1
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Schneider MM, Emmenegger M, Xu CK, Condado Morales I, Meisl G, Turelli P, Zografou C, Zimmermann MR, Frey BM, Fiedler S, Denninger V, Jacquat RP, Madrigal L, Ilsley A, Kosmoliaptsis V, Fiegler H, Trono D, Knowles TP, Aguzzi A. Microfluidic characterisation reveals broad range of SARS-CoV-2 antibody affinity in human plasma. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:e202101270. [PMID: 34848436 PMCID: PMC8645332 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infections, which can range from asymptomatic to lethal, is crucially shaped by the concentration of antiviral antibodies and by their affinity to their targets. However, the affinity of polyclonal antibody responses in plasma is difficult to measure. Here we used microfluidic antibody affinity profiling (MAAP) to determine the aggregate affinities and concentrations of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in plasma samples of 42 seropositive individuals, 19 of which were healthy donors, 20 displayed mild symptoms, and 3 were critically ill. We found that dissociation constants, K d, of anti-receptor-binding domain antibodies spanned 2.5 orders of magnitude from sub-nanomolar to 43 nM. Using MAAP we found that antibodies of seropositive individuals induced the dissociation of pre-formed spike-ACE2 receptor complexes, which indicates that MAAP can be adapted as a complementary receptor competition assay. By comparison with cytopathic effect-based neutralisation assays, we show that MAAP can reliably predict the cellular neutralisation ability of sera, which may be an important consideration when selecting the most effective samples for therapeutic plasmapheresis and tracking the success of vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias M Schneider
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marc Emmenegger
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Catherine K Xu
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Georg Meisl
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Priscilla Turelli
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chryssa Zografou
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuela R Zimmermann
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Beat M Frey
- Regional Blood Transfusion Service Zurich, Swiss Red Cross, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Viola Denninger
- Fluidic Analytics, Unit A, Paddocks Business Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Raphaël Pb Jacquat
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lidia Madrigal
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alison Ilsley
- Fluidic Analytics, Unit A, Paddocks Business Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vasilis Kosmoliaptsis
- Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Organ Donation and Transplantation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heike Fiegler
- Fluidic Analytics, Unit A, Paddocks Business Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Didier Trono
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tuomas Pj Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Zinc-Finger-Protein-Based Microfluidic Electrophoretic Mobility Reversal Assay for Quantitative Double-Stranded DNA Analysis. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-021-00038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Nevídalová H, Michalcová L, Glatz Z. Capillary electrophoresis-based immunoassay and aptamer assay: A review. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:414-433. [PMID: 31975407 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the group of techniques called affinity probe CE has been widely used for the detection and the determination of several types of biomolecules with high sensitivity. These techniques combine the low sample consumption and high separation power of CE with the selectivity of the probe to the target molecule. The assays can be defined according to the type of probe used: CE immunoassays, with an antibody as the probe, or aptamer-based CE, with an aptamer as the probe. Immunoassays are generally divided into homogeneous and heterogeneous groups, and homogeneous variant can be further performed in competitive or noncompetitive formats. Interacting partners are free in solution at homogeneous assay, as opposed to heterogeneous analyses, where one of them is immobilized onto a solid support. Highly sensitive fluorescence, chemiluminescence or electrochemical detections were typically used in this type of study. The use of the aptamers as probes has several advantages over antibodies such as shorter generation time, higher thermal stability, lower price, and lower variability. The aptamer-based CE technique was in practice utilized for the determination of proteins in biological fluids and environmentally or clinically important small molecules. Both techniques were also transferred to microchip. This review is focused on theoretical principles of these techniques and a summary of their applications in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Nevídalová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Michalcová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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4
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Moser AC, Trenhaile S, Frankenberg K. Studies of antibody-antigen interactions by capillary electrophoresis: A review. Methods 2018; 146:66-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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5
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Enrichment and immobilization of macromolecular analytes on a porous membrane utilizing permeation drag. J Pharm Anal 2018; 8:187-193. [PMID: 29922488 PMCID: PMC6004618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enrichment and immobilization of analytes by chemical bonding or physical adsorption is typically the first step in many commonly used analytical techniques. In this paper, we discuss a permeation drag based technique as an alternative approach for carrying out location-specific immobilization of macromolecular analytes. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled macromolecules and their complexes were enriched near the surface of ultrafiltration membranes and detected by direct visual observation and fluorescence imaging. The level of macromolecule enrichment at the immobilization sites could be controlled by manipulating the filtration rate and thereby the magnitude of permeation drag. Higher enrichment as indicated by higher fluorescence intensity was observed at higher filtration rates. Also, larger macromolecules were more easily enriched. The feasibility of using this technique for detecting immunocomplexes was demonstrated by carrying out experiments with FITC labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) and its corresponding antibody. This permeation drag based enrichment technique could potentially be developed further to suit a range of analytical applications involving more sophisticated detection methods.
