electrochemical properties of PEG/Cu(2)O CPME could enhance sensitivity obviously compared with carbon paste electrode modified with only PEG or Cu(2)O at a relatively lower detection potential (+0.3 V versus SCE). Especially, the electrochemical detection response of AA increased obviously to the same level of saccharides by adding PEG into the Cu(2)O carbon paste modified electrode. The four analytes could be perfectly separated within 22 min, the linear ranges were from 1.0 x 10 (-6) to 5.0 x 10(-5) mol L(-1) and the detection limits were at 10(-7) mol L(-1) magnitude (S/N=3). The present working electrode was successfully employed to analyse beverage samples with recoveries in the range 93-107% and RSDs less than 4%. Above results demonstrated that capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with the PEG/Cu(2)O carbon paste modified electrode was of convenient preparation, high sensitivity, good repeatability and could be used in the rapid determination of practical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Dong
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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16
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Lamari F, Karamanos NK. HIGH PERFORMANCE CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS AS A POWERFUL ANALYTICAL TOOL OF GLYCOCONJUGATES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Lamari
- a Section of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Natural Products, Department of Chemistry , University of Patras , Patras , 261 10 , Greece
| | - Nikos K. Karamanos
- b Section of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Natural Products, Department of Chemistry , University of Patras , Patras , 261 10 , Greece
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17
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Vickers JA, Henry CS. Simplified current decoupler for microchip capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical and pulsed amperometric detection. Electrophoresis 2006; 26:4641-7. [PMID: 16294295 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to develop broadly applicable, highly sensitive detection methods for microchip CE that do not require analyte derivatization. LIF is highly sensitive but typically requires analyte derivatization. Electrochemistry provides an alternative method for direct analyte detection; however, in its most common form, direct current (DC) amperometry, it is limited to a small number of easily oxidizable or reducible analytes. Pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) is an alternative waveform that can increase the number of electrochemically detectable analytes. Increasing sensitivity for electrochemical detection (EC) and PAD requires the isolation of detection current (nA) from the separation current (muA) in a process generally referred to as current decoupling. Here, we present the development of a simple integrated decoupler to improve sensitivity and its coupling with PAD. A Pd microwire is used as the cathode for decoupling and a second Au or Pt wire is used as the working electrode for either EC or PAD. The electrode system is easy to make, requiring no clean-room facilities or specialized metallization systems. Sensitive detection of a wide range of analytes is shown to be possible using this system. Using this system we were able to achieve detection limits as low as 5 nM for dopamine, 74 nM for glutathione, and 100 nM for glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Vickers
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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18
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Hübner J, Nguyen A, Turcu F, Melchior D, Kling HW, Gäb S, Schmitz OJ. Analysis of alkyl polyglucosides in industrial products by capillary electrophoresis with pulsed amperometric detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 384:259-64. [PMID: 16261323 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pulsed amperometric detection following micellar electrokinetic chromatography has been applied successfully to the direct detection of alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) in shampoos and other industrial products without prior conversion to highly absorbing or fluorescing derivatives. For electrochemical detection, it is necessary to dissociate the hydroxyl groups of the APGs. Thus, we used 0.1 M NaOH in the outlet vial to dissociate the APGs. The main problems associated with the combination of electrochemical detection and capillary electrophoresis are the need to isolate the detector from the electric field used in the capillary electrophoresis separation and the difficulty of aligning the working electrode with the end of the capillary. To overcome these problems, a simple capillary-electrode holder was constructed. This holder automatically aligns the capillary and the electrode in a wall-jet configuration without the aid of micropositioners and facilitates the replacement of electrodes and capillaries without reconstruction of the entire capillary/electrode setup. Special microcylindrical gold electrodes have been produced by sealing 300-microm-diameter gold wire into borosilicate-glass capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hübner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gauss-Str. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
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19
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20
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García C, Henry C. Coupling Capillary Electrophoresis and Pulsed Electrochemical Detection. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200403235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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García C, Henry C. Comparison of Pulsed Electrochemical Detection Modes Coupled with Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis. ELECTROANAL 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200403083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Chicharro M, Sánchez A, Zapardiel A, Rubianes M, Rivas G. Capillary electrophoresis of neurotransmitters with amperometric detection at melanin-type polymer-modified carbon electrodes. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Sun X, Yan J, Yang X, Wang E. Electrochemical detector based on sol-gel-derived carbon composite material for capillary electrophoresis microchips. Electrophoresis 2004; 25:3455-60. [PMID: 15490438 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200305967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An on-chip disk electrode based on sol-gel-derived carbon composite material could be easily and reproducibly fabricated. Unlike other carbon-based electrodes reported previously, this detector is rigid, convenient to fabricate, and amenable to chemical modifications. Based on the stable and reproducible characters of this detector, a copper particle-modified detector was developed for the detection of carbohydrates which extends the application of the carbon-based electrode. In our experiments, the performance of the new integrated detector for rapid on-chip measurement of epinephrine and glucose was illustrated. Experimental procedures including the fabrication of this detector, the configuration of separation channel outlet and electrode verge, and the performance characteristics of this new electrochemical detector were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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24
