1
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Vats M, Cillero-Pastor B, Flinders B, Cuypers E, Heeren RMA. Mass spectrometry imaging reveals flavor distribution in edible mushrooms. J Food Sci Technol 2024; 61:888-896. [PMID: 38487283 PMCID: PMC10933231 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05883-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of molecules and compounds responsible for the flavor profile of edible button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporous) has never been determined. The food industry is interested in knowing the localization of these compounds. Such knowledge would enable extraction of flavor compounds from a particular regions of the mushroom, which is safer for consumption compared to alternatives such as synthetic flavoring agents. The present study utilizes matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), to determine the spatial distribution of flavor compounds in a mushroom. As MALDI-MSI requires very thin sections, a sample preparation protocol was optimized and sectioning fresh frozen mushrooms at 35 µm thickness was considered the best method to evaluate the distribution of flavor compounds. Further, the effect of heat on the spatial distribution of flavor compounds was investigated by heating whole mushrooms to 140 ℃ prior to sectioning. Heating reduced the water content of the mushroom and thus enabled the generation of even-thinner 17 µm thick sections. MALDI-MSI measurements performed on underivatized and on-tissue derivatized fresh frozen and heat-treated mushroom sections elucidated the spatial distribution of several flavor-related compounds. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05883-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudita Vats
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Berta Cillero-Pastor
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering (cBITE), MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bryn Flinders
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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2
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Nauta S, Greven J, Hofman M, Mohren R, Meesters DM, Möckel D, Lammers T, Hildebrand F, Siegel TP, Cuypers E, Heeren RMA, Poeze M. Mass Spectrometry Reveals Molecular Effects of Citrulline Supplementation during Bone Fracture Healing in a Rat Model. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2024. [PMID: 38679918 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Bone fracture healing is a complex process in which specific molecular knowledge is still lacking. The citrulline-arginine-nitric oxide metabolism is one of the involved pathways, and its enrichment via citrulline supplementation can enhance fracture healing. This study investigated the molecular effects of citrulline supplementation during the different fracture healing phases in a rat model. Microcomputed tomography (μCT) was applied for the analysis of the fracture callus formation. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) and liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used for lipid and protein analyses, respectively. μCT analysis showed no significant differences in the fracture callus volume and volume fraction between the citrulline supplementation and control group. The observed lipid profiles for the citrulline supplementation and control group were distinct for the different fracture healing stages. The main contributing lipid classes were phosphatidylcholines (PCs) and lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs). The changing effect of citrulline supplementation throughout fracture healing was indicated by changes in the differentially expressed proteins between the groups. Pathway analysis showed an enhancement of fracture healing in the citrulline supplementation group in comparison to the control group via improved angiogenesis and earlier formation of the soft and hard callus. This study showed the molecular effects on lipids, proteins, and pathways associated with citrulline supplementation during bone fracture healing, even though no effect was visible with μCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Nauta
- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Maastricht University, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Division of Traumasurgery, Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Greven
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martijn Hofman
- Center of Musculoskeletal Surgery, Bonifatius Hospital Lingen, 49808 Lingen, Germany
| | - Ronny Mohren
- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Maastricht University, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis M Meesters
- Department of Genetics & Cell Biology, Maastricht University, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Möckel
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- Department of Orthopedics, Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tiffany Porta Siegel
- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Maastricht University, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Maastricht University, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4i) Institute, Maastricht University, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Poeze
- Division of Traumasurgery, Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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3
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Hendriks TF, Krestensen KK, Mohren R, Vandenbosch M, De Vleeschouwer S, Heeren RM, Cuypers E. MALDI-MSI-LC-MS/MS Workflow for Single-Section Single Step Combined Proteomics and Quantitative Lipidomics. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4266-4274. [PMID: 38469638 PMCID: PMC10938281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
We introduce a novel approach for comprehensive molecular profiling in biological samples. Our single-section methodology combines quantitative mass spectrometry imaging (Q-MSI) and a single step extraction protocol enabling lipidomic and proteomic liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis on the same tissue area. The integration of spatially correlated lipidomic and proteomic data on a single tissue section allows for a comprehensive interpretation of the molecular landscape. Comparing Q-MSI and Q-LC-MS/MS quantification results sheds new light on the effect of MSI and related sample preparation. Performing MSI before Q-LC-MS on the same tissue section led to fewer protein identifications and a lower correlation between lipid quantification results. Also, the critical role and influence of internal standards in Q-MSI for accurate quantification is highlighted. Testing various slide types and the evaluation of different workflows for single-section spatial multiomics analysis emphasized the need for critical evaluation of Q-MSI data. These findings highlight the necessity for robust quantification methods comparable to current gold-standard LC-MS/MS techniques. The spatial information from MSI allowed region-specific insights within heterogeneous tissues, as demonstrated for glioblastoma multiforme. Additionally, our workflow demonstrated the efficiency of a single step extraction for lipidomic and proteomic analyses on the same tissue area, enabling the examination of significantly altered proteins and lipids within distinct regions of a single section. The integration of these insights into a lipid-protein interaction network expands the biological information attainable from a tissue section, highlighting the potential of this comprehensive approach for advancing spatial multiomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim F.E. Hendriks
- The
Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) institute, Division
of Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS), Maastricht
University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper K. Krestensen
- The
Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) institute, Division
of Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS), Maastricht
University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronny Mohren
- The
Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) institute, Division
of Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS), Maastricht
University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Vandenbosch
- The
Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) institute, Division
of Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS), Maastricht
University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven De Vleeschouwer
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Laboratory for Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, UZ Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ron M.A. Heeren
- The
Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) institute, Division
of Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS), Maastricht
University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- The
Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) institute, Division
of Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS), Maastricht
University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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4
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Pego AMF, Knaven EJ, van de Plas APC, Brouwers JF, Cuypers E, Flinders B, Heeren RMA, van Asten AC, de Rooij BM. Untargeted metabolomics for lifestyle biomarker discovery in human hair. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 356:111938. [PMID: 38301432 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.111938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
There is a risk of crimes remaining unsolved when no matching DNA profiles or fingermarks are found. If this is the case, forensic investigations are faced with a significant shortage of evidence and information regarding the unknown perpetrator and/or victim as well as any missing persons. However, a rather commonly found biological trace encountered at crime scenes is human hair. As hair acts as a biochemical reservoir, it may contain valuable information regarding one's characteristics and habits. This study aimed to build an analytical method capable of determining a marker set of relevant metabolites in hair, eventually building up a profile of its donor. To find potential markers, an untargeted metabolomics approach was developed to select and identify statistically significant features. For that purpose, a total of 68 hair samples were collected at several hairdresser shops in varying neighbourhoods. Compound extraction was achieved via methanolic incubation overnight and analysis performed using a high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) Orbitrap Q Exactive Focus. The acquired data was uploaded and statistically evaluated using two free online software/libraries, where a total of eight compounds have given a match on both tools. Their presumptive identity was confirmed using reference standards and consequently added to a dynamic target donor profiling list. These results show the potential of using untargeted metabolomics for the search for lifestyle biomarkers capable of differentiating individuals. Such tools are of paramount importance in a forensic setting with little or no evidence available and no clear tactical leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M F Pego
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands; Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, NY, USA.