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6
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Andrási M, Lehoczki G, Nagy Z, Gyémánt G, Pungor A, Gáspár A. A comparative study of capillary electrophoresis and isothermal titration calorimetry for the determination of binding constant of human serum albumin to monoclonal antibody. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1274-81. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Andrási
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Gábor Lehoczki
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Zoltán Nagy
- Department of Colloid and Environmental Chemistry; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Gyöngyi Gyémánt
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - András Pungor
- Department of Experimental Physics; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
| | - Attila Gáspár
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; University of Debrecen; Debrecen Hungary
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7
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Pan Y, Karns K, Herr AE. Microfluidic electrophoretic mobility shift assays for quantitative biochemical analysis. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2078-90. [PMID: 24591076 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) play an important role in analytical chemistry, quantitative bioscience, and point-of-care diagnostics. Emerging microfluidic lab-on-a-chip technologies bring high throughput and multiplexed analysis to affinity-based electrophoretic separations, greatly advancing the performance of traditional EMSAs. This review elaborates on the relevant theoretical basis for EMSAs, surveys microfluidic-based EMSA applications in molecular conformation analyses, immunoassays, affinity assays and genomics, and outlines challenges and potential future improvements needed from this powerful assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Pan
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California San Francisco and University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
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8
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Capillary electrophoresis-based assessment of nanobody affinity and purity. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 818:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Wu B, Hu C, Hu X, Cao H, Huang C, Shen H, Jia N. Sensitive ECL immunosensor for detection of retinol-binding protein based on double-assisted signal amplification strategy of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and Ru(bpy)3(2+) doped mesoporous silica nanospheres. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 50:300-4. [PMID: 23876540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) strategy based on the sandwich-type immunosensor for sensitive detection of retinol-binding protein (RBP) was developed. The primary antibody anti-RBP was immobilized onto multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), which have large surface area and high electrical conductivity. The RBP antigen and Ru-Nafion@SiO2-labeled secondary antibody were then successively conjugated to form sandwich-type immunocomplexes through the specific interaction between antigen and antibody. The ECL signal amplification was significantly improved due to the synergistic effect of MWCNTs and mesoporous silica nanospheres (mSiO2). The developed ECL immunosensor exhibited high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of RBP and responded linearly to the clinically-relevant concentration of RBP from 78 to 5000 ng mL(-1). Moreover, the MWCNT-based ECL immunosensor displayed excellent stability and reproducibility, as well as successfully achieved the detection of RBP in patient urine samples with desirable results. The present work provided a promising technique for the clinical screening of RBP and point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beina Wu
- The Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, PR China
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10
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Harrison DJ. A personal stroll through the historical development of Canadian microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2500-2503. [PMID: 23708560 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50522g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The historical background of microfluidics research within Canada is discussed, from the period 1990 to the present. The emphasis is on the recollections and perspectives of the author, D. Jed Harrison.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jed Harrison
- Dept of Chemistry, University of Alberta and National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.
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11
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Bounds CO, Upadhyay J, Totaro N, Thakuri S, Garber L, Vincent M, Huang Z, Hupert M, Pojman JA. Fabrication and characterization of stable hydrophilic microfluidic devices prepared via the in situ tertiary-amine catalyzed Michael addition of multifunctional thiols to multifunctional acrylates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:1643-1655. [PMID: 23406255 DOI: 10.1021/am302544h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In situ tertiary amine-catalyzed thiol-acrylate chemistry was employed to produce hydrophilic microfluidic devices via a soft lithography process. The process involved the Michael addition of a secondary amine to a multifunctional acrylate producing a nonvolatile in situ tertiary amine catalyst/comonomer molecule. The Michael addition of a multifunctional thiol to a multifunctional acrylate was facilitated by the catalytic activity of the in situ catalyst/comonomer. These cost-efficient thiol-acrylate devices were prepared at room temperature, rapidly, and with little equipment. The thiol-acrylate thermoset materials were more natively hydrophilic than the normally employed poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) thermoset material, and the surface energies were stable compared to PDMS. Because the final chip was self-adhered via a simple chemical process utilizing the same chemistry, and it was naturally hydrophilic, there was no need for expensive instrumentation or complicated methods to "activate" the surface. There was also no need for postprocessing removal of the catalyst as it was incorporated into the polymer network. These bottom-up devices were fabricated to completion proving their validity as microfluidic devices, and the materials were manipulated and characterized via various analyses illustrating the potential diversity and tunability of the devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O Bounds
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70303, USA
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12
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Ortega FJ, Bañuls MJ, Sanza FJ, Casquel R, Laguna MF, Holgado M, López-Romero D, Barrios CA, Maquieira Á, Puchades R. Biomolecular Interaction Analysis of Gestrinone-anti-Gestrinone Using Arrays of High Aspect Ratio SU-8 Nanopillars. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2012; 2:291-304. [PMID: 25585931 PMCID: PMC4263551 DOI: 10.3390/bios2030291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, label-free biosensing for antibody screening by periodic lattices of high-aspect ratio SU-8 nano-pillars (BICELLs) is presented. As a demonstration, the determination of anti-gestrinone antibodies from whole rabbit serum is carried out, and for the first time, the dissociation constant (KD = 6 nM) of antigen-antibody recognition process is calculated using this sensing system. After gestrinone antigen immobilization on the BICELLs, the immunorecognition was performed. The cells were interrogated vertically by using micron spot size Fourier transform visible and IR spectrometry (FT-VIS-IR), and the dip wavenumber shift was monitored. The biosensing assay exhibited good reproducibility and sensitivity (LOD = 0.75 ng/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Ortega
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain.
| | - María-José Bañuls
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Sanza
- Centro Láser, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Sur, Madrid 28031, Spain.
| | - Rafael Casquel
- Centro Láser, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Sur, Madrid 28031, Spain.
| | - María Fe Laguna
- Centro Láser, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Sur, Madrid 28031, Spain.
| | - Miguel Holgado
- Centro Láser, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Sur, Madrid 28031, Spain.
| | - David López-Romero
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, ETSI de Telecomunicación, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Carlos A Barrios
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, ETSI de Telecomunicación, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain.
| | - Rosa Puchades
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain.
