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Liang A, Desai U. Advances in Studying Glycosaminoglycan-Protein Interactions Using Capillary Electrophoresis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2303:365-387. [PMID: 34626394 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1398-6_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Methods for studying interactions between glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteins have assumed considerable significance as their biological importance increases. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful method to study these interactions due to its speed, high efficiency, and low sample/reagent consumption. In addition, CE works effectively under a wide range of physiologically relevant conditions. This chapter presents the state of the art on CE methods for studying GAG-protein interactions including affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE), capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), frontal analysis (FA)/frontal analysis continuous capillary electrophoresis (FACCE), and capillary electrokinetic chromatography (CEC) with detailed experimental protocols for ACE and CZE methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiye Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Charleston Southern University, North Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Umesh Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Studying glycosaminoglycan-protein interactions using capillary electrophoresis. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1229:355-75. [PMID: 25325965 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1714-3_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Methods for studying interactions between glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteins have assumed considerable significance as their biological importance increases. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful method to study these interactions due to its speed, high efficiency, and low sample/reagent consumption. In addition, CE works effectively under a wide range of physiologically relevant conditions. This chapter presents state-of-the-art on CE methods for studying GAG-protein interactions including affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE), capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), frontal analysis (FA)/frontal analysis continuous capillary electrophoresis (FACCE), and capillary electrokinetic chromatography (CEC) with detailed experimental protocols for ACE and CZE methods.
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3
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Determination of binding constants between one protein and multiple carbohydrates by affinity chromatography on a microchip. J Chromatogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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4
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Anderot M, Nilsson M, Végvári Á, Moeller EH, van de Weert M, Isaksson R. Determination of dissociation constants between polyelectrolytes and proteins by affinity capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:892-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liu Y, Zhang S, Ling X, Li Y, Zhang Y, Han W, Wang Y. Analysis of the interactions between the peptides from secreted human CKLF1 and heparin using capillary zone electrophoresis. J Pept Sci 2008; 14:984-8. [PMID: 18338323 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Chemokine-like factor 1 (CKLF1) is a novel human cytokine and exhibits chemotactic activities on leukocytes. Two peptides named CKLF1-C27 and CKLF1-C19, were obtained from secreted CKLF1. In this study, a selective high-performance analytical method based on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) to investigate interactions between heparin and CKLF1-C27/CKLF1-C19 was developed. Samples containing CKLF1-C27/CKLF1-C19 and heparin at various ratios were incubated at room temperature and then separated by CZE with Tris-acetate buffer at pH 7.2. Both qualitative and quantitative characterizations of the binding were determined. The binding constants of the interactions between CKLF1-C27/CKLF1-C19 and heparin were calculated as (3.38 +/- 0.49) x 10(5) M(-1) and (1.10 +/- 0.02) x 10(5) M(-1) by Scatchard analysis. To study structural requirements, CKLF1-C19pm and CKLF1-C19km have been synthesized, and their interactions with heparin have been studied by CZE. We found that the Pro or Lys to Ala substitution within the residues of CKLF1-C19 (CKLF1-C19pm or CKLF1-C19km) strongly decreased or abolished its interaction with heparin, suggesting that the residues of Pro affect the affinity of CKLF1-C19 for heparin, and the residues of Lys of CKLF1-C19 play the important role for the interaction of CKLF1-C19 and heparin, respectively. The methodology presented should be generally applicable to study peptides and heparin interactions quantitatively and qualitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, PR China
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6
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Biological implications of glycosaminoglycan interactions with haemopoietic cytokines. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:598-607. [PMID: 18626488 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulphate (HS) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are an integral part of the signalling complex of fibroblast derived growth factor (FGF) family members, HS being regarded as a coreceptor. FGFs are also retained in the tissues by binding to HS structures. Early studies on the contribution of the bone marrow stroma to haemopoiesis suggested that cytokines with a role in haemopoiesis were similarly retained in the stroma through interactions with HS. However, the functional outcomes of these cytokines binding HS were poorly understood. Here the GAG-binding properties of cytokines of the four alpha-helical bundle family and the biological consequences of such binding are reviewed. From this analysis it is apparent that although many of these cytokines do bind GAGs, GAG binding is not a consistent feature, nor is the site of GAG binding conserved among these cytokines. The biological outcome of GAG binding depends, in part, on the location of the GAG-binding site on the cytokine. In some cases GAG binding appears to block signalling, whereas in others signalling is likely to be facilitated by binding. It is postulated that the interactions of these cytokines with their receptor complexes evolved independently of GAG binding, with GAG binding being an additional feature for a subset of this cytokine family. Nevertheless, because GAG binding localizes cytokines to sites within tissues, these interactions are likely to be critically important for the biology of these cytokines.