| | - Edward J Knaven
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Anke P C van de Plas
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Jos F Brouwers
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Belgium; M4I, The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute, University Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bryn Flinders
- M4I, The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute, University Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- M4I, The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute, University Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Arian C van Asten
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Center, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ben M de Rooij
- Research group Analysis Techniques in the Life Sciences, Avans University of Applied Sciences, Breda, the Netherlands
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5
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Molina-Millán L, Körber A, Flinders B, Cillero-Pastor B, Cuypers E, Heeren RMA. MALDI-2 Mass Spectrometry for Synthetic Polymer Analysis. Macromolecules 2023; 56:7729-7736. [PMID: 37841532 PMCID: PMC10569092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are ubiquitous in daily life, and their properties offer diverse benefits in numerous applications. However, synthetic polymers also present an increasing environmental burden through their improper disposal and subsequent degradation into secondary micro- and nanoparticles (MNPs). These MNPs accumulate in soil and water environments and can ultimately end up in the food chain, resulting in potential health risks. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) has the potential to study localized biological or toxicological changes in organisms exposed to MNPs. Here, we investigate whether MALDI-2 postionization can provide a sensitivity enhancement in polymer analysis that could contribute to the study of MNPs. We evaluated the effect of MALDI-2 by comparing MALDI and MALDI-2 ion yields from polyethyleneglycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF), nylon-6, and polystyrene (PS). MALDI-2 caused a signal enhancement of the protonated species for PEG, PPG, PTHF, and nylon-6. PS, by contrast, preferentially formed radical ions, which we attribute to direct resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI). REMPI of PS led to an improvement in sensitivity by several orders of magnitude, even without cationizing salts. The improved sensitivity demonstrated by MALDI-2 for all polymers tested highlights its potential for studying the distribution of certain classes of polymers in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Molina-Millán
- The
Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division
of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht
University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aljoscha Körber
- The
Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division
of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht
University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bryn Flinders
- The
Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division
of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht
University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Berta Cillero-Pastor
- The
Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division
of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht
University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- The
MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Department
of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- The
Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division
of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht
University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- The
Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division
of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht
University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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6
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Hadavi D, Tosheva I, Siegel TP, Cuypers E, Honing M. Technological advances for analyzing the content of organ-on-a-chip by mass spectrometry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1197760. [PMID: 37284240 PMCID: PMC10239923 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1197760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures, including organ-on-a-chip (OOC) devices, offer the possibility to mimic human physiology conditions better than 2D models. The organ-on-a-chip devices have a wide range of applications, including mechanical studies, functional validation, and toxicology investigations. Despite many advances in this field, the major challenge with the use of organ-on-a-chips relies on the lack of online analysis methods preventing the real-time observation of cultured cells. Mass spectrometry is a promising analytical technique for real-time analysis of cell excretes from organ-on-a-chip models. This is due to its high sensitivity, selectivity, and ability to tentatively identify a large variety of unknown compounds, ranging from metabolites, lipids, and peptides to proteins. However, the hyphenation of organ-on-a-chip with MS is largely hampered by the nature of the media used, and the presence of nonvolatile buffers. This in turn stalls the straightforward and online connection of organ-on-a-chip outlet to MS. To overcome this challenge, multiple advances have been made to pre-treat samples right after organ-on-a-chip and just before MS. In this review, we summarised these technological advances and exhaustively evaluated their benefits and shortcomings for successful hyphenation of organ-on-a-chip with MS.
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7
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Van Hese L, De Vleeschouwer S, Theys T, Rex S, Heeren RMA, Cuypers E. The diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative differentiation and delineation techniques in brain tumours. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:123. [PMID: 36355227 PMCID: PMC9649524 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00585-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumour identification and delineation in a timeframe of seconds would significantly guide and support surgical decisions. Here, treatment is often complicated by the infiltration of gliomas in the surrounding brain parenchyma. Accurate delineation of the invasive margins is essential to increase the extent of resection and to avoid postoperative neurological deficits. Currently, histopathological annotation of brain biopsies and genetic phenotyping still define the first line treatment, where results become only available after surgery. Furthermore, adjuvant techniques to improve intraoperative visualisation of the tumour tissue have been developed and validated. In this review, we focused on the sensitivity and specificity of conventional techniques to characterise the tumour type and margin, specifically fluorescent-guided surgery, neuronavigation and intraoperative imaging as well as on more experimental techniques such as mass spectrometry-based diagnostics, Raman spectrometry and hyperspectral imaging. Based on our findings, all investigated methods had their advantages and limitations, guiding researchers towards the combined use of intraoperative imaging techniques. This can lead to an improved outcome in terms of extent of tumour resection and progression free survival while preserving neurological outcome of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Van Hese
- Division of Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Vleeschouwer
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Theys
- Neurosurgery Department, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steffen Rex
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- Division of Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Division of Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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8
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Cuypers E, Claes BSR, Biemans R, Lieuwes NG, Glunde K, Dubois L, Heeren RMA. 'On the Spot' Digital Pathology of Breast Cancer Based on Single-Cell Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6180-6190. [PMID: 35413180 PMCID: PMC9047448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The molecular pathology of breast cancer is challenging due to the complex heterogeneity of cellular subtypes. The ability to directly identify and visualize cell subtype distribution at the single-cell level within a tissue section enables precise and rapid diagnosis and prognosis. Here, we applied mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to acquire and visualize the molecular profiles at the single-cell and subcellular levels of 14 different breast cancer cell lines. We built a molecular library of genetically well-characterized cell lines. Multistep processing, including deep learning, resulted in a breast cancer subtype, the cancer's hormone status, and a genotypic recognition model based on metabolic phenotypes with cross-validation rates of up to 97%. Moreover, we applied our single-cell-based recognition models to complex tissue samples, identifying cell subtypes in tissue context within seconds during measurement. These data demonstrate "on the spot" digital pathology at the single-cell level using MSI, and they provide a framework for fast and accurate high spatial resolution diagnostics and prognostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cuypers
- Maastricht
MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division of Imaging
Mass Spectrometry, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands,. Phone: +31 43 388
1501. Webpage: www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/M4I
| | - Britt S. R. Claes
- Maastricht
MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division of Imaging
Mass Spectrometry, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Biemans
- The
M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW—School for Oncology, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja G. Lieuwes
- The
M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW—School for Oncology, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristine Glunde
- Russell
H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division
of Cancer Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States,The
Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Ludwig Dubois
- The
M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW—School for Oncology, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- Maastricht
MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division of Imaging
Mass Spectrometry, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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9
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Van Hese L, De Vleeschouwer S, Theys T, Larivière E, Solie L, Sciot R, Siegel TP, Rex S, Heeren RM, Cuypers E. Towards real-time intraoperative tissue interrogation for REIMS-guided glioma surgery. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2022; 24:80-89. [PMID: 35572786 PMCID: PMC9095887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
REIMS can differentiate glioblastoma from normal brain with 99.2% sensitivity. Starting from 5% glioblastoma, REIMS showed a 100% correct classification rate. Low-grade gliomas can be identified with a 97.5% sensitivity.