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Kiessig S, Stettler A, Fuhrimann S, Schwarz MA. Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis as a Tool to Characterize Intermolecular Interactions. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470661345.smc035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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AL-Othman ZA, Ali I. NANO CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS IN MICROCHIPS: A NEED OF THE PRESENT CENTURY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.566031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeid A. AL-Othman
- a Department of Chemistry, College of Science , King Saud University , Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Ali
- b Department of Chemistry , Jamia Millia Islamia, (Central University) , New Delhi, India
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15
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Effect of passivation on the sensitivity and stability of pentacene transistor sensors in aqueous media. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:4217-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Zhou Z, Liu G, Hong L. Water-Dispersible Superparamagnetic Microspheres Adorned with Two Types of Surface Chains. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:813-23. [DOI: 10.1021/bm101432e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7P 3E5
| | - Guojun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7P 3E5
| | - Liangzhi Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7P 3E5
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17
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Khan HU, Jang J, Kim JJ, Knoll W. In Situ Antibody Detection and Charge Discrimination Using Aqueous Stable Pentacene Transistor Biosensors. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:2170-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja107088m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hadayat Ullah Khan
- Material Science Group, Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg-10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Junhyuk Jang
- OLED Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Jang-Joo Kim
- OLED Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- Material Science Group, Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg-10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Donau-City-Strasse 1, 1220 Vienna, Austria
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18
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Li HY, Dauriac V, Thibert V, Senechal H, Peltre G, Zhang XX, Descroix S. Micropillar array chips toward new immunodiagnosis. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2597-604. [PMID: 20714504 DOI: 10.1039/c005034b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate the possibility to use a micropillar array to perform molecular immunodiagnosis. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microdevice consisting of a rectangular array of micropillars (45 µm in height, 100 × 100 µm square cross section) was used to replace microchannels or gels (polyacrylamide or agarose) to perform electrokinetic separation. This microarray was used to mimic highly diluted gel and to maintain electrolyte within the pillar zone by capillary effect. The electrolyte composition (glycerol and agarose content) was investigated in order to improve protein separation by isoelectric focusing (IEF). The influence of glycerol on focusing time and on the different evaporative contributions was further evaluated. In order to perform an immunodiagnostic of milk allergy, different surface treatments were optimized to prevent milk allergen adsorption on PDMS surface. Poly(dimethylacrylamide)-co-allyl glycidyl ether (PDMA-AGE) as well as gelatin led to a satisfactory signal to noise ratio. Finally the possibility to perform protein mixture separation using this micropillar array chip followed by immunoblotting was demonstrated by using the serum from an allergic individual, confirming the great potential of this analytical platform in the field of immunodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Li
- Physicochimie des Electrolytes, Colloïdes et Sciences Analytiques (PECSA) UMR 7195, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
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19
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Persat A, Marshall LA, Santiago JG. Purification of nucleic acids from whole blood using isotachophoresis. Anal Chem 2010; 81:9507-11. [PMID: 19831356 DOI: 10.1021/ac901965v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present and demonstrate a novel technique for the purification of nucleic acids from biological samples using isotachophoresis (ITP). We demonstrate a simple and rapid method to achieve ITP-based extraction, preconcentration, and purification of DNA from nanoliter volumes of whole blood. We show that ITP purification yields genomic DNA samples which can be quantitated with fluorescence measurements and are immediately compatible with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (e.g., a PCR-friendly solution free of significant inhibitors). We hypothesize ITP purification is applicable to processing of a wide range of complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Persat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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21
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Yamada M, Mao P, Fu J, Han J. Rapid quantification of disease-marker proteins using continuous-flow immunoseparation in a nanosieve fluidic device. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7067-74. [PMID: 19627123 PMCID: PMC2846189 DOI: 10.1021/ac901226z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer-scale fluidic devices offer an alternative to gels for separating biomolecules with better control and accuracy. Here we demonstrate the quantitative analysis of disease-marker proteins by continuously separating the antibody-protein immunocomplexes from the unbound antibodies, utilizing the anisotropically patterned nanosieve array (ANA) structures. The ANA structures, composed of periodically patterned deep channels and shallow regions, allow the small antibodies to pass through the shallow regions easier than the large immunocomplex, when the flow-field is applied in an oblique direction. We examined two proteins used as disease markers, human C-reactive protein (CRP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), by using fluorescent-labeled polyclonal antibodies. We showed that the size of the immunocomplex and the field strength are the critical factors for the separation, and we successfully demonstrated the quantification of the proteins in the range of 0.05 to 10 microg/mL. Additionally, this device allows a convenient measurement of homogeneous binding kinetics, without the need for repeated binding experiments and immobilizing the molecules. The presented nanofluidic device will be a useful tool for the rapid quantification and the preparative immunoseparation of the target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Yamada