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Garcıa CD, Henry CS. Enhanced determination of glucose by microchip electrophoresis with pulsed amperometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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García-Campaña AM, Gámiz-Gracia L, Baeyens WRG, Alés Barrero F. Derivatization of biomolecules for chemiluminescent detection in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 793:49-74. [PMID: 12880854 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An overview is presented on the power and drawbacks of the relatively unfamiliar chemiluminescence-based detection technique applied in analysis by capillary electrophoresis, for determining chemically derivatized biomolecules. Examples of the most common systems are given for many series of biologically active compounds as well as for some pharmaceuticals. The most common chemiluminescent systems include the application of peroxyoxalate ester chemiluminescence, acridinium esters, luminol and derivatives, detection based on the tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(III) system, the huge potentials offered by direct oxidations-though often with still unelucidated reaction mechanisms-and the powerful area of bioluminescence techniques, revealing as well the fast developing area of microchip-based analysis employing this specific luminescence principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M García-Campaña
- University of Granada, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain.
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26
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Sun X, Yang X, Wang E. Determination of biogenic amines by capillary electrophoresis with pulsed amperometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1005:189-95. [PMID: 12924793 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The biogenic amines, putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine were separated and quantified by capillary electrophoresis with pulsed amperometric detection. Detection potential of the pulsed amperometric detection was optimized as 0.6 V. Optimal separation of the biogenic amines was achieved using a separation buffer of 30 mM citrate at pH 3.5, while keeping the buffer in the detection cell as 20 mM NaOH. Using these conditions, the four biogenic amines were baseline separated. Extrapolated limits of detection for putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine were 400, 200, 100 and 400 nM for the standard mixture (polyamines dissolved in running buffer), respectively. These are lower than ultraviolet detection and comparable or even lower than laser-induced fluorescence detection results as reported in the literature. The number of theoretical plates was maintained at the 10(5) level, which is absolutely higher than any reported method. When applying capillary electrophoresis-pulsed amperometric detection to milk analysis, only spermidine was found in amounts varying between 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 159, Changchun 130022 China
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27
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Sun X, Yang X, Wang E. Evaluation of a sol-gel derived carbon composite electrode as an amperometric detector for capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2003; 991:109-16. [PMID: 12703905 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the construction and application of a sol-gel derived carbon composite electrode (CCE) as an amperometric detector for capillary electrophoresis. The electrochemical properties were characterized and compared with those of conventional carbon fiber and carbon paste electrode (CPE). Experimental results show that peak-to-peak noise of CCE was about 20% of CPE and electrode capacitance was comparatively low. When applied to the detection of dopamine and epinephrine, the optimal detection potential for CCE was 0.1 V lower than CPE under the same separation conditions; CCE with diameter of 75 and 100 microm could achieve a low detection limit of 3 x 10(-8) and 6 x 10(-8) M for the detection of epinephrine, which approaching that of the 33-microm diameter carbon fiber electrode. Also, the linearity for epinephrine at CCE was more than two orders of magnitude, which was slightly wider than that of carbon fiber electrode. Applications to real sample analysis were tested by the determination of betahistine dihydrochloride in tablets and human urine. Using CCE with diameter < or = 100 microm as an amperometric detector after capillary electrophoresis separation, a low detection limit and a wide linear range combined with excellent reproducibility were obtained. This CCE possesses of many advantages, namely, convenience, ease of fabrication, low cost and high stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 159, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China
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28