Introduction Objectives Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Van Hese
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Anaesthesiology, UZ Leuven; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Vleeschouwer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory for Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, UZ Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Theys
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory for Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, UZ Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emma Larivière
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory for Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, UZ Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien Solie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory for Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, UZ Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raf Sciot
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tiffany Porta Siegel
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steffen Rex
- Department of Anaesthesiology, UZ Leuven; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ron M.A. Heeren
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author at: M4I Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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10
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Jeromel L, Ogrinc N, Siketić Z, Vavpetič P, Rupnik Z, Bučar K, Jenčič B, Kelemen M, Vencelj M, Vogel-Mikuš K, Kovač J, Heeren RMA, Flinders B, Cuypers E, Barba Ž, Pelicon P. Molecular imaging of humain hair with MeV-SIMS: A case study of cocaine detection and distribution in the hair of a cocaine user. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263338. [PMID: 35333862 PMCID: PMC8956162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hair absorbs numerous biomolecules from the body during its growth. This can act as a fingerprint to determine substance intake of an individual, which can be useful in forensic studies. The cocaine concentration profile along the growth axis of hair indicates the time evolution of the metabolic incorporation of cocaine usage. It could be either assessed by chemical extraction and further analysis of hair bundels, or by direct single hair fibre analysis with mass spectroscopy imaging (MSI). Within this work, we analyzed the cocaine distribution in individual hair samples using MeV-SIMS. Unlike conventional surface analysis methods, we demonstrate high yields of nonfragmented molecular ions from the surface of biological materials, resulting in high chemical sensitivity and non-destructive characterisation. Hair samples were prepared by longitudinally cutting along the axis of growth, leaving half-cylindrical shape to access the interior structure of the hair by the probing ion beam, and attached to the silicon wafer. A focused 5.8 MeV 35Cl6+ beam was scanned across the intact, chemically pristine hair structure. A non-fragmented protonated [M+ H]+ cocaine molecular peak at m/z = 304 was detected and localized along the cross-section of the hair. Its intensity exhibits strong fluctuations along the direction of the hair’s growth, with pronounced peaks as narrow as 50 micrometres, corresponding to a metabolic incorporation time of approx. three hours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Ogrinc
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, ER Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katarina Vogel-Mikuš
- Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Kovač
- Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, ER Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bryn Flinders
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, ER Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, ER Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- KU Leuven Toxicology & Pharmacology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Žiga Barba
- Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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11
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Vandenbosch M, Pajk S, Van Den Bogaert W, Wuestenbergs J, Van de Voorde W, Cuypers E. Post Mortem Analysis of Opioids and Metabolites in Skeletal Tissue. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:783-790. [PMID: 34480794 PMCID: PMC9375233 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year, thousands of suspicious deaths are accounted for by an overdose of opioids. Occasionally all traditional matrices are unavailable due to decomposition. Skeletal tissue may pose a valid alternative. However, reference data on postmortem concentrations in bone tissue and bone marrow (BM) is sparse. Therefore, a liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and fully validated for the analysis of four opioids and two metabolites (tramadol, O-desmethyltramadol, morphine, fentanyl, norfentanyl, codeine) in bone tissue and BM. Sample preparation was performed using solid phase extraction (BM), methanolic extraction (bone) and a protein precipitation (whole blood). All validation parameters were successfully fulfilled. This method was applied to analyze 22 forensic cases involving opioids. All six opioids were proven to be detectable and quantifiable in all specimens sampled. When tramadol blood concentrations were correlated with bone concentrations, a linear trend could be detected. The same was seen between tramadol blood and BM concentration. A similar linear trend was seen when correlating codeine blood concentration with bone and BM concentration. Although some variability was detected, the same linear trend was seen for morphine. For fentanyl and norfentanyl, the sample size was too small to draw conclusions, regarding correlation. As far as the authors know this is the first-time fentanyl and norfentanyl are quantified in skeletal tissue. In conclusion, due to the absence of reference data for drugs in skeletal tissue, these findings are a step forward toward a more thorough understanding of drug concentration found in postmortem skeletal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Vandenbosch
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2, Herestraat 49, PO box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Maastricht University, M4I Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stane Pajk
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2, Herestraat 49, PO box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Wouter Van Den Bogaert
- KU Leuven, Imaging and Pathology Department, Division Forensic Biomedical Sciences, Campus Sint-Rafaël, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joke Wuestenbergs
- KU Leuven, Imaging and Pathology Department, Division Forensic Biomedical Sciences, Campus Sint-Rafaël, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Van de Voorde
- KU Leuven, Imaging and Pathology Department, Division Forensic Biomedical Sciences, Campus Sint-Rafaël, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Cuypers
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2, Herestraat 49, PO box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Maastricht University, M4I Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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12
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Vandenbosch M, Nauta SP, Svirkova A, Poeze M, Heeren RMA, Siegel TP, Cuypers E, Marchetti-Deschmann M. Sample preparation of bone tissue for MALDI-MSI for forensic and (pre)clinical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:2683-2694. [PMID: 32930817 PMCID: PMC8007508 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02920-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) has been applied to a broad range of biological samples, e.g., forensics and preclinical samples. The use of MALDI-MSI for the analysis of bone tissue has been limited due to the insulating properties of the material but more importantly the absence of a proper sample preparation protocol for undecalcified bone tissue. Undecalcified sections are preferred to retain sample integrity as much as possible or to study the tissue-bone bio interface in particular. Here, we optimized the sample preparation protocol of undecalcified bone samples, aimed at both targeted and untargeted applications for forensic and preclinical applications, respectively. Different concentrations of gelatin and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were tested as embedding materials. The composition of 20% gelatin and 7.5% CMC showed to support the tissue best while sectioning. Bone tissue has to be sectioned with a tungsten carbide knife in a longitudinal fashion, while the sections need to be supported with double-sided tapes to maintain the morphology of the tissue. The developed sectioning method was shown to be applicable on rat and mouse as well as human bone samples. Targeted (methadone and EDDP) as well as untargeted (unknown lipids) detection was demonstrated. DHB proved to be the most suitable matrix for the detection of methadone and EDDP in positive ion mode. The limit of detection (LOD) is estimated to approximately 50 pg/spot on bone tissue. The protocol was successfully applied to detect the presence of methadone and EDDP in a dosed rat femur and a dosed human clavicle. The best matrices for the untargeted detection of unknown lipids in mouse hind legs in positive ion mode were CHCA and DHB based on the number of tissue-specific peaks and signal-to-noise ratios. The developed and optimized sample preparation method, applicable on animal and human bones, opens the door for future forensic and (pre)clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Vandenbosch
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2, Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sylvia P Nauta
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Trauma Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Anastasiya Svirkova
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Division of Imaging and Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martijn Poeze
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, Netherlands
- NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tiffany Porta Siegel
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2, Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Martina Marchetti-Deschmann
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Division of Imaging and Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, TU Wien (Vienna University of Technology), Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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Van Hese L, Cuypers E, Theys T, Absalom A, Rex S. Comparison of predicted and real propofol and remifentanil concentrations in plasma and brain tissue during target-controlled infusion: a reply. Anaesthesia 2021; 76:861-862. [PMID: 33662142 DOI: 10.1111/anae.15452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - E Cuypers
