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Krebs F, Zagst H, Stein M, Ratih R, Minkner R, Olabi M, Hartung S, Scheller C, Lapizco-Encinas BH, Sänger-van de Griend C, García CD, Wätzig H. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications-Updated and completely revised edition. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1279-1341. [PMID: 37537327 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, precise, fast, and validated capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. It follows up a similar article from 1998, Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. "Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications," pointing out which fundamentals are still valid and at the same time showing the enormous achievements in the last 25 years. The structures of both reviews are widely similar, in order to facilitate their simultaneous use. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is now demonstrated by more than 600 carefully selected references. Many of those are recent reviews; therefore, a significant overview about the field is provided. There are extra sections about sample pretreatment related to CE and microchip CE, and a completely revised section about method development for protein analytes and biomolecules in general. The general strategies for method development are summed up with regard to selectivity, efficiency, precision, analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements, and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Krebs
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Holger Zagst
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ratih Ratih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Robert Minkner
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Mais Olabi
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sophie Hartung
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Christin Scheller
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos D García
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Method Development, Optimization, and Validation of the Separation of Ketamine Enantiomers by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Design of Experiments. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04229-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCapillary electrophoresis was chosen as cost-effective and robust method to separate ketamine enantiomers. For the method development, first different native and modified cyclodextrins were tested. The most promising chiral selector was α-cyclodextrin. A design of experiments (DoE) was carried out, which started with the screening of relevant factors. Based on these results, the method was optimized according to the significant factors (buffer, cyclodextrin concentration, pH value, voltage, temperature) of the screening based on the response resolution and migration time of the later migrating enantiomer. The optimized conditions consisted of a background electrolyte with 275 mM TRIS, adjusted with 85% phosphoric acid to a pH of 2.50, and 50 mM α-cyclodextrin, at a temperature of 15 °C, an applied voltage of 30 kV and an injection pressure of 1.0 psi for 10 s. A fused-silica capillary with a total length of 70 cm and an effective length to the detector of 60 cm was used. The method was validated according to ICH guideline Q2 R(1). The limit of quantification was 3.51 µg mL−1 for S-ketamine and 3.98 µg mL−1 for R-ketamine. The method showed good linearity for racemic ketamine with R2 of 0.9995 for S-ketamine and 0.9994 for R-ketamine. The lowest quantifiable content of S-ketamine found in R-ketamine was 0.45%.
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MODELLING THE SIMULTANEOUS CHIRAL SEPARATION OF A GROUP OF DRUGS BY ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY USING MIXTURES OF CYCLODEXTRINS. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1681:463444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ignaczak A, Orszański Ł. In Search of the Most Stable Molecular Configuration of Heptakis(2,6- O-dimethyl)-β-cyclodextrin and Its Complex with Mianserin: A Comparison of the B3LYP-GD2 and M062X-GD3 Results. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13077-13087. [PMID: 34817179 PMCID: PMC8667041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins are well known for their ability to form stable, highly soluble complexes with various substances, which makes them widely used as excipients in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. In this work, properties of heptakis(2,6-O-dimethyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DM-β-CD) in vacuo and in water, as well as its ability to bind the antidepressant drug mianserin (MIA) in aqueous solution, are investigated computationally. The results are shown to depend strongly on the density functional theory (DFT) applied. The most stable conformers of DM-β-CD found with the B3LYP-GD2 method differ from these indicated by M062X-GD3 and other functionals. According to the latter, two crystal structures, ZULQAY and BOYFOK03, optimized in vacuo and in water, respectively, have the lowest energy. Both the B3LYP-GD2 and M062X-GD3 results show that all tested inclusion and noninclusion complexes of MIA:DM-β-CD in stoichiometry 1:1 are stable in water. However, the structures and their energetic properties obtained with each method differ: in the most stable configurations, different aromatic rings of MIA are embedded inside DM-β-CD, and the corresponding complexation energies (calculated with the 6-31++G(d,p) basis set and corrected for the basis set superposition error) are -29.6 (B3LYP-GD2) and -23.9 (M062X-GD3) kcal/mol. The NMR spectra of DM-β-CD and MIA:DM-β-CD are also compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ignaczak
- Theoretical and Structural Chemistry Group, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Orszański
- Theoretical and Structural Chemistry Group, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Verma G, Mehta R, Kumar S, Ma S. Metal‐Organic Frameworks as a New Platform for Enantioselective Separations. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Verma
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1508 W Mulberry St Denton, TX 76201 USA
| | - Ruhi Mehta
- Department of Chemistry Multani Mal Modi College Patiala 147001 Punjab India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Multani Mal Modi College Patiala 147001 Punjab India
| | - Shengqian Ma
- Department of Chemistry University of North Texas 1508 W Mulberry St Denton, TX 76201 USA