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Liang A, Liu X, Du Y, Wang K, Lin B. Further characterization of the binding of heparin to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: Importance of sulfate groups. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1286-90. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Visualizing chemical interactions in life sciences with wide-field fluorescence microscopy towards the single-molecule level. Trends Analyt Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yi L, Xiaomei L, Hui F, Yingcheng Z, Dan L, Ying W. Determination of binding constant and binding region of programmed cell death 5-heparin by capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1143:284-7. [PMID: 17257606 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 01/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective high-performance analytical method based on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was developed for investigating interactions between heparin and programmed cell death 5 (PDCD5) qualitatively and quantitatively. The binding constant of the interaction between PDCD5 and heparin calculated by Scatchard analysis was 4.17x10(4) M(-1) and the binding sites located in the C-terminal region of PDCD5 (residues 109-115). The precisions of migration times, peak heights and binding constants, expressed as the relative standard deviation, were less than 2.4%, 1.1% and 5.7%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
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Babu SCV, Song EJ, Babar SME, Yoo YS. Capillary electrophoresis of signaling molecules. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:890-7. [PMID: 17583878 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of quantitative systems biology uses high-throughput bioanalytical measurements to gain a deeper understanding of biological phenomena. With the advent of instrumentation platforms, capillary electrophoresis spans a very wide range of biological applications. This short article focuses on the exploitation of capillary electrophoresis for the systems-level analysis of cell signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh C V Babu
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, PO Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Korea
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Ling X, Liu Y, Fan H, Zhong Y, Li D, Wang Y. Studies on interactions of programmed cell death 5 (PDCD5) and its related peptides with heparin by capillary zone electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 387:909-16. [PMID: 17165023 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 10/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was used to investigate interactions between heparin and programmed cell death 5 (PDCD5), and between heparin and PDCD5-related peptides. Samples containing PDCD5, PDCD5-related peptides, and heparin at various ratios were incubated at room temperature and then separated by CZE with tris-acetate buffer at pH 7.2. Both qualitative and quantitative characterizations of the binding of PDCD5 and PDCD5-related peptides to heparin were determined. The changes in the signals of PDCD5 and PDCD5-related peptides were monitored by comparing the electropherograms of the mixtures containing PDCD5 and heparin and PDCD5-related peptides and heparin with that of PDCD5 or PDCD5-related peptides only. The binding constant of the interaction between PDCD5 and heparin was calculated as 4.17 x 10(4) M(-1) by Scatchard analysis. Our investigations show that it is possible to characterize the interaction between PDCD5 and heparin quantitatively and the interaction between PDCD5-related peptides and heparin qualitatively using CZE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Ling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Liu Y, Lai X, Ling X, Zhao Y, Cui J. Interactions Between Thrombin with Flavonoids from Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medicus by CZE. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Ostergaard J, Heegaard NHH. Bioanalytical interaction studies executed by preincubation affinity capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2590-608. [PMID: 16732622 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The versatility of CE is beneficial for the study of many types of molecular interactions, because different experimental designs can be made to suit the characteristics of a particular interaction. A very versatile starting point is the preequilibration type of affinity CE that has been used extensively for characterizing biomolecular interactions in the last 15 years. We review this field here and include a comprehensive overview of the existing preincubation ACE modes including their advantages and limitations as well as the methodological developments and applications within the bioanalytical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Ostergaard
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Systems biology depends on a comprehensive assignment and characterization of the interactions of proteins and polypeptides (functional proteomics) and of other classes of biomolecules in a given organism. High‐capacity screening methods are in place for ligand capture and interaction screening, but a detailed dynamic characterization of molecular interactions under physiological conditions in efficiently separated mixtures with minimal sample consumption is presently provided only by electrophoretic interaction analysis in capillaries, affinity CE (ACE). This has been realized in different fields of biology and analytical chemistry, and the resulting advances and uses of ACE during the last 2.5 years are covered in this review. Dealing with anything from small divalent metal ions to large supramolecular assemblies, the applications of ACE span from low‐affinity binding of broad specificity being exploited in optimizing selectivity, e.g., in enantiomer analysis to miniaturized affinity technologies, e.g., for fast processing immunoassay. Also, approaches that provide detailed quantitative characterization of analyte–ligand interaction for drug, immunoassay, and aptamer development are increasingly important, but various approaches to ACE are more and more generally applied in biological research. In addition, the present overview emphasizes that distinct challenges regarding sensitivity, parallel processing, information‐rich detection, interfacing with MS, analyte recovery, and preparative capabilities remain. This will be addressed by future technological improvements that will ensure continuing new applications of ACE in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schou