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T Theys
- University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Absalom
- University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Rex
- University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Van Hese L, Vaysse PM, Siegel TP, Heeren R, Rex S, Cuypers E. Real-time drug detection using a diathermic knife combined to rapid evaporative ionisation mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 221:121391. [PMID: 33076053 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fast, accurate and sensitive detection of drugs in human tissue is of crucial importance in an investigation of a suspicious death. Here, we aimed to screen cocaine, diazepam, methadone and morphine in post-mortem muscle samples without sample preparation and in quasi-real time using rapid evaporative ionisation mass spectrometry (REIMS). REIMS enables the online MS analysis of vapours generated from tissue dissection by a diathermic knife. Human muscle samples were soaked in solutions of 4 drugs at different concentrations and multiple incubation times to check the feasibility of REIMS for this innovative application. Muscle samples soaked in blank saline were used as a control. The classification model was able to distinguish between 30 μg g-1 cocaine (m/z 304.2), 200 μg g-1 morphine (m/z 286.2), 10 μg g-1 methadone (m/z 310.2) and 10 μg g-1 muscle of diazepam (m/z 285.1). REIMS tandem MS confirmed that the mass peaks that contributed to the class separation, originated from the drugs of interest. As a proof-of-concept, a forensic case muscle sample from a methadone overdose was investigated using REIMS. Here, using our classification model, the recognition software was able to detect methadone, demonstrating that the REIMS method opens new possibilities in forensic toxicology and during autopsy, leading to faster crime solving and decreased costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Van Hese
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229, ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pierre-Maxence Vaysse
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229, ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, 6229, HX, the Netherlands; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, 6229, HX, the Netherlands
| | - Tiffany Porta Siegel
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229, ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ron Heeren
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229, ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Steffen Rex
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, 6229, ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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15
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Van Hese L, Theys T, Absalom A, Rex S, Cuypers E. Comparison of predicted and real propofol and remifentanil concentrations in plasma and brain tissue during target‐controlled infusion: a prospective observational study. Anaesthesia 2020; 75:1626-1634. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.15125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Van Hese
- Department of Anaesthesiology University Hospitals Leuven KU Leuven 3000 Leuven Belgium
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) institute Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - T. Theys
- Neurosurgery Department University Hospitals Leuven Laboratory for Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy Department of Neurosciences KU Leuven 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - A.R. Absalom
- Neurosurgery Department University Hospitals Leuven Laboratory for Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy Department of Neurosciences KU Leuven 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - S. Rex
- Department of Anaesthesiology University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen The Netherlands
| | - E. Cuypers
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Department KU Leuven 3000 Leuven Belgium
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) institute Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
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16
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Vandenbosch M, Rooseleers L, Van Den Bogaert W, Wuestenbergs J, Van de Voorde W, Cuypers E. Skeletal tissue, a viable option in forensic toxicology? A view into post mortem cases. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 309:110225. [PMID: 32146303 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Blood analysis is the golden standard in the field of forensic toxicology. However, when extended decomposition of the remains has occurred, alternative matrices are required. Skeletal tissue may provide an appropriate sample of choice since it is very resistant to putrefaction. However, today, the absence of reference data of drug concentrations in skeletal tissue poses a problem to meaningfully and reliably conduct toxicological testing on human skeletal material. The present study investigates the viability of skeletal tissue as an alternative matrix to evaluate xenobiotic consumption in legal cases. Blood, bone tissue and bone marrow of different forensic cases were screened for 415 compounds of forensic interest. Afterwards, methadone, clomipramine, citalopram and their respectively metabolites positive samples were quantified using fully validated methods. Sample preparation was carried out by SPE (whole blood and bone marrow), methanol extraction (bone sections) or protein precipitation (whole blood). All samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quad mass spectrometer. Multiple drugs were successfully identified in all sampled matrices. In bone (marrow) not as many substances were detected as in blood but it poses a valid alternative when blood is not available. Especially bone marrow showed big potential with a concordance of 80.5% with blood. Clomipramine, citalopram and their metabolites were proven to be detectable and quantifiable in all specimens sampled. Bone marrow showed the highest concentrations followed by blood and bone tissue. When citalopram blood concentrations were correlated with the bone concentrations, a linear trend could be detected. The same was seen between blood and bone marrow for citalopram concentrations. Methadone was also proven to be detectable in all specimens sampled. However, its metabolites EMDP and EDPP were absent or below the LOD in some samples. Overall, methadone concentrations were higher in bone marrow than in bone. With exception of one case, blood concentrations were higher than bone concentrations. For methadone, a linear trend could be found between blood and bone concentration. Comparing methadone concentrations in blood and bone marrow an exponential trend could be seen. In conclusion, these findings show the potential forensic value of bone and bone marrow as an alternative matrix. Aside to that, a standard protocol for the sample collection and processing is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Vandenbosch
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2, Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lukas Rooseleers
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2, Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter Van Den Bogaert
- KU Leuven, Imaging and Pathology Department, Division Forensic Biomedical Sciences, Campus Sint-Rafaël, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joke Wuestenbergs
- KU Leuven, Imaging and Pathology Department, Division Forensic Biomedical Sciences, Campus Sint-Rafaël, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Van de Voorde
- KU Leuven, Imaging and Pathology Department, Division Forensic Biomedical Sciences, Campus Sint-Rafaël, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Cuypers
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2, Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Maastricht University, M4I Institute, Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Nicolas S, Zoukimian C, Bosmans F, Montnach J, Diochot S, Cuypers E, De Waard S, Béroud R, Mebs D, Craik D, Boturyn D, Lazdunski M, Tytgat J, De Waard M. Chemical Synthesis, Proper Folding, Na v Channel Selectivity Profile and Analgesic Properties of the Spider Peptide Phlotoxin 1. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060367. [PMID: 31234412 PMCID: PMC6628435 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlotoxin-1 (PhlTx1) is a peptide previously identified in tarantula venom (Phlogius species) that belongs to the inhibitory cysteine-knot (ICK) toxin family. Like many ICK-based spider toxins, the synthesis of PhlTx1 appears particularly challenging, mostly for obtaining appropriate folding and concomitant suitable disulfide bridge formation. Herein, we describe a procedure for the chemical synthesis and the directed sequential disulfide bridge formation of PhlTx1 that allows for a straightforward production of this challenging peptide. We also performed extensive functional testing of PhlTx1 on 31 ion channel types and identified the voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel Nav1.7 as the main target of this toxin. Moreover, we compared PhlTx1 activity to 10 other spider toxin activities on an automated patch-clamp system with Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells expressing human Nav1.7. Performing these analyses in reproducible conditions allowed for classification according to the potency of the best natural Nav1.7 peptide blockers. Finally, subsequent in vivo testing revealed that intrathecal injection of PhlTx1 reduces the response of mice to formalin in both the acute pain and inflammation phase without signs of neurotoxicity. PhlTx1 is thus an interesting toxin to investigate Nav1.7 involvement in cellular excitability and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Nicolas
- Institut du Thorax, Inserm UMR 1087/CNRS UMR 6291, LabEx "Ion Channels, Science & Therapeutics", F-44007 Nantes, France.
| | - Claude Zoukimian
- Smartox Biotechnology, 6 rue des Platanes, F-38120 Saint-Egrève, France.
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 570 rue de la chimie, CS 40700, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Frank Bosmans
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jérôme Montnach
- Institut du Thorax, Inserm UMR 1087/CNRS UMR 6291, LabEx "Ion Channels, Science & Therapeutics", F-44007 Nantes, France.
| | - Sylvie Diochot
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 660 route des lucioles, 6560 Valbonne, France.