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Pan Mao
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jianping Fu
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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23
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Liu X, Gomez FA. Microchip frontal affinity chromatography to study the binding of a ligand to teicoplanin-derivatized microbeads. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1194-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Frontal analysis microchip capillary electrophoresis to study the binding of ligands to receptors derivatized on magnetic beads. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:615-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Singh BK, Hillier AC. Surface Plasmon Resonance Enhanced Transmission of Light through Gold-Coated Diffraction Gratings. Anal Chem 2008; 80:3803-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bipin K. Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Andrew C. Hillier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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26
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Shen Z, Liu X, Zhou X, Liang A, Wu D, Yu L, Dai Z, Qin J, Lin B. Quantitative evaluation of the interaction between netropsin and double stranded oligodeoxynucleotides by microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:1544-8. [PMID: 17623435 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis (micro-CAE) was applied to study the interaction between minor groove binder netropsin and a non-selfcomplementary 12 mer double stranded oligodeoxynucleotide: d(CCCCTATACCGC).d(GCGGTATAGGGG). ESI-MS was used to provide an independent verification of the microchip electrophoresis derived data. Simultaneous parallel quantitative assay of multiple samples was performed in a single run (<50 s) on the self-developed micro-CAE device. The binding constant and stoichiometry calculated from Scatchard plot were (2.88 +/- 0.23)x10(5) M(-1) and 1:1, respectively. The values showed a good quantitative agreement with the results determined by ESI-MS and those using other methods reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Shen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, PR China
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27
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Sexton LT, Horne LP, Sherrill SA, Bishop GW, Baker LA, Martin CR. Resistive-Pulse Studies of Proteins and Protein/Antibody Complexes Using a Conical Nanotube Sensor. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:13144-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ja0739943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay T. Sexton
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - Lloyd P. Horne
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - Stefanie A. Sherrill
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - Gregory W. Bishop
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
| | - Charles R. Martin
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200
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28
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Zhou X, Shen Z, Li D, He X, Lin B. Study of interactions between actinomycin D and oligonucleotides by microchip electrophoresis and ESI-MS. Talanta 2007; 72:561-7. [PMID: 19071655 PMCID: PMC7111764 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2006.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 08/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the interactions between actinomycin D (ActD) and single stranded DNA (ssDNA) 5'-CGTAACCAACTGCAACGT-3' and a duplex stranded DNA (dsDNA) with this sequence were investigated by microchip-based non-gel sieving electrophoresis and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The ssDNA was designed according to the conserved regions of open reading frame 1b (replicase 1B) following the Tor 2 SARS genome sequence of 15611-15593. The binding constants of the interactions between ActD and ssDNA/dsDNA were (8.3+/-0.32)x10(6)M(-1) (ssDNA) and (2.8+/-0.02)x10(5)M(-1) (dsDNA), respectively, calculated from microchip electrophoresis via Scatchard plot. The binding stoichiometries were 1:1 (single/1ActD molecule) and 1:2 (duplex/2ActD molecules) calculated from microchip electrophoresis, and the results were further verified by ESI-MS. The results obtained by these two methods indicated that ActD bound much more tightly to ssDNA used in this work than dsDNA. Furthermore, this is shown that the microchip-based non-gel sieving electrophoresis method is a rapid, highly sensitive and convenient method for the studies of interactions between DNA and small molecule drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomian Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First Municipal People's Hospital, Affiliated of Guangzhou Medical College, 510180 Guangzhou, PR China
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Zheng Shen
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Dazhi Li
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Xinya He
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Bingcheng Lin
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
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29
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Mohamadi MR, Kaji N, Tokeshi M, Baba Y. Online Preconcentration by Transient Isotachophoresis in Linear Polymer on a Poly(methyl methacrylate) Microchip for Separation of Human Serum Albumin Immunoassay Mixtures. Anal Chem 2007; 79:3667-72. [PMID: 17437335 DOI: 10.1021/ac0623890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Online preconcentration of human serum albumin (HSA) and its immunocomplex with a monoclonal antibody by on-chip transient isotachophoresis is reported. An 800-fold signal enhancement was achieved following the preconcentration on standard cross-channel microchips made of poly (methyl methacrylate). Sample injection, preconcentration, and separation were done continuously and controlled solely by a sequential voltage switching program. The preconcentration was followed by on-chip nondenaturing gel electrophoresis in methylcellulose solution. The method was applied to microchip electrophoresis immunoassay of HSA. Baseline separation of HSA and its immunocomplex was achieved in 25 s in the first 1 cm of the microchannel. In a direct immunoassay, the minimum detectable concentration of fluorescent labeled HSA by laser-induced fluorescence detection was 7.5 pM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Reza Mohamadi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, MEXT Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, and Plasma Nanotechnology Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
