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Hadavi D, Tosheva I, Siegel TP, Cuypers E, Honing M. Technological advances for analyzing the content of organ-on-a-chip by mass spectrometry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1197760. [PMID: 37284240 PMCID: PMC10239923 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1197760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures, including organ-on-a-chip (OOC) devices, offer the possibility to mimic human physiology conditions better than 2D models. The organ-on-a-chip devices have a wide range of applications, including mechanical studies, functional validation, and toxicology investigations. Despite many advances in this field, the major challenge with the use of organ-on-a-chips relies on the lack of online analysis methods preventing the real-time observation of cultured cells. Mass spectrometry is a promising analytical technique for real-time analysis of cell excretes from organ-on-a-chip models. This is due to its high sensitivity, selectivity, and ability to tentatively identify a large variety of unknown compounds, ranging from metabolites, lipids, and peptides to proteins. However, the hyphenation of organ-on-a-chip with MS is largely hampered by the nature of the media used, and the presence of nonvolatile buffers. This in turn stalls the straightforward and online connection of organ-on-a-chip outlet to MS. To overcome this challenge, multiple advances have been made to pre-treat samples right after organ-on-a-chip and just before MS. In this review, we summarised these technological advances and exhaustively evaluated their benefits and shortcomings for successful hyphenation of organ-on-a-chip with MS.
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Hendrickx S, de Malsche W, Cabooter D. An overview of the use of microchips in electrophoretic separation techniques: fabrication, separation modes, sample preparation opportunities, and on-chip detection. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1274:3-17. [PMID: 25673478 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2353-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This chapter is intended as a basic introduction to microchip-based capillary electrophoresis to set the scene for newcomers and give pointers to reference material. An outline of some commonly used setups and key concepts is given, many of which are explored in greater depth in later chapters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Hendrickx
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven, O&N2 923, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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A trifunctional dextran-based nanovaccine targets and activates murine dendritic cells, and induces potent cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80904. [PMID: 24339889 PMCID: PMC3855172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) constitute an attractive target for specific delivery of nanovaccines for immunotherapeutic applications. Here we tested nano-sized dextran (DEX) particles to serve as a DC-addressing nanocarrier platform. Non-functionalized DEX particles had no immunomodulatory effect on bone marrow (BM)-derived murine DCs in vitro. However, when adsorbed with ovalbumine (OVA), DEX particles were efficiently engulfed by BM-DCs in a mannose receptor-dependent manner. A DEX-based nanovaccine containing OVA and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a DC stimulus induced strong OVA peptide-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell proliferation both in vitro and upon systemic application in mice, as well as a robust OVA-specific humoral immune response (IgG1>IgG2a) in vivo. Accordingly, this nanovaccine also raised both a more pronounced delayed-type hypersensitivity response and a stronger induction of cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells than obtained upon administration of OVA and LPS in soluble form. Therefore, DEX-based nanoparticles constitute a potent, versatile and easy to prepare nanovaccine platform for immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Liu K, Wang L. Enantioseparations of amino acids by capillary array electrophoresis with 532nm laser induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1295:142-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Cortes DF, Kabulski JL, Lazar AC, Lazar IM. Recent advances in the MS analysis of glycoproteins: Capillary and microfluidic workflows. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:14-29. [PMID: 21171110 PMCID: PMC3717299 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in bioanalytical instrumentation, MS detection, and computational data analysis approaches have provided researchers with capabilities for interrogating the complex cellular glycoproteome, to help gain a better insight into the cellular and physiological processes that are associated with a disease and to facilitate the efforts centered on identifying disease-specific biomarkers. This review describes the progress achieved in the characterization of protein glycosylation by using advanced capillary and microfluidic MS technologies. The major steps involved in large-scale glycoproteomic analysis approaches are discussed, with special emphasis given to workflows that have evolved around complex MS detection functions. In addition, quantitative analysis strategies are assessed, and the bioinformatics aspects of glycoproteomic data processing are summarized. The developments in commercial and custom fabricated microfluidic front-end platforms to ESI- and MALDI-MS instrumentation, for addressing major challenges in carbohydrate analysis such as sensitivity, throughput, and ability to perform structural characterization, are further evaluated and illustrated with relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F. Cortes
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Washington St. Bio II/283, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Jarod L. Kabulski
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Washington St. Bio II/283, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | | | - Iulia M. Lazar
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Washington St. Bio II/283, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Washington St. Bio II/283, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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Plasencia MD, Isailovic D, Merenbloom SI, Mechref Y, Novotny MV, Clemmer DE. Resolving and assigning N-linked glycan structural isomers from ovalbumin by IMS-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:1706-15. [PMID: 18760624 PMCID: PMC2626179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) and molecular modeling techniques have been used to characterize ovalbumin N-linked glycans. Some glycans from this glycoprotein exist as multiple isomeric forms. The gas-phase separation makes it possible to resolve some isomers before MS analysis. Comparisons of experimental cross sections for selected glycan isomers with values that are calculated for iterative structures generated by molecular modeling techniques allow the assignment of sharp features to specific isomers. We focus here on an example glycan set, each having a m/z value of 1046.52 with formula [H5N4+2Na]2+, where H corresponds to a hexose, and N to a N-acetylglucosamine. This glycan appears to exist as three different isomeric forms that are assignable based on comparisons of measured and calculated cross sections. We estimate the relative ratios of the abundances of the three isomers to be in the range of approximately 1.0:1.35:0.85 to approximately 1.0:1.5:0.80. In total, IMS-MS analysis of ovalbumin N-linked glycans provides evidence for 19 different glycan structures corresponding to high-mannose and hybrid type carbohydrates with a total of 42 distinct features related to isomers and/or conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolo D Plasencia