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Kasal P, Jindřich J. Mono-6-Substituted Cyclodextrins-Synthesis and Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:5065. [PMID: 34443653 PMCID: PMC8400779 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins are well known supramolecular hosts used in a wide range of applications. Monosubstitution of native cyclodextrins in the position C-6 of a glucose unit represents the simplest method how to achieve covalent binding of a well-defined host unit into the more complicated systems. These derivatives are relatively easy to prepare; that is why the number of publications describing their preparations exceeds 1400, and the reported synthetic methods are often very similar. Nevertheless, it might be very demanding to decide which of the published methods is the best one for the intended purpose. In the review, we aim to present only the most useful and well-described methods for preparing different types of mono-6-substituted derivatives. We also discuss the common problems encountered during their syntheses and suggest their optimal solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jindřich Jindřich
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
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Hancu G, Papp LA, Tóth G, Kelemen H. The Use of Dual Cyclodextrin Chiral Selector Systems in the Enantioseparation of Pharmaceuticals by Capillary Electrophoresis: An Overview. Molecules 2021; 26:2261. [PMID: 33919692 PMCID: PMC8069766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives are the most efficient and frequently used chiral selectors (CSs) in capillary electrophoresis (CE). There are situations when the use of a single CD as CS is not enough to obtain efficient chiral discrimination of the enantiomers; in these cases, sometimes this problem can be resolved using a dual CD system. The use of dual CD systems can often dramatically enhance enantioseparation selectivity and can be applied for the separation of many analytes of pharmaceutical interest for which enantioseparation by CE with another CS systems can be problematic. Usually in a dual CD system an anionic CD is used together with a neutral one, but there are situations when the use of a cationic CD with a neutral one or the use of two neutral CDs or even two ionized CDs can be an efficient solution. In the current review we present general aspects of the use of dual CD systems in the analysis of pharmaceutical substances. Several examples of applications of the use of dual CD systems in the analysis of pharmaceuticals are selected and discussed. Theoretical aspects regarding the separation of enantiomers through simultaneous interaction with the two CSs are also explained. Finally, advantages, disadvantages, potential and new direction in this chiral analysis field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Lajos Attila Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Hajnal Kelemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.H.); (H.K.)
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8
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Kanizsová L, Ansorge M, Zusková I, Dubský P. Using single-isomer octa(6-O-sulfo)-γ-cyclodextrin for fast capillary zone electrophoretic enantioseparation of pindolol: Determination of complexation constants, software-assisted optimization, and method validation. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1568:214-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Chung HK, Truong QK, Mai XL, Choi Y, Kang JS, Mar W, Kim KH. Determination of S-(−)-lansoprazole in dexlansoprazole preparation by capillary zone electrophoresis. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:962-971. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hancu G, Budău M, Kántor LK, Cârje A. Cyclodextrine screening for the chiral separation of amlodipine enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis. Adv Pharm Bull 2015; 5:35-40. [PMID: 25789217 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2015.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Amlodipine is a long acting, dihydropyridine type calcium channel blocker frequently used in the treatment of hypertension and coronary insufficiency. The calcium channel blocking activity resides primarily in the S-amlodipine enantiomer, while R-amlodipine is a potent inhibitor of smooth muscle cell migration. METHODS In this study capillary electrophoresis was applied for the enantiomeric separation of amlodipine using different native and derivatized; neutral and charged cyclodextrines as chiral selectors. The effects of pH and composition of the background electrolyte, concentration and type of chiral selector, capillary temperature, running voltage and injection parameters have been investigated. RESULTS Stereoselective interactions were observed when using α-CD, β-CD, HP-β-CD, RAMEB, CM-β-CD and SBE-β-CD. Optimized separation conditions consisted on a 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH - 3.0, 20 mM RAMEB as chiral selector, + 25 kV applied voltage, 15°C temperature and UV detection at 238 nm. Using the optimized electrophoretic conditions we succeeded the chiral separation of amlodipine enantiomers in approximately 6 minute, the order of migration being R-amlodipine followed by S-amlodipine. The method was successfully applied for the determination of amlodipine enantiomers from commercially available pharmaceuticals. The linearity range, limits of detection and quantification, precision and accuracy were determined and the results obtained confirmed that the method was suitable for this purpose. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that the proposed capillary electrophoresis methods can be useful for routine pharmaceutical applications with benefits of its effectivity, simplicity, short analysis time and low consumption of analytes, solvents and chiral selectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Monica Budău
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Lajos Kristóf Kántor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Anca Cârje
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
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Dubský P, Müllerová L, Dvořák M, Gaš B. Generalized model of electromigration with 1:1 (analyte:selector) complexation stoichiometry: Part I. Theory. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1384:142-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Müllerová L, Dubský P, Gaš B. Twenty years of development of dual and multi-selector models in capillary electrophoresis: a review. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2688-700. [PMID: 24946108 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