- Department of Autoimmunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Liang A, Chao Y, Liu X, Du Y, Wang K, Qian S, Lin B. Separation, identification, and interaction of heparin oligosaccharides with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor using capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3460-7. [PMID: 16100743 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed for the separation of heparin oligosaccharides compatible to study the interactions between the oligosaccharides and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). Unfractionated heparin was eliminitively degraded to heparin oligosaccharides by an endolytic heparinase. The degraded smaller oligosaccharides (M(r) < 1000) were baseline-separated by CE under a 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 9.0) in 10 min. Standard heparin disaccharides and larger oligosaccharides (1000 < M(r) < 8000) were all separated under optimized separation conditions. Compared with standard heparin disaccharides, smaller oligosaccharides contained one nonsulfated, two monosulfated, and two disulfated disaccharides, but trisulfated disaccharides were not found. The smaller oligosaccharides were also identified and molecular mass was deduced by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Furthermore, interactions between G-CSF and the oligosaccharides were studied by using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) under the above separation conditions. It was found that larger oligosaccharides could interact with G-CSF while smaller oligosaccharides were not observed to bind to G-CSF under the experimental conditions. In conclusion, the purified heparinase could selectively degrade heparin into oligosaccharides and the interaction between G-CSF and heparin was correlated with the chain length of heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiye Liang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, PR China
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Gai H, Wang Q, Ma Y, Lin B. Correlations between Molecular Numbers and Molecular Masses in an Evanescent Field and Their Applications in Probing Molecular Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gai H, Wang Q, Ma Y, Lin B. Correlations between Molecular Numbers and Molecular Masses in an Evanescent Field and Their Applications in Probing Molecular Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:5107-10. [PMID: 16010699 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Gai
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
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Liang A, He X, Du Y, Wang K, Fung Y, Lin B. Capillary zone electrophoresis characterization of low molecular weight heparin binding to interleukin 2. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 38:408-13. [PMID: 15925240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Revised: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A method based on capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was used to study the interaction between low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and interleukin 2 (IL-2). The results showed that the increase of the concentration of LMWH led to the decrease of the peak height and the increase of the peak width of IL-2, but the peak areas were kept constant. The binding constant of IL-2 with LMWH was calculated as 1.2 x 10(6)M(-1) by Scatchard analysis, which is in good agreement with the results found in the references using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results demonstrated that the interaction between IL-2 and LMWH is of fast on-and-off kinetic binding reaction. CZE might be used to study not only slow on-and-off rates interactions, but also fast on-and-off rates ones. The binding constant can be calculated easily, and the method can be applied to study a wide range of heparin-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiye Liang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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Gayton-Ely M, Pappas TJ, Holland LA. Probing affinity via capillary electrophoresis: advances in 2003–2004. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:570-80. [PMID: 15703915 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-3033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses recent advances in capillary electrophoresis of biological-based molecular interaction from a broader perspective, based on applications reported during the period 2003-2004. These capillary electrophoresis-based studies of molecular interactions include affinity capillary electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and free zone electrophoresis. The review is written as a general synopsis of applications and does not cover the theory or protocol involved in the implementation of the analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Gayton-Ely
- Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, P.O.Box 6045, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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