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Hebert NE, Kuhr WG, Brazill SA. Microchip capillary electrophoresis coupled to sinusoidal voltammetry for the detection of native carbohydrates. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:3750-9. [PMID: 12432538 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200211)23:21<3750::aid-elps3750>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development of a microchip electrophoresis system involving integrated frequency based electrochemical detection is described. The use of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) as the channel substrate greatly simplifies the fabrication process while decreasing cost and time consumption. Characterization of this system is accomplished through the detection of native carbohydrates at planar copper electrodes. Various photolithographic techniques are explored in the optimization of electrode area. Separation efficiency of 1 x 10(5) theoretical plates per meter is demonstrated. Sinusoidal voltammetry utilizes information in the frequency domain to achieve sensitive detection through either of two approaches, maximization of signal or minimization of noise. Mass detection limits (S/N = 3) of less than 200 amol have been accomplished for glucose and sucrose. Sinusoidal voltammetry also facilitated the selective isolation of an analyte signal from a pair of chromatographically unresolved species through the use of phase discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Hebert
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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29
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Rassi ZE. Chapter 18 Capillary electrophoresis and electrochromatography of carbohydrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(02)80043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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30
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Tran NT, Cabanes-Macheteau M, Taverna M. Chapter 20 Analysis of glycoproteins and their glycopeptide and glycan fragments by electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY LIBRARY 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(02)80045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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31
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Abstract
As a high efficiency separation technique, capillary electrophoresis has been widely used in various fields of analytical science. This review discusses the applications of electrochemical detection systems combined with capillary electrophoresis in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. These detection methods mainly involve amperometric detection but also include conductivity detection and potentiometric detection. Its applications in the field are divided into six parts, including catechol compounds, thiols, amino acids and peptides, carbohydrates, general pharmaceuticals, and other related compounds. A relatively detailed discussion is described for each compound under the current studied. On this basis, we have suggested several conceivable directions for capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wang
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai
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Hua L, Tan SN. Amperometric detection for capillary electrophoresis at a sol–gel carbon composite electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Abstract
Glycoconjugates constitute a major group of biomolecules, which participate in several biological functions and processes. Their carbohydrate components play key roles in determining the properties of glycoconjugates and, therefore, analysis and structural characterization of carbohydrates are essential. Capillary electrophoresis, due to its high resolving power and sensitivity, has been successfully used for the analysis of carbohydrates. In this review the principles of high-performance capillary electrophoresis; mechanisms employed for glycoconjugate analysis as well as the various detection techniques used are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Karamanos
- Section of Organic Chemistry-Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 261 10 Patras, Greece.
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Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE)-related techniques are increasingly being used as a matter of routine practice in the biotechnology discipline. Since recombinant DNA-derived proteins and the antisense oligonucleotides constitute a large portion of the applications of these techniques, they have been emphasized in this review. Analyses by CE of Escherichia coli-derived proteins and glycosylated proteins derived from mammalian cell cultures are summarized, as well as those of the carbohydrate chains that have been enzymatically removed from the protein. Applications of CE in the analysis of the antisense oligonucleotides for the determination of purity and the analytical studies on the metabolism of these modified oligonucleotides, by CE are reviewed. The literature mainly covers the period from 1996.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Lagu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division of Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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35
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36
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Baldwin RP. Electrochemical determination of carbohydrates: enzyme electrodes and amperometric detection in liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 19:69-81. [PMID: 10698569 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, electrochemical detection (EC) methods have become increasingly important for the determination of carbohydrate compounds in a variety of biological and pharmaceutical samples. In this work, recent advances in the design and application of EC approaches are reviewed, with the goal of providing the non-electrochemist with a basic understanding of the most important EC approaches to carbohydrate detection and an overview of their current applications. Two specific EC detection strategies are considered in detail: enzyme electrodes and electrodes used for HPLC or capillary electrophoresis detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Baldwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Goldman MH, James DC, Rendall M, Ison AP, Hoare M, Bull AT. Monitoring recombinant human interferon-gamma N-glycosylation during perfused fluidized-bed and stirred-tank batch culture of CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 1998; 60:596-607. [PMID: 10099468 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19981205)60:5<596::aid-bit10>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary cells producing recombinant human interferon-gamma were cultivated for 500 h attached to macroporous microcarriers in a perfused, fluidized-bed bioreactor, reaching a maximum cell density in excess of 3 x 10(7) cells (mL microcarrier)-1 at a specific growth rate (mu) of 0.010 h-1. During establishment of the culture, the N-glycosylation of secreted