It has been 20 years since Lurie et al. first published their model of electromigration of an analyte under simultaneous interaction with two cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. Since then, the theory of (enantio)separation in dual and complex mixtures of (chiral) selectors is well understood. In spite of this, a trial-and-error approach still prevails in analytical practice. Such a situation is likely caused by the fact that the entire theory is spread over numerous papers and the relations between various models are not always clear. The present review condenses the theory for the first time. Available mathematical models and feasible practical approaches are summarized and their advantages and limitations discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Müllerová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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13
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Zhou J, Ai F, Zhou B, Tang J, Ng SC, Tang W. Hydroxyethylammonium monosubstituted cyclodextrin as chiral selector for capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 800:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tsioupi DA, Stefan-Vanstaden RI, Kapnissi-Christodoulou CP. Chiral selectors in CE: recent developments and applications. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:178-204. [PMID: 23161372 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review article provides an overview of the recent advances in enantioanalysis by use of electrophoretic techniques. Due to the big number of publications in the subject mentioned above, this article is focused on chiral method developments and applications published from 2008 until 2011, and it demonstrates chiral selectors used in CE. Numerous chiral selectors have been used over the years, and these include the cyclic and the linear oligo- and polysaccharides, the branched polysaccharides, the polymeric and monomeric surfactants, the macrocyclic and other antibiotics, and the crown ethers. Different dual-selector systems are also presented in this article, and the results are compared with those obtained by use of a single chiral selector. Finally, several pharmaceutical and biomedical applications based on chiral recognition are summarized.
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Servais AC, Fillet M. Application of dual cyclodextrin systems in capillary electrophoresis enantioseparations. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 970:289-295. [PMID: 23283785 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-263-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The enantioseparation of acidic and neutral compounds can be successfully achieved in capillary electrophoresis (CE) using dual cyclodextrin (CD) systems. This chapter describes how to separate the enantiomers of acidic or neutral substances using dual CD systems made up of a negatively charged CD derivative, i.e., sulfobutyl-β-CD (SB-β-CD) or carboxymethyl-β-CD (CM-β-CD), in combination with a neutral one, namely, heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-CD (TM-β-CD). An acidic compound (carprofen) and a weakly acidic drug (pentobarbital) were selected as model compounds.
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Servais AC, Rousseau A, Fillet M, Lomsadze K, Salgado A, Crommen J, Chankvetadze B. Capillary electrophoretic and nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the opposite affinity pattern of propranolol enantiomers towards various cyclodextrins. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1617-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Dubský P, Svobodová J, Tesařová E, Gaš B. Enhanced selectivity in CZE multi-chiral selector enantioseparation systems: Proposed separation mechanism. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1435-41. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Trapp O. Investigation of the stereodynamics of molecules and catalyzed reactions by CE. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:786-813. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jamali B, Bjørnsdottir I, Cornett C, Honoré Hansen S. Investigation of a dual CD chiral CE system for separation of glitazone compounds. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:2853-61. [PMID: 19650045 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A dual CD-CE method for chiral separation of enantiomers of pioglitazone, rosiglitazone and balaglitazone was investigated for the purpose of optimizing the chiral separation. In a previous work a dual CD chiral CE method was used for investigation of glitazone compounds in drug substance and pharmaceutical formulation and the studies showed that all studied glitazones were racemic mixtures. This CE method could separate the enantiomers with a resolution (R(S)) of about 3. However, another study on single glitazone enantiomers pointed out that a higher R(S) is needed to achieve more accurate results for separation of a small amount of one enantiomer in the presence of a high amount of the other enantiomers. The focus of this investigation was thus directed toward the effect of CDs and the pH of the running buffer to achieve a better enantioseparation. Initially CE systems with each of heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-CD (DM-beta-CD) and heptakis(6-sulfobutylether)-beta-CD (SB-beta-CD) as single CD added were investigated at three different pH values (2.5, 5.0 and 9.3). After having chosen the best of these three pH values a dual CD system was further investigated and optimized. The optimization work was then focused on the concentration of the two CDs and the pH of the running buffer and was performed using factorial design experiments. A mixture of a DM-beta-CD and SB-beta-CD was found to be optimal and necessary to achieve enantioseparation with sufficiently high R(S). In order to further verify the importance of the SB-beta-CD, a CE system with the DM-beta-CD added and substitution or partial substitution of the SB-beta-CD by SDS was studied for comparison. (1)H-NMR studies were performed to get a more detailed understanding of the interactions between the glitazones and the CDs used.The optimized dual CD-CE method for chiral separation of the enantiomers of pioglitazone, rosiglitazone and balaglitazone using a running buffer containing 50 mM borate buffer pH 9.7, 12 mM of SB-beta-CD and 3 mM of DM-beta-CD provided a high R(S) (R(S) between 5.5 and 8.8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Jamali
- Formulation & Analytical Development, CMC Analysis & Formulation, Bagsvaerd, Denmark.