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30
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Haes AJ, Terray A, Collins GE. Bead-Assisted Displacement Immunoassay for Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B on a Microchip. Anal Chem 2006; 78:8412-20. [PMID: 17165834 DOI: 10.1021/ac061057s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A microchip-based, displacement immunoassay for the sensitive laser-induced fluorescence detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B is presented. The glass microchip device consists of a microchannel that contains a double weir structure for supporting antibody-functionalized microbeads. After a 30-min sample preparation step, the displacement assay was performed without user intervention and produced quantitative results in an additional 20 min. Linear detection responses were observed over 6 orders of magnitude and provided detection limits down to 1 fM (28.5 fg/mL). The surprisingly low detection limits are hypothesized to arise from field-based enrichment analogous to field-amplified stacking, chromatographic effects, and limited diffusion lengths in the microbead bed. The assay was challenged with bovine serum albumin, casein, and milk sample matrixes. This system has the potential to provide highly sensitive detection capabilities for target biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Haes
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, SW, Code 6112, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
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31
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Liu X, Liu X, Liang A, Shen Z, Zhang Y, Dai Z, Xiong B, Lin B. Studying protein-drug interaction by microfluidic chip affinity capillary electrophoresis with indirect laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:3125-8. [PMID: 16807938 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We developed a microfluidic chip-affinity CE method based on indirect LIF detection to study protein-drug interactions. The interaction between heparin and BSA was quantitatively studied, as a model system. In our method, sodium fluorescein was chosen as background, and redistilled water as marker to monitor EOF. The electrophoretic mobility changes of BSA were measured, with various concentrations of heparin added to the running buffer. Each run was completed within 80 s. The binding constant was determined to be (1.24 +/- 0.05) x 10(3) M(-1), which was in good agreement with that reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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32
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Ostergaard J, Heegaard NHH. Bioanalytical interaction studies executed by preincubation affinity capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2590-608. [PMID: 16732622 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The versatility of CE is beneficial for the study of many types of molecular interactions, because different experimental designs can be made to suit the characteristics of a particular interaction. A very versatile starting point is the preequilibration type of affinity CE that has been used extensively for characterizing biomolecular interactions in the last 15 years. We review this field here and include a comprehensive overview of the existing preincubation ACE modes including their advantages and limitations as well as the methodological developments and applications within the bioanalytical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Ostergaard
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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33
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Luo Y, Huang B, Wu H, Zare RN. Controlling Electroosmotic Flow in Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Separation Channels by Means of Prepolymer Additives. Anal Chem 2006; 78:4588-92. [PMID: 16808469 DOI: 10.1021/ac052274g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electroosmotic flow (EOF) in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) separation channel can be altered and controlled by adding a carboxylic acid to the prepolymer prior to curing. When the prepolymer is doped with 0.5 wt % undecylenic acid (UDA), the electroosmotic mobility in a modified PDMS channel rises to (7.6 +/- 0.2) x 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) (in HEPES buffer at pH 8.5), which is nearly twice that in the native PDMS channel. Because this modification does not significantly change the hydrophobicity of the PDMS surface, it is possible to combine the modified PDMS with a dynamic coating of n-dodecyl beta-d-maltoside (DDM), which prevents protein sticking (see Huang, B.; Wu, H. K.; Kim, S.; Zare, R. N. Lab Chip 2005, 5, 1005-1007). The modified PDMS channel with a dynamic coating of DDM generates an electroosmotic mobility of (5.01 +/- 0.09) x 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), which shows excellent reproducibility both in successive runs and during storage in water. Combining this surface modification and the dynamic coating of DDM is an effective means for both providing stable EOF in the PDMS channels and preventing protein adsorption on the channel walls. To demonstrate these effects, we show that the electrophoretic separation of immunocomplexes in free solution can be readily accomplished in a microfluidic chip made of UDA-doped (0.5 wt %) PDMS with a dynamic coating of DDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
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34
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Le Saux T, Hisamoto H, Terabe S. Measurement of monomolecular binding constants of neutral phenols into the beta-cyclodextrin by continuous frontal analysis in capillary and microchip electrophoresis via a competitive assay. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1104:352-8. [PMID: 16376902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of binding constant by chip electrophoresis is a very promising technique for the high throughput screening of non-covalent interactions. Among the different electrophoretic methods available that yield the binding parameters, continuous frontal analysis is the most appropriate for a transposition from capillary electrophoresis (CE) to microchip electrophoresis. Implementation of this methodology in microchip was exemplified by the measurement of inclusion constants of 2-naphtalenesulfonate and neutral phenols (phenol, 4-chlorophenol and 4-nitrophenol) into beta-cyclodextrin by competitive assays. The issue of competitor choice is discussed in relation to its appropriateness for proper monitoring of the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Le Saux
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Hyogo 697-1297 Japan.