recombinant IFN-gamma was monitored by capillary electrophoresis of intact IFN-gamma proteins and by HPLC analysis of released N-glycans. Rapid analysis of IFN-gamma by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography resolved the three glycosylation site occupancy variants of recombinant IFN-gamma (two Asn sites occupied, one Asn site occupied and nonglycosylated) in under 10 min per sample; the relative proportions of these variants remained constant during culture. Analysis of IFN-gamma by capillary isoelectric focusing resolved at least 11 differently sialylated glycoforms over a pI range of 3.4 to 6.4, enabling rapid quantitation of this important source of microheterogeneity. During perfusion culture the relative proportion of acidic IFN-gamma proteins increased after 210 h of culture, indicative of an increase in N-glycan sialylation. This was confirmed by cation-exchange HPLC analysis of released, fluorophore-labeled N-glycans, which showed an increase in the proportion of tri- and tetrasialylated N-glycans associated with IFN-gamma during culture, with a concomitant decrease in the proportion of monosialylated and neutral N-glycans. Comparative analyses of IFN-gamma produced by CHO cells in stirred-tank culture showed that N-glycan sialylation was stable until late in culture, when a decline in sialylation coincided with the onset of cell death and lysis. This study demonstrates that different modes of capillary electrophoresis can be employed to rapidly and quantitatively monitor the main sources of glycoprotein variation, and that the culture system and operation may influence the glycosylation of a recombinant glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Goldman
- Research School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
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38
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Abstract
This review summarizes publications on capillary electrophoresis (CE) of carbohydrates, covering almost all hitherto published papers on this topic. It is designed to be a convenient tool for the literature search by providing a comprehensive table. Since CE analysis of carbohydrates is generally complicated due to the structural diversity of carbohydrate species, an attempt is made in this table to supply detailed information on the analyzed form (underivatized or derivatized, type of derivative) and analytical conditions (capillary size, state of the inner wall, composition of the electrophoretic solution, applied voltage, detection method, etc.), for each combination of carbohydrate species to be analyzed. In addition, a brief overview is presented to help in the literature search.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Higashi-osaka, Japan
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Taverna M, Tran NT, Merry T, Horvath E, Ferrier D. Electrophoretic methods for process monitoring and the quality assessment of recombinant glycoproteins. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2572-94. [PMID: 9848665 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In many ways electrophoretic techniques appear ideal for quality monitoring of proteins and are thus well suited for the analysis of recombinant glycoproteins. The requirements of high throughput, comparative analysis and resolution of many variants are met by several electrophoretic techniques. A wide variety of such techniques are available to biotechnologists in the rapidly developing area of recombinant glycoproteins. It is the aim of this review to specifically cover recent work which has been applied to the analysis of DNA-derived glycoproteins, both from a process control standpoint and final product validation. All major areas of electrophoresis including sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), isoelectric focusing and techniques utilizing capillary electrophoresis are covered, with emphasis on analysis of glycoforms and oligosaccharide profiles of recombinant glycoproteins. As illustration, actual examples rather than standard glycoproteins are given to indicate the potential and limitations which may be encountered. It is anticipated that this review will prove a useful and practical guide to the latest developments by indicating the relevant merits of different methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taverna
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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40
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Abstract
Carbohydrates are ubiquitous species involved in many life processes. Because of the multilateral roles of carbohydrates, their analysis has come to have increasing importance. As shown in this review, capillary electrophoresis in its various modes of operation has proved very useful in the analysis of carbohydrate species including mono- and oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycopeptides and glycosaminoglycans. Advances in separation approaches and applications as well as advances in detection including sensitive and selective pre-column derivatization are described. In summary, this comprehensive review is a supplement to previous reviews and covers the published work in 1996 and the first half of 1997.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z El Rassi
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-3071, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Recent advances in the design and application of electrochemical detection (EC) systems in capillary electrophoresis (CE) are reviewed, with the objective of providing the non-electrochemist with a state-of-the-art picture of CEEC instrumentation and an overview of the primary analytes and samples for which the technique is best suited. In particular, instrument innovations designed to aid in decoupling the CE and EC systems electrically and in aligning them physically are described in detail. In addition, CEEC applications are summarized for four specific analyte groups: catecholamines, thiols and disulfides, amino acids, and carbohydrates. On this basis, it is clear that EC techniques have reached a stage where they are already having a significant impact on CE usage in selected areas of analysis. Continued developments with respect to new electrode materials and electrode configurations promise to broaden this impact further.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Voegel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Z El Rassi
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-3071, US
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