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Kang J, Kutscher D, Montes-Bayón M, Blanco-González E, Sanz-Medel A. Enantioselective determination of thyroxine enantiomers by ligand-exchange CE with UV absorbance and ICP-MS detection. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1774-82. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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El Deeb S, Hasemann P, Wätzig H. Strategies in method development to quantify enantiomeric impurities using CE. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3552-62. [PMID: 18803216 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The growing number of chiral new drug substances requires increasing efforts in developing enantioselective methods. According to International conference on Harmonization guidelines, one should quantify the enantiomeric impurity of 0.1% relative to the major constituent. Capillary electrophoresis has evolved into an important tool for the separation of chiral drugs. The common strategies consist of two steps: firstly, initial separation conditions are evaluated. This screening usually focuses on the selection of the appropriate chiral selector. In our study 22 neutral, anionic or cationic cyclodextrins were dissolved in phosphate buffer (pH 2.5, 50 mM, CD conc.: 2.0%). Then they were investigated for the separation of 14 chiral compounds. Secondly, the obtained initial conditions for the enantiomeric separation were optimized in terms of resolution and analysis time. In our approach, important optimized factors including the concentration of the chiral selector (1-10%), the pH of the buffer (2.0-9.0), and the percentage of organic modifier (0-15%) were studied. This common strategy was completed by elaborating final requirements for the quantification of the enantiomeric impurity. A resolution between 3 and 4 was found to be necessary for the racemic mixture during the screening and optimization steps, in order to later allow for peak overloading and thus to sufficiently increase the signal-to-noise ratio. The complete strategy was conducted for atenolol, isoprenaline, verapamil and mandelic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Azhar University-Gaza, Gaza, Palestinian Territory
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Fakhari AR, Nojavan S, Haghgoo S, Mohammadi A. Development of a stability-indicating CE assay for the determination of amlodipine enantiomers in commercial tablets. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4583-92. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zhang H, Shao H, A Y, Zhang Z. Optimized Conditions of Enantioseparation of β-Blockers by CZE Using Carboxymethyl-β-Cyclodextrin as Chiral Selector. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Juvancz Z, Kendrovics RB, Iványi R, Szente L. The role of cyclodextrins in chiral capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1701-12. [PMID: 18421743 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The members of the enantiomeric pairs frequently show rather different biological effects, so their chiral selective synthesis, pharmacological studies and analysis are necessary. CE has unique advantages in chiral analysis. The most frequently used chiral selectors are CDs in this field. This paper gives a short view on the advantages on CE in direct chiral separations, emphasizing the role of CDs. The reason for the broad selectivity spectra of CDs is discussed in detail. The physical background of chiral selective separations is briefly shown in CE. Their interaction mechanisms are shortly defined. The general trend of their use is statistically evaluated. Most frequently used CDs and CD derivatives are characterized. Advantages of ionizable CDs and single-isomer derivatives are shown. The general trend of their use is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Juvancz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Budapest Tech. Polytechnical Institution, Budapest, Hungary.
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25
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Capillary electrophoresis for pharmaceutical analysis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2008. [PMID: 18392572 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-376-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to pharmaceutical analysis. The areas of pharmaceutical analysis covered are enantiomer separation, analysis of small molecules such as amino acids or drug counter-ions, pharmaceutical assay, related substances determinations, and physiochemical measurements such as log P and pKa of compounds. The different electrophoretic modes available and their advantages for pharmaceutical analysis are described. Recent applications of CE for each subject area are tabulated with electrolyte details. Information on electrolyte choice and method optimization to obtain optimal separations is included.