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Stephan De Waard
- Institut du Thorax, Inserm UMR 1087/CNRS UMR 6291, LabEx "Ion Channels, Science & Therapeutics", F-44007 Nantes, France.
| | - Rémy Béroud
- Smartox Biotechnology, 6 rue des Platanes, F-38120 Saint-Egrève, France.
| | - Dietrich Mebs
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Frankfurt, Kennedyallee 104, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - David Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Didier Boturyn
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 570 rue de la chimie, CS 40700, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Michel Lazdunski
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 660 route des lucioles, 6560 Valbonne, France.
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Michel De Waard
- Institut du Thorax, Inserm UMR 1087/CNRS UMR 6291, LabEx "Ion Channels, Science & Therapeutics", F-44007 Nantes, France.
- Smartox Biotechnology, 6 rue des Platanes, F-38120 Saint-Egrève, France.
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Vandenbosch M, Somers T, Cuypers E. Distribution of clomipramine, citalopram, midazolam, and metabolites in skeletal tissue after chronic dosing in rats. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1083-1093. [PMID: 30817095 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of skeletal tissue as an alternative matrix in forensic toxicology has received new interest. In cases where extreme decomposition has taken place, analysis of skeletal tissue is often the only option left. In this article, a fully validated method is presented and the distribution of clomipramine, citalopram, midazolam, and metabolites after chronically administration is examined within skeletal tissue. Rats were chronically dosed with respectively clomipramine, citalopram, or midazolam. Extracts were quantitatively analyzed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Clomipramine, citalopram, and metabolites, respectively desmethylclomipramine and desmethylcitalopram are shown to be detectable in all bone types sampled. Midazolam and its metabolite α-OH-midazolam could not be detected. The absence of midazolam in extracts gives an indication that drugs with pKa values under physiological pH are badly or not incorporated in bone tissue. Bone and post-mortem blood concentrations were compared. A range of different bone types was compared and showed that the concentration is strongly dependent on the bone type. In concordance with previous publications, the humerus shows the highest drug levels. Skeletal tissue concentrations found ranged from 1.1 to 587.8 ng/g. Comparison of the same bone type between the different rats showed high variances. However, the drugs-metabolite ratio proved to have lower variances (<20%). Moreover, the drugs-metabolite ratio in the sampled bones is in close concordance to the ratios seen in blood within a rat. From this, we can assume that the drugs-metabolite ratio in skeletal tissue may prove to be more useful than absolute found concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomas Somers
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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20
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De Boeck M, Damilano G, Dehaen W, Tytgat J, Cuypers E. Evaluation of 11 ionic liquids as potential extraction solvents for benzodiazepines from whole blood using liquid-liquid microextraction combined with LC-MS/MS. Talanta 2018; 184:369-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Vanhove W, Cuypers E, Bonneure AJ, Gotink J, Stassen M, Tytgat J, Van Damme P. The Health Risks of Belgian Illicit Indoor Cannabis Plantations. J Forensic Sci 2018; 63:1783-1789. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Vanhove
- UGent Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture and Ethnobotany; Coupure Links 653 Gent Belgium
| | - Eva Cuypers
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology; Herestraat 49 PO Box 922 Leuven Belgium
| | - Arne-Jan Bonneure
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology; Herestraat 49 PO Box 922 Leuven Belgium
| | - Joachim Gotink
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology; Herestraat 49 PO Box 922 Leuven Belgium
| | - Mirna Stassen
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology; Herestraat 49 PO Box 922 Leuven Belgium
| | - Jan Tytgat
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology; Herestraat 49 PO Box 922 Leuven Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Damme
- UGent Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture and Ethnobotany; Coupure Links 653 Gent Belgium
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague; Kamycka 129 Prague 6 - Suchdol 165 21 Czech Republic
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22
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De Boeck M, Dehaen W, Tytgat J, Cuypers E. Ionic Liquid-Based Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for Benzodiazepine Analysis in Postmortem Blood Samples. J Forensic Sci 2018; 63:1875-1879. [PMID: 29573426 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is rapidly improving to fulfill the need for faster and more environmentally friendly alternatives. In this respect, ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (IL-DLLME) is an interesting technique. However, it has not yet been evaluated for the analysis of postmortem samples, which are frequently analyzed in forensic toxicology. This study investigates the applicability of IL-DLLME coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), for the analysis of benzodiazepines in postmortem blood of 11 forensic cases. The method was compared with a validated solid-phase extraction (SPE) method. Bland-Altman analysis was performed on 24 benzodiazepine measurements. Both methods gave comparable results, except for flurazepam and temazepam (>55% difference). A feasible explanation is high postmortem matrix variability that was not considered during IL-DLLME validation experiments. Another issue could be the use of a single nondeuterated SPE internal standard. Overall, IL-DLLME has proven its usability for the analysis of postmortem blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke De Boeck
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N II, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Arenberg, P.O. Box 2404, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N II, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N II, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Vandenbosch M, Somers T, Cuypers E. Distribution of Methadone and Metabolites in Skeletal Tissue. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:400-408. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Vandenbosch
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomas Somers
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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24
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De Boeck M, Dubrulle L, Dehaen W, Tytgat J, Cuypers E. Fast and easy extraction of antidepressants from whole blood using ionic liquids as extraction solvent. Talanta 2017; 180:292-299. [PMID: 29332813 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to prove that ionic liquids (ILs) can be used as extraction solvents in a liquid-liquid microextraction, coupled to LC-MS/MS, for the quantification of a large group of antidepressants in whole blood samples. The sample preparation procedure consisted of adding 1.0mL aqueous buffer pH 3.0 and 60µL of IL (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) to 1.0mL whole blood. Subsequently, a 5-min rotary mixing step was performed followed by centrifugation. The lower IL phase was collected, diluted 1:10 in methanol and 10µL was injected into the LC-MS/MS. The following analytes were included in the full-quantitative method: agomelatine, amitriptyline, bupropion, clomipramine, dosulepin, doxepin, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, imipramine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, nortriptyline, paroxetine, reboxetine, trazodone and venlafaxine. Selectivity was checked for 10 different whole blood matrices. Additionally, possible interferences of deuterated standards or other antidepressants were evaluated. Overall, no interferences were found. For each analyte a matrix-matched calibration curve was constructed (7 levels, n = 6), covering therapeutic and low toxic concentrations. Accuracy and precision were evaluated over eight days, at three concentration levels (n = 2). Bias, repeatability and intermediate precision results met with the proposed validation criteria, except for fluvoxamine, which was therefore only included in the semi-quantitative method. LOQs were set at the lowest calibrator concentration and LOD values were - for most analytes - within a range of 1-2ng/mL. Recoveries (RE) and matrix effects (ME) were evaluated for five types of donor whole blood, at two concentration levels. RE values were within a range of 53.11-132.98%. ME values were within a range of 61.92-123.24%. In conclusion, this study proves the applicability of ILs as extraction solvents for a large group of antidepressants in complex whole blood matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke De Boeck
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N II, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Dubrulle
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N II, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Arenberg, P.O. Box 2404, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N II, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N II, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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25
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Flinders B, Beasley E, Verlaan RM, Cuypers E, Francese S, Bassindale T, Clench MR, Heeren RMA. Optimization of Sample Preparation and Instrumental Parameters for the Rapid Analysis of Drugs of Abuse in Hair samples by MALDI-MS/MS Imaging. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2017; 28:2462-2468. [PMID: 28801836 PMCID: PMC5645433 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) has been employed to rapidly screen longitudinally sectioned drug user hair samples for cocaine and its metabolites using continuous raster imaging. Optimization of the spatial resolution and raster speed were performed on intact cocaine contaminated hair samples. The optimized settings (100 × 150 μm at 0.24 mm/s) were subsequently used to examine longitudinally sectioned drug user hair samples. The MALDI-MS/MS images showed the distribution of the most abundant cocaine product ion at m/z 182. Using the optimized settings, multiple hair samples obtained from two users were analyzed in approximately 3 h: six times faster than the standard spot-to-spot acquisition method. Quantitation was achieved using longitudinally sectioned control hair samples sprayed with a cocaine dilution series. A multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) experiment was also performed using the 'dynamic pixel' imaging method to screen for cocaine and a range of its metabolites, in order to differentiate between contaminated hairs and drug users. Cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and cocaethylene were detectable, in agreement with analyses carried out using the standard LC-MS/MS method. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn Flinders
- FOM-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Beasley
- Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Center, City Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Ricky M Verlaan
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology", Herestraat 49, PO 922, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simona Francese
- Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Center, City Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Tom Bassindale
- Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Center, City Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Malcolm R Clench
- Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Sciences Research Center, City Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- FOM-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cuypers
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert J. Flanagan
- Toxicology Unit, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
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Rosier E, Loix S, Develter W, Van de Voorde W, Cuypers E, Tytgat J. Differentiation between decomposed remains of human origin and bigger mammals. J Forensic Leg Med 2017; 50:28-35. [PMID: 28686981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study is a follow-up study in the search for a human specific marker in the decomposition where the VOC-profile of decomposing human, pig, lamb and roe remains were analyzed using a thermal desorber combined with a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer in a laboratory environment during 6 months. The combination of 8 previously identified human and pig specific compounds (ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, propyl butyrate, ethyl pentanoate, 3-methylthio-1-propanol, methyl(methylthio)ethyl disulfide, diethyl disulfide and pyridine) was also seen in these analyzed mammals. However, combined with 5 additional compounds (hexane, heptane, octane, N-(3-methylbutyl)- and N-(2-methylpropyl)acetamide) human remains could be separated from pig, lamb and roe remains. Based on a higher number of remains analyzed, as compared with the pilot study, it was no longer possible to rely on the 5 previously proposed esters to separate pig from human remains. From this follow-up study reported, it was found that pyridine is an interesting compound specific to human remains. Such a human specific marker can help in the training of cadaver dogs or in the development of devices to search for human remains. However, further investigations have to verify these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rosier
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, PO Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Loix
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, PO Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - W Develter
- Imaging & Pathology Department, Division Forensic Biomedical Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Sint-Rafaël, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - W Van de Voorde
- Imaging & Pathology Department, Division Forensic Biomedical Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Sint-Rafaël, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Cuypers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, PO Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Tytgat
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, PO Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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28
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De Boeck M, Missotten S, Dehaen W, Tytgat J, Cuypers E. Development and validation of a fast ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction procedure combined with LC–MS/MS analysis for the quantification of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-like hypnotics in whole blood. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 274:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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29
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Cuypers E, Rosier E, Loix S, Develter W, Van Den Bogaert W, Wuestenbergs J, Van de Voorde W, Tytgat J. Medical Findings and Toxicological Analysis in Infant Death by Balloon Gas Asphyxia: A Case Report. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:347-349. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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30
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Abstract
Hair testing is a powerful tool routinely used for the detection of drugs of abuse. The analysis of hair is highly advantageous as it can provide prolonged drug detectability versus that in biological fluids and chronological information about drug intake based on the average growth of hair. However, current methodology requires large amounts of hair samples and involves complex time-consuming sample preparation followed by gas or liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry imaging is increasingly being used for the analysis of single hair samples, as it provides more accurate and visual chronological information in single hair samples.Here, two methods for the preparation of single hair samples for mass spectrometry imaging are presented.The first uses an in-house built cutting apparatus to prepare longitudinal sections, the second is a method for embedding and cryo-sectioning hair samples in order to prepare cross-sections all along the hair sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn Flinders
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Eva Cuypers
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology, Herestraat 49, PO 922, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tiffany Porta
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Varesio
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Hopfgartner
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry Group, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ron M A Heeren
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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31
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Rosier E, Loix S, Develter W, Van de Voorde W, Tytgat J, Cuypers E. Time-dependent VOC-profile of decomposed human and animal remains in laboratory environment. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:164-169. [PMID: 27285065 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A validated method using a thermal desorber combined with a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer was used to identify the volatile organic compounds released in decomposed human and animal remains after 9 and 12 months in glass jars in a laboratory environment. This is a follow-up study on a previous report where the first 6 months of decomposition of 6 human and 26 animal remains was investigated. In the first report, out of 452 identified compounds, a combination of 8 compounds was proposed as human and pig specific. The goal of the current study was to investigate if these 8 compounds were still released after 9 and 12 months. The next results were noticed: 287 compounds were identified; only 9 new compounds were detected and 173 were no longer seen. Sulfur-containing compounds were less prevalent as compared to the first month of decomposition. The appearance of nitrogen-containing compounds and alcohols was increasingly evident during the first 6 months, and the same trend was seen in the following 6 months. Esters became less important after 6 months. From the proposed human and pig specific compounds, diethyl disulfide was only detected during the first months of decomposition. Interestingly, the 4 proposed human and pig specific esters, as well as pyridine, 3-methylthio-1-propanol and methyl(methylthio)ethyl disulfide were still present after 9 and 12 months of decomposition. This means that these 7 human and pig specific markers can be used in the development of training aids for cadaver dogs during the whole decomposition process. Diethyl disulfide can be used in training aids for the first month of decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rosier
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, PO Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Loix
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, PO Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - W Develter
- Imaging & Pathology Department, Division Forensic Biomedical Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Sint-Rafaël, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - W Van de Voorde
- Imaging & Pathology Department, Division Forensic Biomedical Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Sint-Rafaël, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Tytgat
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, PO Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Cuypers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, PO Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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ElFessi-Magouri R, Peigneur S, Khamessi O, Srairi-Abid N, ElAyeb M, Mille BG, Cuypers E, Tytgat J, Kharrat R. Kbot55, purified from Buthus occitanus tunetanus venom, represents the first member of a novel α-KTx subfamily. Peptides 2016; 80:4-8. [PMID: 26079392 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Kbot55 is a 39 amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Tunisian scorpion Buthus occitanus tunetanus. This peptide is cross-linked by 3 disulfide bridges and has a molecular mass of 4128.65Da. Kbot55 is very low represented in the venom and thus represents a challenge for biochemical characterization. In this study, Kbot55 has been subjected to a screening on ion channels expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. It was found that Kbot55 targets voltage-gated potassium channels with high affinity. Kbot55 shows very low amino acid identity with other scorpion potassium toxins and therefore was considered a bona fide novel type of scorpion toxin. Sequence alignment analysis indicated that Kbot55 is the first representative of the new α-Ktx31 subfamily and therefore was classified as α-Ktx31.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rym ElFessi-Magouri
- Laboratoire des Venins et Molécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur, BP-74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Steve Peigneur
- Toxicology & Pharmacology, University of Leuven (K.U. Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 922, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oussema Khamessi
- Laboratoire des Venins et Molécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur, BP-74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Najet Srairi-Abid
- Laboratoire des Venins et Molécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur, BP-74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed ElAyeb
- Laboratoire des Venins et Molécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur, BP-74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Bea Garcia Mille
- Toxicology & Pharmacology, University of Leuven (K.U. Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 922, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Toxicology & Pharmacology, University of Leuven (K.U. Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 922, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology & Pharmacology, University of Leuven (K.U. Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N2, Herestraat 49, P.O. Box 922, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Riadh Kharrat
- Laboratoire des Venins et Molécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur, BP-74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia.
