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Beles M, Masuy I, Verstreken S, Bartunek J, Dierckx R, Heggermont W, Oeste C, De Boeck M, Fovel I, Maris M, Vermeulen Z, Vanderheyden M. Cardio-renal-metabolic syndrome: clinical features and dapagliflozin eligibility in a real-world heart failure cohort. ESC Heart Fail 2023. [PMID: 37095712 PMCID: PMC10375172 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The Cardiovascular Outcomes Retrospective Data analysIS in Heart Failure (CORDIS-HF) is a single-centre retrospective study aimed to (i) clinically characterize a real-world population with heart failure (HF) with reduced (HFrEF) and mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF), (ii) evaluate impact of renal-metabolic comorbidities on all-cause mortality and HF readmissions, and (iii) determine patients' eligibility for sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is). METHODS AND RESULTS Using a natural language processing algorithm, clinical data of patients diagnosed with HFrEF or HFmrEF were retrospectively collected from 2014 to 2018. Mortality and HF readmission events were collected during subsequent 1 and 2 year follow-up periods. The predictive role of patients' baseline characteristics for outcomes of interest was assessed using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine if type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) impacted mortality and HF readmission rates. The European SGLT2i label criteria were used to assess patients' eligibility. The CORDIS-HF included 1333 HF patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 50% (413 HFmrEF and 920 HFrEF), who were predominantly male (69%) with a mean [standard deviation (SD)] age of 74.7 (12.3) years. About one-half (57%) of patients presented CKD and 37% T2D. The use of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) was high (76-90%). HFrEF patients presented lower age [mean (SD): 73.8 (12.4) vs. 76.7 (11.6) years, P < 0.05], higher incidence of coronary artery disease (67% vs. 59%, P < 0.05), lower systolic blood pressure [mean (SD): 123 (22.6) vs. 133 (24.0) mmHg, P < 0.05], higher N-terminal pro-hormone brain natriuretic peptide (2720 vs. 1920 pg/mL, P < 0.05), and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate [mean (SD): 51.4 (23.3) vs. 54.1 (22.3) mL/min/1.73 m2 , P < 0.05] than those with HFmrEF. No differences in T2D and CKD were detected. Despite optimal treatment, event rates for the composite endpoint of HF readmission and mortality were 13.7 and 8.4/100 patient years. The presence of T2D and CKD negatively impacted all-cause mortality [T2D: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.49, P < 0.01; CKD: HR = 2.05, P < 0.001] and hospital readmission events in all patients with HF. Eligibility for SGLT2is dapagliflozin and empagliflozin was 86.5% (n = 1153) and 97.9% (n = 1305) of the study population, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study identified high residual risk for all-cause mortality and hospital readmission in real-world HF patients with LVEF < 50% despite GDMT. T2D and CKD aggravated the risk for these endpoints, indicating the intertwinement of HF with CKD and T2D. SGLT2i treatment that clinically benefits these different disease conditions can be an important driver to lower mortality and hospitalizations in this HF population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Beles
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, OLV Hospital, Moorselbaan 164, 9300, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Imke Masuy
- LynxCare Inc., LynxCare Clinical Informatics N.V., Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Verstreken
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, OLV Hospital, Moorselbaan 164, 9300, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Jozef Bartunek
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, OLV Hospital, Moorselbaan 164, 9300, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Riet Dierckx
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, OLV Hospital, Moorselbaan 164, 9300, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Ward Heggermont
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, OLV Hospital, Moorselbaan 164, 9300, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Clara Oeste
- LynxCare Inc., LynxCare Clinical Informatics N.V., Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Isabelle Fovel
- AstraZeneca Belgium and Luxemburg, Groot-Bijgaarden, Belgium
| | - Michael Maris
- AstraZeneca Belgium and Luxemburg, Groot-Bijgaarden, Belgium
| | - Zarha Vermeulen
- AstraZeneca Belgium and Luxemburg, Groot-Bijgaarden, Belgium
| | - Marc Vanderheyden
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, OLV Hospital, Moorselbaan 164, 9300, Aalst, Belgium