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Wang R, Jia ZP, Fan JJ, Chen LR, Xie H, Ma J, Ge X, Zhang Q, Ao Y, Wang J. CE, with Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin as Chiral Selector, for Separation and Determination of the Enantiomers of Amlodipine in the Serum of Hypertension Patients. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Yuan H, Thompson RA, Ellison DK. ENANTIOMERIC SEPARATION OF A DRUG SUBSTANCE USING CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS WITH SULFATED-β-CYCLODEXTRIN. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120015887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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28
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Zhao Y, Yang XB, Wang QF, Nan PJ, Jin Y, Zhang SY. Determination of enantiomeric excess for 2,3-dihydroxy-3-phenylpropionate compounds by capillary electrophoresis using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector. Chirality 2007; 19:380-5. [PMID: 17380486 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method was developed to separate three chiral 2,3-dihydroxy-3-phenylpropionate enantiomers using neutral hydroxypropyl-beta-CD (HP-beta-CD) as chiral selector and borate as background electrolyte. The results showed that HP-beta-CD exhibited good enantioselectivity and high resolution was achieved under the optimum condition of pH 10.3, 200 mM borate buffer containing 6% methanol and 50 mM HP-beta-CD at 15 kV and 20 degrees C within 16 min. The precision of the method was <0.9% for migration time and 4.5% for corrected peak area. In addition, the developed method was successfully applied to the determination of enantiomeric excess (ee) of synthetic 2,3-dihydroxy-3-phenylpropionate samples. With this method, low as 0.2% impurity of the undesirable enantiomer in the presence of high amount of target enantiomer was determined. The results demonstrated that the proposed CZE method is a simple and useful technique and is applicable to ee assay of 2,3-dihydroxy-3-phenylpropionate enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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29
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Zhao Y, Yang XB, Jiang R, Sun XL, Li XY, Liu WM, Zhang SY. Analysis of optical purity and impurity of synthetic D-phenylalanine products using sulfated beta-cyclodextrin as chiral selector by reversed-polarity capillary electrophoresis. Chirality 2006; 18:84-90. [PMID: 16385615 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new capillary electrophoresis (CE) method has been achieved for simultaneous separation and quantification of phenylalanine, N-acetylphenylalanine enantiomers, and prochiral N-acetylaminocinnamic acid, possibly co-existent in reaction systems or synthesized products of D-phenylalanine. The separation was carried out in an uncoated capillary under reversed-electrophoretic mode. Among the diverse charged cyclodextrins (CDs) examined, highly sulfated (HS)-beta-CD as the chiral selector exhibited the best enantioselectivity. The complete separation of the analytes was obtained under the optimum conditions of pH 2.5, 35 mM Tris buffer containing 4% HS-beta-CD, applied voltage -15 kV, and capillary temperature 25 degrees C. Furthermore, the proposed method was applied to the determination of optical purity and trace impurities in three batches of the asymmetric synthetic samples of D-phenylalanine, and satisfactory results were obtained. The determination recoveries of the samples were in the range of 97.8-103.8%, and precisions fell within 2.3-5.0% (RSD). The results demonstrate that this CE method is a useful, simple technique and is applicable to purity assays of D-phenylalanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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30
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Kavalírová A, Pospísilová M, Karlícek R. Enantiomeric purity determination of tamsulosin by capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrins and a polyacrylamide-coated capillary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:834-9. [PMID: 16139279 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Revised: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 07/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The chiral separation of racemic tamsulosin hydrochloride (TH) was carried out using cyclodextrin (CD)-mediated capillary electrophoresis (CE) with DAD at 200 nm. The best separation of enantiomers of the studied compound was achieved at 20 kV with 30 cm x 50 microm I.D. polyacrylamide (PAA)-coated fused-silica capillary (effective length 20 cm) and running buffer with sulfated-beta-CD (S-beta-CD) as chiral selector. Other selected native or derivatized CDs were also tested: beta-CD (5, 15 mmol l(-1)), carboxymethyl-beta-CD (5, 30 mmol l(-1)), dimethyl-beta-CD (15 mmol l(-1)) and hydroxypropyl-beta-CD (5, 30 mmol l(-1)). Several parameters such as capillary pretreatment, buffer type and concentration, pH of background electrolyte, methanol content, separation temperature and voltage, were optimized. The excellent baseline separation of chiral TH was successfully achieved within 12 min using 100 mmol l(-1) phosphate buffer with pH 2.5 containing 1.7 mmol l(-1) S-beta-CD. Rectilinear calibration range was 50.0-500.0 mumol l(-1) of each enantiomer (r = 0.9993-0.9996). The method was applied to the assay of R-TH in Omnic, capsules (nominal content 0.4 mg per capsule) with R.S.D. 2.75% (n = 6), recovery 99.3-101.7% and it was suitable for the chiral purity control of the active enantiomer in the pharmaceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kavalírová
- The Research Center LN00B125, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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31
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Sokoliess T, Köller G. Approach to method development and validation in capillary electrophoresis for enantiomeric purity testing of active basic pharmaceutical ingredients. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2330-41. [PMID: 15920778 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A chiral capillary electrophoresis system allowing the determination of the enantiomeric purity of an investigational new drug was developed using a generic method development approach for basic analytes. The method was optimized in terms of type and concentration of both cyclodextrin (CD) and electrolyte, buffer pH, temperature, voltage, and rinsing procedure. Optimal chiral separation of the analyte was obtained using an electrolyte with 2.5% carboxymethyl-beta-CD in 25 mM NaH2PO4 (pH 4.0). Interchanging the inlet and outlet vials after each run improved the method's precision. To assure the method's suitability for the control of enantiomeric impurities in pharmaceutical quality control, its specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness were validated according to the requirements of the International Conference on Harmonization. The usefulness of our generic method development approach for the validation of robustness was demonstrated.