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Cuypers E, Flinders B, Boone CM, Bosman IJ, Lusthof KJ, Van Asten AC, Tytgat J, Heeren RMA. Consequences of Decontamination Procedures in Forensic Hair Analysis Using Metal-Assisted Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3091-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cuypers
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science
Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- KU Leuven Toxycology & Pharmacology, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2, Herestraat 49, P.O. 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bryn Flinders
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science
Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- M4I,
The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien M. Boone
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan
van Ypenburg 6, 2497 GB The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid J. Bosman
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan
van Ypenburg 6, 2497 GB The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas J. Lusthof
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan
van Ypenburg 6, 2497 GB The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Arian C. Van Asten
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan
van Ypenburg 6, 2497 GB The Hague, The Netherlands
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Tytgat
- KU Leuven Toxycology & Pharmacology, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2, Herestraat 49, P.O. 922, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science
Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- M4I,
The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Rosier E, Loix S, Develter W, Van de Voorde W, Tytgat J, Cuypers E. The Search for a Volatile Human Specific Marker in the Decomposition Process. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137341. [PMID: 26375029 PMCID: PMC4572707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a validated method using a thermal desorber combined with a gas chromatograph coupled to mass spectrometry was used to identify the volatile organic compounds released during decomposition of 6 human and 26 animal remains in a laboratory environment during a period of 6 months. 452 compounds were identified. Among them a human specific marker was sought using principle component analysis. We found a combination of 8 compounds (ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, propyl butyrate, ethyl pentanoate, pyridine, diethyl disulfide, methyl(methylthio)ethyl disulfide and 3-methylthio-1-propanol) that led to the distinction of human and pig remains from other animal remains. Furthermore, it was possible to separate the pig remains from human remains based on 5 esters (3-methylbutyl pentanoate, 3-methylbutyl 3-methylbutyrate, 3-methylbutyl 2-methylbutyrate, butyl pentanoate and propyl hexanoate). Further research in the field with full bodies has to corroborate these results and search for one or more human specific markers. These markers would allow a more efficiently training of cadaver dogs or portable detection devices could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Rosier
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - S. Loix
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - W. Develter
- Imaging & Pathology Department, Division Forensic Biomedical Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - W. Van de Voorde
- Imaging & Pathology Department, Division Forensic Biomedical Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. Tytgat
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - E. Cuypers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Cuypers E, Bonneure AJ, Tytgat J. The use of presumptive color tests for new psychoactive substances. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:136-40. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Cuypers
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology; Herestraat 49, PO box 922 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - A.-J. Bonneure
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology; Herestraat 49, PO box 922 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - J. Tytgat
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology; Herestraat 49, PO box 922 3000 Leuven Belgium
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Peigneur S, Cologna CT, Cremonez CM, Mille BG, Pucca MB, Cuypers E, Arantes EC, Tytgat J. A gamut of undiscovered electrophysiological effects produced by Tityus serrulatus toxin 1 on NaV-type isoforms. Neuropharmacology 2015; 95:269-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Flinders B, Cuypers E, Zeijlemaker H, Tytgat J, Heeren RMA. Preparation of longitudinal sections of hair samples for the analysis of cocaine by MALDI-MS/MS and TOF-SIMS imaging. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:859-65. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryn Flinders
- FOM-Institute AMOLF; Science Park 104 1098 XG Amsterdam the Netherlands
- M4I, The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute; University of Maastricht; Universiteitssingel 50 6229 ER Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Eva Cuypers
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology; Herestraat 49 PO 922, 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Hans Zeijlemaker
- FOM-Institute AMOLF; Science Park 104 1098 XG Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Jan Tytgat
- KU Leuven Toxicology and Pharmacology; Herestraat 49 PO 922, 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- FOM-Institute AMOLF; Science Park 104 1098 XG Amsterdam the Netherlands
- M4I, The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging institute; University of Maastricht; Universiteitssingel 50 6229 ER Maastricht the Netherlands
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Cuypers E, Flinders B, Bosman IJ, Lusthof KJ, Van Asten AC, Tytgat J, Heeren RM. Hydrogen peroxide reactions on cocaine in hair using imaging mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 242:103-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cuypers E, Flinders B, Bosman I, Lusthof K, Van Asten A, Tytgat J, Heeren R. P9: A closer look to the effect of external influences on cocaine in hair using imaging mass spectrometry. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2352-0078(14)70070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Flinders B, Cuypers E, Zeijlemaker H, Heeren R. P15: Preparation of longitudinal sections of hair samples for analysis by multi-modal mass spectrometry imaging. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2352-0078(14)70076-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rosier E, Cuypers E, Dekens M, Verplaetse R, Develter W, Van de Voorde W, Maes D, Tytgat J. Development and validation of a new TD-GC/MS method and its applicability in the search for human and animal decomposition products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:3611-9. [PMID: 24633514 PMCID: PMC4026628 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation between human and animal remains by means of analysis of volatile compounds released during decomposition is impossible since no volatile marker(s) specific for human decomposition has been established today. Hence, the identification of such a marker for human decomposition would represent great progression for the discovery of buried cadavers by analytical techniques. Cadaver dogs can be trained more efficiently, the understanding of forensic entomology can be enhanced, and the development of a portable detection device may be within reach. This study describes the development and validation of a new analytical method that can be applied in the search of such (a) specific marker(s). Sampling of the volatile compounds released by decomposing animal and human remains was performed both in a laboratory environment and outdoors by adsorption on sorbent tubes. Different coatings and several sampling parameters were investigated. Next, the volatile compounds were analyzed and identified by a thermal desorber combined with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS). Different GC columns were tested. Finally, the analytical method was validated using a standard mixture of nine representative compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rosier
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Verplaetse R, Cuypers E, Tytgat J. The evaluation of the applicability of a high pH mobile phase in ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-like hypnotics in urine and blood. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1249:147-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cuypers E, Peigneur S, Debaveye S, Shiomi K, Tytgat J. TRPV1 Channel as New Target for Marine Toxins: Example of Gigantoxin I, a Sea Anemone Toxin Acting Via Modulation of the PLA2 Pathway. Acta Chim Slov 2011; 58:735-741. [PMID: 24061123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gigantoxin I, isolated from sea anemone Stichodactyla gigantea, was previously described as the first epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like toxin from natural origin. In this study, we discovered the interaction between the transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype I (TRPV1) channels and gigantoxin I. The TRPV1 channel is a non-selective cation channel involved in pain sensation and is described as pharmacological target of cnidaria venom. Our results highlight the involvement of the epidermal growth factor receptor/phospholipaseA2/arachidonic acid/lipoxygenase (EGFR/PLA2/AA/ LOX) pathway in the indirect activation of TRPV1 channels by gigantoxin I. This is the first time that this pathway is described in the indirect activation of TRPV1 channels by toxins. This knowledge not only gives insights into the possible induced effects by this new group of toxins, but also leads to a better understanding of the regulatory mechanism of TRPV1 channels themselves.