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35
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Tabuchi M, Nagata H, Nomura M, Katsube S, Sawada A, Joko A, Hatta K, Hagiwara N, Kobayashi K, Tomita F, Miki S, Arai K, Ishiguro T, Baba Y. On-line microdevice for stress proteomics. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2005; 52 Suppl:225-7. [PMID: 16366502 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.52.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The handling of the cells or tissues is essential for proteomics research or drug screening, where labor is not avoidable. The steps of cell wash, protein extraction, protein denaturing are complicated procedures in conventional method using centrifugation and pipetting in the laboratory. This is the bottle-neck for proteome research. To solve these problems, we propose to utilize the nanotechnology, which will improve the proteomics methodology. Utilizing the nanotechnology, we developed a novel microseparation system, where centrifugation and pipetting are needless. This system has a nanostructured microdevice, by which the cell handling, protein extraction, and antibody assay can be performed. Since cell transfer is needless, all cells are corrected without any loss during the cell-pretreatment procedures, which allowed high reproducibility and enabled the detection of low amount of protein expression. Utilizing the microdevice, we analyzed the stress induced proteins. We further succeeded the screening of food that was useful for immunity and found that an extraction from seaweed promoted the apoptosis of T-lymphoblastic cells. Here, we present an on-line microdevice for stress proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Tabuchi
- Department of Molecular and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Japan
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36
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Abstract
CE on microchip is an emerging separation technique that has attracted wide attention and gained considerable popularity. Because of miniaturization of the separation format, CE on chip typically offers shorter analysis time and lower reagent consumption with potential development of portable analytical instrumentation. This review with 143 references is focused on proteins and peptides analysis, DNA separation including fragment sizing, genotyping, mutation detection and sequencing, and also the analysis of low-molecular-weight compounds, namely explosive residues and warfare agents, pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse, and various small molecules in body fluids.
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37
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Lin
- Center for Optoelectronic Biomedicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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39
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Holden MA, Cremer PS. MICROFLUIDIC TOOLS FOR STUDYING THE SPECIFIC BINDING, ADSORPTION, AND DISPLACEMENT OF PROTEINS AT INTERFACES. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2005; 56:369-87. [PMID: 15796705 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.56.092503.141220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A combination of temperature and concentration gradient microfluidic devices were employed to study the mechanistic details of biomacromolecule interactions at oxide interfaces. These lab-on-a-chip techniques allowed high-throughput, multiplexed data collection using only nanoliters of analyte. The three examples presented demonstrate rapid data acquisition relative to standard methods. First, we show ligand-receptor binding data for multivalent binding between membrane-bound ligands and incoming aqueous proteins with several binding pockets. A model is described for obtaining both the first and second dissociation constant for the reaction. The second example employs temperature gradient microfluidics to study the thermoresponsive properties of polymers and proteins. Both the folding mechanism and subsequent formation of an aqueous two-phase system were followed. Finally, these microfluidic techniques were combined with fluorescence microscopy and nonlinear optical spectroscopy to elucidate the mechanism of fibrinogen displacement from silica surfaces. This combination of methods enabled both direct and indirect observation of protein conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Holden
- Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom.
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40
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Tsukagoshi K, Jinno N, Nakajima R. Development of a Micro Total Analysis System Incorporating Chemiluminescence Detection and Application to Detection of Cancer Markers. Anal Chem 2005; 77:1684-8. [PMID: 15762572 DOI: 10.1021/ac040133t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We developed a micro total analysis system (mu-TAS) incorporating chemiluminescence detection, in which the chemiluminescence reaction of isoluminol isothiocyanato (ILITC) (as a chemiluminescence reagent for labeling)-microperoxidase (as a catalyst)-hydrogen peroxide (as an oxidant) was adopted. The analysis system performed the following three processes on a microchip: immune reaction for high selectivity, electrophoresis for formation and transportation of the sample plug, and chemiluminescence detection for high sensitivity. The three processes were compactly integrated onto the microchip to give the mu-TAS. The microchip contained two microchannels that crossed at an intersection, while the ends of the microchannels accessed four reservoirs. As the first process, the immune reaction was performed using an antibody-immobilized glass bead. The glass bead was placed in one of the reservoirs along with antigen (analyte) and a known amount of ILITC-labeled antigen to set up a competitive immune reaction. For electrophoresis, as the second process, the reactant after the immune reaction was fed electrophoretically into the intersection resulting in a sample plug. The sample plug was then moved into another reservoir containing hydrogen peroxide solution. At this point, chemiluminescence detection was performed as the third process: the labeled antigen mixed with the hydrogen peroxide and the catalyst included in the migration buffer to produce chemiluminescence. Chemiluminescence was detected by a photomultiplier tube located under the reservoir. The mu-TAS described here was capable of determining, with high selectivity and sensitivity, human serum albumin or immunosuppressive acidic protein as a cancer marker in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Tsukagoshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0321, Japan.