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De Boeck M, Damilano G, Dehaen W, Tytgat J, Cuypers E. Evaluation of 11 ionic liquids as potential extraction solvents for benzodiazepines from whole blood using liquid-liquid microextraction combined with LC-MS/MS. Talanta 2018; 184:369-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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De Boeck M, Dehaen W, Tytgat J, Cuypers E. Ionic Liquid-Based Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for Benzodiazepine Analysis in Postmortem Blood Samples. J Forensic Sci 2018; 63:1875-1879. [PMID: 29573426 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is rapidly improving to fulfill the need for faster and more environmentally friendly alternatives. In this respect, ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (IL-DLLME) is an interesting technique. However, it has not yet been evaluated for the analysis of postmortem samples, which are frequently analyzed in forensic toxicology. This study investigates the applicability of IL-DLLME coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), for the analysis of benzodiazepines in postmortem blood of 11 forensic cases. The method was compared with a validated solid-phase extraction (SPE) method. Bland-Altman analysis was performed on 24 benzodiazepine measurements. Both methods gave comparable results, except for flurazepam and temazepam (>55% difference). A feasible explanation is high postmortem matrix variability that was not considered during IL-DLLME validation experiments. Another issue could be the use of a single nondeuterated SPE internal standard. Overall, IL-DLLME has proven its usability for the analysis of postmortem blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke De Boeck
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N II, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Arenberg, P.O. Box 2404, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N II, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg O&N II, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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De Boeck M, Dubrulle L, Dehaen W, Tytgat J, Cuypers E. Fast and easy extraction of antidepressants from whole blood using ionic liquids as extraction solvent. Talanta 2017; 180:292-299. [PMID: 29332813 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to prove that ionic liquids (ILs) can be used as extraction solvents in a liquid-liquid microextraction, coupled to LC-MS/MS, for the quantification of a large group of antidepressants in whole blood samples. The sample preparation procedure consisted of adding 1.0mL aqueous buffer pH 3.0 and 60µL of IL (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) to 1.0mL whole blood. Subsequently, a 5-min rotary mixing step was performed followed by centrifugation. The lower IL phase was collected, diluted 1:10 in methanol and 10µL was injected into the LC-MS/MS. The following analytes were included in the full-quantitative method: agomelatine, amitriptyline, bupropion, clomipramine, dosulepin, doxepin, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, imipramine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, nortriptyline, paroxetine, reboxetine, trazodone and venlafaxine. Selectivity was checked for 10 different whole blood matrices. Additionally, possible interferences of deuterated standards or other antidepressants were evaluated. Overall, no interferences were found. For each analyte a matrix-matched calibration curve was constructed (7 levels, n = 6), covering therapeutic and low toxic concentrations. Accuracy and precision were evaluated over eight days, at three concentration levels (n = 2). Bias, repeatability and intermediate precision results met with the proposed validation criteria, except for fluvoxamine, which was therefore only included in the semi-quantitative method. LOQs were set at the lowest calibrator concentration and LOD values were - for most analytes - within a range of 1-2ng/mL. Recoveries (RE) and matrix effects (ME) were evaluated for five types of donor whole blood, at two concentration levels. RE values were within a range of 53.11-132.98%. ME values were within a range of 61.92-123.24%. In conclusion, this study proves the applicability of ILs as extraction solvents for a large group of antidepressants in complex whole blood matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke De Boeck
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N II, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Dubrulle
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N II, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Arenberg, P.O. Box 2404, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N II, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N II, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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De Boeck M, Missotten S, Dehaen W, Tytgat J, Cuypers E. Development and validation of a fast ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction procedure combined with LC–MS/MS analysis for the quantification of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-like hypnotics in whole blood. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 274:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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