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32
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Enantiomeric analysis of rivastigmine in pharmaceuticals by cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Mikus P, Valásková I, Havránek E. Chiral separation of dioxopromethazine in eye drops by CZE with charged cyclodextrin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 33:157-64. [PMID: 12972080 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with carboxyethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CE-beta-CD) dissolved in the operating buffer was used for the separation and determination of enantiomers of phenothiazine antihistaminic, dioxopromethazine, in commercial pharmaceutical preparation, eye drops. This chiral selector, negatively charged under given separating conditions (20 mmol/l epsilon -aminocaproic acid, acetic acid, pH 4.5), was effective in enantioresolution of the antihistamine even at its low concentrations (3-6 mg/ml) in the buffer solution. CZE identification and quantitation of the relevant constituents present in the preparation (dioxopromethazine enantiomers, phenylephrine) were based on the response of photometric absorbency detector, operating at a 275 nm detection wavelength. Changes in pH, type and concentration of chiral selector were studied in relation to chiral resolution. Acceptable validation criteria for sensitivity, precision, linearity and repeatability are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mikus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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34
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Lee S, Jung S. Enantioseparation using cyclosophoraoses as a novel chiral additive in capillary electrophoresis. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:1143-6. [PMID: 12706983 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosophoraoses, cyclic beta-(1-->2)-D-glucans produced by Rhizobium meliloti 2011, were used as a novel chiral additive for the separation of terbutaline, amethopterin, thyroxine and N-acetylphenylalanine enantiomers in aqueous capillary electrophoresis (CE). Enantioseparation took place in the normal- or reversed-polarity mode when a high concentration of neutral (60 mM) or anionic (40 mM) cyclosophoraoses was added to the background electrolyte (BGE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoo Lee
- Department of Microbial Engineering and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
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35
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Abushoffa AM, Fillet M, Marini RD, Hubert P, Crommen J. Enantiomeric separation of aminoglutethimide by capillary electrophoresis using native cyclodextrins in single and dual systems. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200390073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Wu X, Liu H, Liu H, Zhang S, Haddad PR. Preparation and characterization of p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene bonded capillaries for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)01519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Schmitt U, Branch SK, Holzgrabe U. Chiral separations by cyclodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis - Determination of the enantiomeric excess. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20021101)25:15/17<959::aid-jssc959>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Vescina MC, Fermier AM, Guo Y. Comparing cyclodextrin derivatives as chiral selectors for enantiomeric separation in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2002; 973:187-96. [PMID: 12437177 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A total of 26 different cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives with different functional groups and degrees of substitution were tested against 35 basic pharmaceutical compounds in an effort to investigate their effectiveness as chiral selectors for enantiomeric separation in capillary electrophoresis (CE). Testing was performed under the same conditions using a low pH buffer (25 mM phosphate buffer at pH approximately 2.5). Five CD derivatives, namely, highly sulfated-beta-CD, highly sulfated-beta-CD, hydroxypropyl-beta-CD (degree of substitution approximately 1), heptakis-(2,6-O-dimethyl)-beta-CD, and heptakis(2,3,6-O-trimethyl)-beta-CD were identified to be most effective for enantiomeric separations and have a wide range of enantiomeric selectivity towards the model compounds. Over 90% of the model compounds were enantiomerically resolved with the five identified CD derivatives, at a minimum resolution of 0.5. An additional 20 compounds were also tested to demonstrate the validity of the identified CD derivatives. The five CD derivatives were recommended as the starting chiral selectors in developing enantiomeric separation methods by CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Vescina
- Analytical Development/Drug Evaluation, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Raritan, NJ 08869, USA
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39
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Abstract
Combinatorial chiral separations were performed on a 96-capillary array electrophoresis system. A comprehensive enantioseparation protocol employing neutral and sulfated cyclodextrins as chiral selectors for common basic, neutral and acidic compounds was developed. By using only four judiciously chosen separation buffers, successful enantioseparations were achieved for 49 out of 54 test compounds spanning a large variety of pK and structures. Therefore, unknown compounds can be screened in this manner to identify the optimal enantioselective conditions in just one run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwan Zhong
- Ames Laboratory-USDOE and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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40
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Magnusson J, Wan H, Blomberg LG. Illustration of a simple and versatile scheme for reversing enantiomeric elution order and facilitating enantiomeric impurity determination in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:3013-9. [PMID: 12207310 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200209)23:17<3013::aid-elps3013>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Determination of enantiomeric purity is most often done under overload conditions, which leads to deformed peaks. In general, the best resolutions are obtained when the small peak appears before the large peak in the electropherogram. To be able to determine the R(+)-impurity in the S(-)-form as well as the S(-)-impurity in the R(+)-form the elution orders have to be reversed. The present paper describes reversal of enantiomeric elution order for the basic analyte propranolol and the acidic analyte ibuprofen. For propranolol, a charged heptakis-(6-sulfo)-beta-cyclodextrin (CD) is used in the background electrolyte. For ibuprofen, a mix of the charged heptakis-(6-sulfo)-beta-CD and the uncharged heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-beta-CD is used in the background electrolyte. The use of a coated capillary and reversal of the polarity shift the elution order, buffer composition is unchanged in both cases. The enantiomers of propranolol and ibuprofen are well separated on both the coated and uncoated capillaries. Detection limits of enantiomer impurities are investigated using spiked samples of both propranolol and ibuprofen.