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41
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Dai Z, Chen J, Yan F, Ju H. Electrochemical sensor for immunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen based on thionine monolayer modified gold electrode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 29:233-40. [PMID: 15936592 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A sensor based on thionine monolayer modified gold electrode for determination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in human serum is proposed. The sensor is prepared by covalently binding thionine to a cysteamine self-assembled monolayer with p-phthaloyl chloride as a linkage, which gives a surface coverage of 8.97+/-3.28 x 10(-12)mol/cm(2) for thionine. The electrochemistry of the immobilized thionine displays a surface-controlled electrode process with an average electron transfer rate constant of 1.47+/-0.84 s(-1). Based on an electrochemical enzyme-linked immunoassay by using the immobilized thionine as an electron transfer mediator between the electrode and the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled anti-CEA antibody, a calibration curve with two linear ranges from 0.6 to 17 and 17 to 200 ng/mL and a detection limit of 0.2 ng/mL for CEA determination is obtained in pH 4.2 PBS containing 2.0 mmol/L H(2)O(2) and 0.5 mol/L NaCl. The sensor shows a good accuracy. The precision and reproducibility are acceptable with the intra-assay CV of 4.9% and 5.9% at 10 and 100 ng/mL CEA concentrations, respectively, and the inter-assays CV of 7.8% at 100 ng/mL CEA. The response of thionine modified electrode shows only 1.6% decrease after 100 replicate measurements and the storage stability is acceptable in a pH 7.0 PBS at 4 degrees C for 1 week. The method avoids the addition of electron transfer mediator to the solution, thus is much simpler. The proposed method would be valuable for the diagnosis and monitoring of carcinoma and its metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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42
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Kuo JS, Kuyper CL, Allen PB, Fiorini GS, Chiu DT. High-power blue/UV light-emitting diodes as excitation sources for sensitive detection. Electrophoresis 2004; 25:3796-804. [PMID: 15565689 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
With advances in III-V nitride manufacturing processes, high-power light-emitting diode (LED) chips in the blue and UV wavelengths are now commercially available at reasonable cost and can be used as excitation sources in optical sensing. We describe the use of these high-power blue and UV LEDs for sensitive fluorescence detection, including chip-based flow cytometry, capillary electrophoresis (CE), and single-molecule imaging. By using a blue LED with a focusable power of approximately 40 mW as the excitation source for fluorescent beads, we demonstrate a simple chip-based bead sorter capable of enriching the concentration of green fluorescent beads from 63% to 95%. In CE experiments, we show that a mixture of analyte solution containing 30 nM 6-carboxyrhodamine 6G and 10 nM fluorescein can be separated and detected with excellent signal-to-noise ratio (approximately 17 for 10 nM fluorescein) using the collimated emission from a blue LED; the estimated mass detection limit was approximately 200 zmol for fluorescein. We also demonstrated ultrasensitive fluorescence imaging of single rhodamine 123 molecules and individual lambda-DNA molecules. At a small fraction of the cost of an Ar+ laser, high-power blue and UV LEDs are effective alternatives for lasers and arc lamps in fluorescence applications that demand portability, low cost, and convenience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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43
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Roper MG, Shackman JG, Dahlgren GM, Kennedy RT. Microfluidic chip for continuous monitoring of hormone secretion from live cells using an electrophoresis-based immunoassay. Anal Chem 2004; 75:4711-7. [PMID: 14674445 DOI: 10.1021/ac0346813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic device has been developed for the determination of insulin secreted from islets of Langerhans by a capillary electrophoresis competitive immunoassay. Online assays were performed by electrophoretically sampling anti-insulin antibody (Ab), fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled insulin (FITC-insulin), and insulin from separate reservoirs and allowing them to mix as they traveled through a 4-cm reaction channel heated to 38 degrees C. From the reaction channel, samples were injected onto a 1.5-cm-long electrophoresis channel where the FITC-insulin and FITC-insulin-Ab complex were separated in 5 s using an electric field of 500 V/cm. Detection limits for insulin were 3 nM in this mode of operation. Assays could be collected at 15-s intervals with continuous sampling and online mixing for up to 30 min with no intervention. Relative standard deviation was 2-6% depending on the insulin concentration. Response time to a step change in insulin concentration was 30 s. For live cell monitoring, single islets were placed into a reservoir on the chip and fluid in the immediate vicinity was continuously sampled to detect insulin secretion from the islet. Monitoring of insulin secretion with electropherograms taken at 15-s intervals resolved secretory profiles characteristic of first- and second-phase insulin secretion. The method should be amenable to other cell or tissue types for measurements of release with high temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Roper
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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44
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Lacher NA, de Rooij NF, Verpoorte E, Lunte SM. Comparison of the performance characteristics of poly(dimethylsiloxane) and Pyrex microchip electrophoresis devices for peptide separations. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1004:225-35. [PMID: 12929977 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study of electrophoretic separations of fluorescently labeled peptides and amino acids on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and Pyrex microchips is presented. The separation parameters for each microchip substrate were compared, including electroosmotic flow, plate numbers, resolution, and limits of detection. The effect of buffer composition on the separation was also investigated. Acceptable separations were obtained for most peptides with both substrates; however, PDMS chips exhibited much lower separation efficiencies and longer analysis times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Lacher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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45
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Abstract
Significant advances have been made in the development of micro-scale technologies for biomedical and drug discovery applications. The first generation of microfluidics-based analytical devices have been designed and are already functional. Microfluidic devices offer unique advantages in sample handling, reagent mixing, separation, and detection. We introduce and review microfluidic concepts, microconstruction techniques, and methods such as flow-injection analysis, electrokinesis, and cell manipulation. Advances in micro-device technology for proteomics, sample preconditioning, immunoassays, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and polymerase chain reaction are also reviewed.