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Cooreman S, Cuypers E, De Doncker M, Van Hee P, Uyttenbroeck W, Neels H. Comparison of three immunoassays and one GC-MS method for the determination of valproic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immbio.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Over the last couple of years, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1) channels have been a hot topic in ion channel research. Since this research field is still rather new, there is not much known about the working mechanism of TRPV1 and its ligands. Nevertheless, the important physiological role and therapeutic potential are promising. Therefore, extensive research is going on and a lot of natural as well as synthetic compounds are already described. In this review, we briefly give an overview of capsaicin's history and the current knowledge of its working mechanism and physiological role. We discuss the best known plant molecules acting on TRPV1 and highlight the latest discovery in TRPV1 research: animal venoms and toxins acting on TRPV1 channels. In an effort to give the complete image of TRPV1 ligands known today, the most promising synthetic compounds are presented. Finally, we present a novel pharmacophore model describing putative ligand binding domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cuypers
- Lab of Toxicology, Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N2, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.
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Cuypers E, Abdel-Mottaleb Y, Kopljar I, Rainier JD, Raes AL, Snyders DJ, Tytgat J. Gambierol, a toxin produced by the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus, is a potent blocker of voltage-gated potassium channels. Toxicon 2008; 51:974-83. [PMID: 18313714 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we pharmacologically characterized gambierol, a marine polycyclic ether toxin which is produced by the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. Besides several other polycyclic ether toxins like ciguatoxins, this scarcely studied toxin is one of the compounds that may be responsible for ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). Unfortunately, the biological target(s) that underlies CFP is still partly unknown. Today, ciguatoxins are described to specifically activate voltage-gated sodium channels by interacting with their receptor site 5. But some dispute about the role of gambierol in the CFP story shows up: some describe voltage-gated sodium channels as the target, while others pinpoint voltage-gated potassium channels as targets. Since gambierol was never tested on isolated ion channels before, it was subjected in this work to extensive screening on a panel of 17 ion channels: nine cloned voltage-gated ion channels (mammalian Na(v)1.1-Na(v)1.8 and insect Para) and eight cloned voltage-gated potassium channels (mammalian K(v)1.1-K(v)1.6, hERG and insect ShakerIR) expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes using two-electrode voltage-clamp technique. All tested sodium channel subtypes are insensitive to gambierol concentrations up to 10 microM. In contrast, K(v)1.2 is the most sensitive voltage-gated potassium channel subtype with almost full block (>97%) and an half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 34.5 nM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study where the selectivity of gambierol is tested on isolated voltage-gated ion channels. Therefore, these results lead to a better understanding of gambierol and its possible role in CFP and they may also be useful in the development of more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cuypers
- Laboratorium voor Toxicologie, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2, Herestraat 49, Bus 922, KULeuven B-3000, Belgium
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Cuypers E, Yanagihara A, Rainier JD, Tytgat J. TRPV1 as a key determinant in ciguatera and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 361:214-7. [PMID: 17659256 PMCID: PMC2000974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning and neurotoxic shellfish poisoning are distinct clinical entities characterized by gastrointestinal and neurological disturbances, following the consumption of certain reef fish and shellfish containing toxic polyether compounds sporadically present in certain toxic marine dinoflagellates. The biotransformation and bioaccumulation of gambierol and brevetoxin, and their congeners, are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of these "food-chain diseases", for which no effective treatments are available. Here, we describe for the first time the potent effect of gambierol and brevetoxin on TRPV1 channels, a key player in thermal and pain sensation. Our findings may lead to promising new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cuypers
- Laboratorium voor Toxicologie, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, bus 922, KULeuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Angel Yanagihara
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1993 East West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Jon D. Rainier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Laboratorium voor Toxicologie, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, bus 922, KULeuven, B-3000, Belgium
- Corresponding author. TEL: +32 16 32 34 04, FAX: +32 16 32 34 05 E-mail address:
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Cuypers E, Yanagihara A, Karlsson E, Tytgat J. Corrigendum to “Jellyfish and other cnidarian envenomations cause pain by affecting TRPV1 channels” [FEBS Lett. 580 (2006) 5728-5732]. FEBS Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cuypers E, Yanagihara A, Karlsson E, Tytgat J. Jellyfish and other cnidarian envenomations cause pain by affecting TRPV1 channels. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:5728-32. [PMID: 17010344 PMCID: PMC1800888 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cnidarian envenomations cause a burning-pain sensation of which the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Activation of TRPV1, a non-selective cation channel expressed in nociceptive neurons, leads to cell depolarisation and pain. Here, we show in vitro and in vivo evidence for desensitization-dependent TRPV1 activation in cnidarian envenomations. Cnidarian venom induced a nociceptive reactivity, comparable to capsaicin, in laboratory rats, which could be reduced by the selective TRPV1 antagonist, BCTC. These findings are the first to explain at least part of the symptomology of cnidarian envenomations and provide insights into the design of more effective treatments for this global public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cuypers
- Laboratorium voor Toxicologie, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, bus 922, KULeuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Angel Yanagihara
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1993 East West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | | | - Jan Tytgat
- Laboratorium voor Toxicologie, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, bus 922, KULeuven, B-3000, Belgium
- *Corresponding author. TEL: +3216323404, FAX:+3216323405 E-mail address:
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Maertens C, Cuypers E, Amininasab M, Jalali A, Vatanpour H, Tytgat J. Potent Modulation of the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Nav1.7 by OD1, a Toxin from the Scorpion Odonthobuthus doriae. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:405-14. [PMID: 16641312 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.022970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels are essential for the propagation of action potentials in nociceptive neurons. Nav1.7 is found in peripheral sensory and sympathetic neurons and involved in short-term and inflammatory pain. Nav1.8 and Nav1.3 are major players in nociception and neuropathic pain, respectively. In our effort to identify isoform-specific and high-affinity ligands for these channels, we investigated the effects of OD1, a scorpion toxin isolated from the venom of the scorpion Odonthobuthus doriae. Nav1.3, Nav1.7, and Nav1.8 channels were coexpressed with beta1-subunits in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Na+ currents were recorded with the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique. OD1 modulates Nav1.7 at low nanomolar concentrations: 1) fast inactivation is dramatically impaired, with an EC50 value of 4.5 nM; 2) OD1 substantially increases the peak current at all voltages; and 3) OD1 induces a substantial persistent current. Nav1.8 was not affected by concentrations up to 2 microM, whereas Nav1.3 was sensitive only to concentrations higher than 100 nM. OD1 impairs the inactivation process of Nav1.3 with an EC50 value of 1127 nM. Finally, the effects of OD1 were compared with a classic alpha-toxin, AahII from Androctonus australis Hector and a classic alpha-like toxin, BmK M1 from Buthus martensii Karsch. At a concentration of 50 nM, both toxins affected Nav1.7. Nav1.3 was sensitive to AahII but not to BmK M1, whereas Nav1.8 was affected by neither toxin. In conclusion, the present study shows that the scorpion toxin OD1 is a potent modulator of Nav1.7, with a unique selectivity pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Maertens
- Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Leuven, Onderwijs and Navorsing II, Herestraat 49 - Box 922, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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