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41
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42
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Quaglia MG, Donati E, Desideri N, Fanali S, D'auria FD, Tecca M. Chiral discrimination by HPLC and CE and antifungal activity of racemic fenticonazole and its enantiomers. Chirality 2002; 14:449-54. [PMID: 11984761 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fenticonazole is a chiral antifungal agent, used in therapy as the racemic mixture. The investigation on the chirality of fenticonazole is reported in this study. rac-Fenticonazole was resolved by HPLC and by capillary electrophoresis (CE). The chiral stationary phase (CSP), used in HPLC, was Daicel OD-H, a commercial phase, which allowed the separate collection of the two enantiomers. The chiral selectors used for CE were some cyclodextrin derivatives. The analysis time required from CE was about the half the HPLC enantioseparation time. The biological activity of the rac-mixture and each individual enantiomer was tested against Cryptococcus neoformans and two Aspergillus nidulans strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) evaluation showed that the eutomer was the enantiomer chromatographically more retained and had a longer migration time in the electrophoretic enantioseparation. The CD spectrum of the eutomer showed a positive Cotton effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Quaglia
- Dipartimento Studi Farmaceutici, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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43
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Matthijs N, Perrin C, Maftouh M, Massart DL, Vander Heyden Y. Knowledge-based system for method development of chiral separations with capillary electrophoresis using highly-sulphated cyclodextrins. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 27:515-29. [PMID: 11755753 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Method development for chiral separations is not easy because it requires experience and many experimental possibilities can be chosen. In order to help the analyst, a knowledge-based system (KBS) for the rapid determination of experimental parameters, which allow a baseline separation of enantiomers, has been developed. On the basis of own laboratory knowledge, completed with literature data, rules were defined and a KBS was built. Five different techniques are considered in this KBS. This paper describes the capillary electrophoresis (CE) section, in which a strategy has been defined based on the use of highly-sulfated cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. A structured representation of the knowledge and its implementation in Toolbook software is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Matthijs
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Pharmaceutical Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
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44
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Determination of the enantiomeric purity of 2-(2′-carboxy-3′-phenylcyclopropyl)glycines by chiral capillary electrophoresis. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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45
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Denk OM, Watson DG, Skellern GG. Chiral analysis of methylphenidate and dextromoramide by capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 761:61-8. [PMID: 11585132 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoretic methods have been developed to separate the enantiomers of methylphenidate (MPH) and dextromoramide. For MPH separation was achieved with heptakis (2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (DMCD) as chiral selector in a 100 mM phosphoric acid buffer adjusted to pH 3.0 with triethanolamine. Commercial samples of D,L-erytho-MPH HCl and D,L-threo-MPH HCl were analysed using the method. There was no evidence of the presence of D,L-threo-MPH HCl in D,L-erytho-MPH HCl and vice versa. The ratio of the enantiomers was determined for each diastereoisomer. Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin was the chiral selector of choice for the chiral separation of the enantiomers of moramide. The separation which gave a resolution of about 3.5 was achieved in 4 min using only a 6 cm of length of capillary. In a sample of dextro-R-moramide tartrate only a small quantity (4.9% w/w) of levo-S-moramide was detected with this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Denk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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46
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Zarbl E, Lämmerhofer M, Franco P, Petracs M, Lindner W. Development of stereoselective nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis system for the resolution of cationic and amphoteric analytes. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:3297-307. [PMID: 11589294 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200109)22:15<3297::aid-elps3297>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective ion-pair nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) method employing the partial filling technique with N-derivatized amino acids, e.g., (R)- and (S)-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-leucine (DNB-Leu), as chiral selector for the separation of "pseudoenantiomeric" cinchona alkaloid derivatives and other structurally related basic compounds like the enantiomers of mefloquine is presented. Originating from NACE with cinchona alkaloid derivatives as chiral counterions, this method was developed by application of the reciprocity principle of chiral recognition, which was proven to be valid for stereoselective ion-pair capillary electrophoresis (CE). A variety of basic and amphoteric selectands (SAs) could be well resolved. Thereby, the separation was primarily based on stereoselective ion-pair formation of corresponding SA stereoisomers and mobility differences of free and complexed (ion-paired) SAs. Additionally, in the case of diastereomeric SAs, naturally existing mobility differences between the diastereomers played also a role, but was shown by control experiments with racemic DNB-Leu and without selector (SO) to be of minor contribution to overall separation selectivity. Due to its simplicity, speed, and good reproducibility, the established method can be utilized for fast screening of cationic as well as amphoteric chiral compounds, and therefore is a valuable tool in the development of new chiral selectors and chiral stationary phases. Small sample amounts of the SO (4-5 mg) and only analytical amounts of SAs are needed, and about 20-50 compounds per day can be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zarbl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