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46
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Chen SH, Lin YH, Wang LY, Lin CC, Lee GB. Flow-through sampling for electrophoresis-based microchips and their applications for protein analysis. Anal Chem 2002; 74:5146-53. [PMID: 12380842 DOI: 10.1021/ac0202886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a model behind the operation of a flow-through sampling chip and its application for immunoseparation, as well as its integration with a wash/elution bed for protein purification, concentration, and detection. This device used hydrodynamic pressure to drive the sample flow, and a gating voltage was applied to the electrophoretic channel on the microchip to control the sample loading for the separation and to inhibit sample leakage. The deduced model indicates that the critical gating voltage (VC) that is defined as the minimum gating voltage applied to the microchip for sampling is a function of the pump flow rate, the configuration of the microchannel on the chip, and the electroosmosis of the buffer solution. It was found that the theoretical V(C) values calculated from the measured electroosmotic mobilities and flow split ratios were comparable to those experimentally obtained from two microchips with different sampling channel sizes. This had an error percentage ranging from 1 to 20%. Because the hydrodynamic flow is insensitive to electrophoretic mobility, this electrophoresis-based microchip device was free of injection bias due to different ionic strength and electrophoretic mobility in the sample. Additionally, the usefulness of this device was demonstrated for the study of affinity interactions. Mixtures of Cy5-labeled bovine serum albumin (Cy5-BSA) and anti-BSA in various proportions were introduced into the microchip via a syringe pump, and the immunocomplex was electrophoretically separated from the free Cy5-BSA on the microchip. Based on the relative intensity of the free and complex BSA, the binding constant of BSA and anti-BSA was estimated as 3.3 x 10(7) M(-1). Furthermore, a C18 microcartridge (20 microL) was connected to the hydrodynamic inlet of the microchip. Using this device, the wash/elution step can be integrated on-line with the electrophoretic separation and detection on the microchip. Results show that the calibration curve of Cy5-BSA obtained from this integrated device has an R2 value greater than 0.99 and a minimum of quantitation at approximately 10 ng. This direct sampling method is another means of subfractionation, resulting in a relatively greater concentration factor than the average concentration of the whole fraction. Moreover, the electrical field-free bed ensures that the protein interaction will not be affected by the electric field during the wash/elution step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Abstract
We have developed an integrated microfabricated cell sorter using multilayer soft lithography. This integrated cell sorter is incorporated with various microfluidic functionalities, including peristaltic pumps, dampers, switch valves, and input and output wells, to perform cell sorting in a coordinated and automated fashion. The active volume of an actuated valve on this integrated cell sorter can be as small as 1 pL, and the volume of optical interrogation is approximately 100 fL. Different algorithms of cell manipulation, including cell trapping, were implemented in these devices. We have also demonstrated sorting and recovery of Escherichia coli cells on the chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Y Fu
- Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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48
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Guijt RM, Baltussen E, van Dedem GWK. Use of bioaffinity interactions in electrokinetically controlled assays on microfabricated devices. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:823-35. [PMID: 11920867 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200203)23:6<823::aid-elps823>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, the role of bioaffinity interactions on electrokinetically controlled microfabricated devices is reviewed. Interesting applications reported in the literature include enzymatic assays, where enzyme and enzyme inhibition kinetics were studied, often in combination with electrophoretic separation. Attention is paid towards developments that could lead to implementation of electrokinetically controlled microdevices in high-throughput screening. Furthermore, enzyme-facilitated detection in combination with electrophoretic separation on microdevices is discussed. Various types of immunoassays have been implemented on the microchip format. The selectivity of antibody-antigen interaction has been exploited for the detection of analytes in complex sample matrices as required, for example, in clinical chemistry. Binding kinetics as well as stoichiometry were studied in chip-based assays. Automated mixing protocols as well as the demonstration of a parallel immunoassay allow implementation of microdevices in high-throughput screening. Furthermore, demonstration of immunoassays on cheap polymeric microdevices opens the way towards the fabrication of disposable devices, a requirement for commercialization and therefore for application in routine analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne M Guijt
- Kluyver Laboratory for Biotechnology, Department of Analytical Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, NL-2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands.
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Sato K, Yamanaka M, Takahashi H, Tokeshi M, Kimura H, Kitamori T. Microchip-based immunoassay system with branching multichannels for simultaneous determination of interferon-gamma. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:734-9. [PMID: 11891706 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200203)23:5<734::aid-elps734>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A bead-bed immunoassay system suitable for simultaneous assay of multiple samples was constructed on a microchip. The chip had branching multichannels and four reaction and detection regions; the constructed system could process four samples at a time with only one pump unit. Interferon gamma was assayed by a 3-step sandwich immunoassay with the system coupled to a thermal lens microscope as a detector. The biases of the signal intensities obtained from each channel were within 10%, and coefficients of variation were almost the same level as the single straight channel assay. The assay time for four samples was 50 min instead of 35 min for one sample in the single-channel assay; hence higher throughput was realized with the branching structure chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichi Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Abstract
Our recent developments concerning the fabrication of polymer microchips and their applications for biochemical analyses are reviewed. We first describe two methods of fabrication of polymer microfluidic chips, namely UV-laser photoablation and plasma etching that are well suited for the prototyping and mass fabrication of microchannel networks with integrated microelectrodes. These microanalytical systems can be coupled with various detection means including mass spectrometry, and their applications in capillary electrophoresis are presented here. We also present how UV laser photoablation can be used for the patterning of biomolecules on polymer surfaces for generating two-dimensional arrays of microspots to carry out affinity assays. Finally, the use of the microchips for the development of fast affinity and immunological assays with electrochemical detection is presented, demonstrating the potential of these polymer microchips for medical diagnostics and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Rossier
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie, Département de Chimie, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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