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Liu K, Wang H, Bai J, Wang L. Home-made capillary array electrophoresis for high-throughput amino acid analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 622:169-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wu D, Qin J, Lin B. Electrophoretic separations on microfluidic chips. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:542-59. [PMID: 18207148 PMCID: PMC7094303 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 11/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a brief outline and novel developments of electrophoretic separation in microfluidic chips. Distinct characteristics of microchip electrophoresis (MCE) are discussed first, in which sample injection plug, joule heat, channel turn, surface adsorption and modification are introduced, and some successful strategies and recognized conclusions are also included. Important achievements of microfluidic electrophoresis separation in small molecules, DNA and protein are then summarized. This review is aimed at researchers, who are interested in MCE and want to adopt MCE as a functional unit in their integrated microsystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianhua Qin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Bingcheng Lin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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Chen P, Liu Y, Kang X, Sun L, Yang P, Tang Z. Identification of N-glycan of alpha-fetoprotein by lectin affinity microarray. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 134:851-60. [PMID: 18264723 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The occurrence of cancer accompanies with changes in glycosylation of related proteins. A simple, rapid and high-throughput manner analyzing the N-glycan moiety is needed in the cancer glycoproteome study. METHODS Gel-slide was used as solid support of lectin microarray. We fabricated the lectin microarray with selected lectins to identify the N-glycan compositions of glycoproteins, to determine the individual N-glycan pattern of several glycoproteins and to compare the N-glycan compositions of alpha-fetoproteins (AFPs) from different sources. RESULTS It is feasible to analyze N-glycan pattern of glycoproteins with the lectin affinity microarray. The optimum loading concentration of lectins in this array is 1 mg/ml. The lectin microarray is sensitive, and it can even detect tested glycoprotein less than 1 pg. There is a linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity and the cy3 concentration of glycoprotein at the range from 10 to 1,000 nM. CONCLUSION The lectin microarray could give a panel of lectin affinity patterns of individual glycoproteins, and it could indicate the minimal differences of N-glycan compositions between AFPs from different sources. The developed lectin affinity microarray may contribute to the research of glycoproteomics associated with cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Sheng KC, Kalkanidis M, Pouniotis D, Esparon S, Tang C, Apostolopoulos V, Pietersz G. Delivery of antigen using a novel mannosylated dendrimer potentiates immunogenicityin vitro andin vivo. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:424-36. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Carter T, Sumiya M, Reilly K, Ahmed R, Sobieszczuk P, Summerfield JA, Lawrence RA. Mannose-binding lectin A-deficient mice have abrogated antigen-specific IgM responses and increased susceptibility to a nematode infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:5116-23. [PMID: 17404294 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.5116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of mannose-binding lectin-A (MBL-A) in protection against infectious disease, MBL-A(-/-)-deficient mice were generated. Using a well-characterized mouse model of human filarial nematode infection, nematode survival and protective immune responses were tested in vivo. Blood-borne Brugia malayi microfilariae survived for significantly longer time periods in MBL-A(-/-) than in wild-type (WT) mice. However, no differences in either splenic cytokine responses or induction of leukocytes in the blood were observed. A profound abrogation of Ag-specific IgM levels was measured in B. malayi-infected MBL-A(-/-) mice, and some IgG isotypes were higher than those observed in WT animals. To establish whether there was a defect in Ab responses per se in MBL-A(-/-) mice or the effect was specific to filarial infection, we immunized these mice with OVA or a carbohydrate-free protein. Significantly, Ag-specific IgM responses were defective to both of these Ags, and Ag-specific IgG responses were largely unaffected. Furthermore, in naive mice, total IgM levels did not differ between MBL-A(-/-) and WT mice. This article describes the first demonstration that MBL-A may function independently of MBL-C and suggests that MBL-A, like other C-type lectins and members of the complement cascade, is intimately involved in the priming of the humoral Ab response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Carter
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK
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Mao X, Chu IK, Lin B. A sheath-flow nanoelectrospray interface of microchip electrophoresis MS for glycoprotein and glycopeptide analysis. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:5059-67. [PMID: 17117389 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Microchip was coupled with MS through a stable, sensitive, and controllable sheath-flow nanoelectrospray (nES) interface for glycoprotein and glycopeptide analysis. The nano-ESI (nESI) was made with a delivery capillary, a commercial nES capillary, and a stainless steel (SS) tube which were connected together through a tee unit. High voltage for nES was applied on the SS tube and the commercial nES capillary was used as nES emitter. The delivery capillary was attached to the microchannel for delivering liquid from microchip to the nESI source. The flow rate of sheath liquid was optimized to be 100-200 nL/min which largely reduced the sample dilution. The detection limit of peptides on this microchip/MS platform was at femtomole level. Glycoprotein and glycopeptides were also successfully analyzed on the platform. All the glycoforms and glycopeptides of ribonuclease B (RNase B) were identified with this method. Some structures of the glycopeptides from RNase B were further characterized with MS/MS on the microchip, coupled with a quadrupole IT-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Mao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Scienes, Dalian, PR China
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Abstract
The history and current status of research on microfluidics in China is summarized in this review. The recent representative contributions in this field by Chinese scientists are cited. A perspective on some trends in future development of this field in China is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingcheng Lin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, PR China.
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