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47
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Chankvetadze B, Burjanadze N, Blaschke G. Enantioseparation of the anticoagulant drug phenprocoumon in capillary electrophoresis with UV and laser-induced fluorescence detection and application of the method to urine samples. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:3281-5. [PMID: 11589291 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200109)22:15<3281::aid-elps3281>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The enantioseparation of phenprocoumon (PhC) in capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been studied using various cyclodextrins (CDs) such as native alpha, beta and gamma-CD and several neutral and randomly, as well as selectively substituted charged CD derivatives. Reversal of the enantiomer migration order was observed when using heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl (TM)-beta-CD as a chiral selector compared to all other CDs used. The detection of PhC was performed using either UV or laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. The limit of detection (LOD) observed with LIF detection was ca. 20 times lower compared to UV. The method has been applied to the analysis of urine samples of the patient under treatment with PhC in combination with other drugs such as ramipril, hydrochlorothiazide, and nifedipine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chankvetadze
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Münster, Germany
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48
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Pomponio R, Gotti R, Bertucci C, Cavrini V. Evidences of cyclodextrin-mediated enantioselective photodegradation of rac-nicardipine by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:3243-50. [PMID: 11589286 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200109)22:15<3243::aid-elps3243>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was applied to photostability studies on rac-nicardipine, a dihydropyridine chiral drug. CE methods were developed able to provide the enantioresolution of drug and its separation from the photodegradation products. Enantioresolution was achieved using 5% sulfated-beta-cyclodextrin (S-beta-CD) as chiral selector in 20 mM triethanolammonium phosphate solution (pH 3). The photostability studies were carried out on inclusion complexes of rac-nicardipine with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and (2-hydroxypropyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) in aqueous solutions (pH 7.4 and 5). The CE analysis of the solutions exposed to UV-A and UV-B radiations showed a photoprotective effect by beta-CD; conversely, HP-beta-CD proved to favor the drug photodegradation. Moreover, evidences for CDs-mediated stereoselective photodegradation of rac-nicardipine were obtained. In fact, two distinct photodegradation profiles were observed for the nicardipine enantiomers in the presence of the CDs. The photodegradation was found to follow an apparent first-order kinetics and two different kinetic constants (k) were obtained for the two enantiomers. After exposure to UV-A and UV-B radiations, the solutions contained residual nicardipine with a significant change in the enantiomeric ratio; this effect was depending on the CD used for the inclusion complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pomponio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita' di Bologna, Italy
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Schmitt U, Bojarski J, Holzgrabe U. Enantioseparation of chiral thiobarbiturates using cyclodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2001; 22:3237-42. [PMID: 11589285 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200109)22:15<3237::aid-elps3237>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The racemates of several chiral thiobarbiturates were separated by using different cyclodextrins in capillary electrophoresis (CE). Six neutral and negatively charged cyclodextrins 1 (CDs) were employed as chiral separators whereof five led to successful separation of enantiomeric thiobarbiturate pairs. The CDs used were the native alpha-CD, beta-CD, gamma-CD, and heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (HDM) as well as heptakis-(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-sulfato)-beta-cyclodextrin (HDMS) and heptakis-(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-sulfato)-beta-CD (HDAS). Five of the six chiral thiobarbiturates studied could be resolved at a basic pH value of 9.4 and a phosphate buffer concentration of 100 mM in a fused-silica capillary. Structurally related substances showed a similar behavior in separation: 1 and 2 bearing the center of chirality in the side chain at C5 can be best separated using gamma-CD, the N-alkyl-substituted compounds 3 and 4 as well as the N/S-dialkyl-substituted compound 5 could be resolved with HDM. Using the neutral CDs, the migration times were relatively small (< 11 min). 3 and 4 could be also resolved by means of the negatively charged HDMS. In the latter case, the migration time is twice as long as with HDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schmitt
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Trapp O, Schoetz G, Schurig V. Determination of enantiomerization barriers by dynamic and stopped-flow chromatographic methods. Chirality 2001; 13:403-14. [PMID: 11466759 DOI: 10.1002/chir.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, dynamic chromatography and stopped-flow chromatographic techniques have become versatile tools for the determination of enantiomerization and isomerization barriers. Increasing demands for the stereochemical safety of chiral drugs contributed to the rapid development of new techniques. New computer-aided evaluation systems allow the on-line determination of interconversion barriers from the experimental chromatograms. Both dynamic chromatography and stopped-flow chromatography have been applied to the entire range of chromatographic methods (GC, SFC, HPLC, CE).
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Affiliation(s)
- O Trapp
- University of Tübingen, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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