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Patil PD, Gargate N, Dongarsane K, Jagtap H, Phirke AN, Tiwari MS, Nadar SS. Revolutionizing biocatalysis: A review on innovative design and applications of enzyme-immobilized microfluidic devices. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 281:136193. [PMID: 39362440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Integrating microfluidic devices and enzymatic processes in biocatalysis is a rapidly advancing field with promising applications. This review explores various facets, including applications, scalability, techno-commercial implications, and environmental consequences. Enzyme-embedded microfluidic devices offer advantages such as compact dimensions, rapid heat transfer, and minimal reagent consumption, especially in pharmaceutical optically pure compound synthesis. Addressing scalability challenges involves strategies for uniform flow distribution and consistent residence time. Incorporation with downstream processing and biocatalytic reactions makes the overall process environmentally friendly. The review navigates challenges related to reaction kinetics, cofactor recycling, and techno-commercial aspects, highlighting cost-effectiveness, safety enhancements, and reduced energy consumption. The potential for automation and commercial-grade infrastructure is discussed, considering initial investments and long-term savings. The incorporation of machine learning in enzyme-embedded microfluidic devices advocates a blend of experimental and in-silico methods for optimization. This comprehensive review examines the advancements and challenges associated with these devices, focusing on their integration with enzyme immobilization techniques, the optimization of process parameters, and the techno-commercial considerations crucial for their widespread implementation. Furthermore, this review offers novel insights into strategies for overcoming limitations such as design complexities, laminar flow challenges, enzyme loading optimization, catalyst fouling, and multi-enzyme immobilization, highlighting the potential for sustainable and efficient enzymatic processes in various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin D Patil
- Department of Basic Science & Humanities, Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Niharika Gargate
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering, Kolhapur 416 234, India
| | - Khushi Dongarsane
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering, Kolhapur 416 234, India
| | - Hrishikesh Jagtap
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering, Kolhapur 416 234, India
| | - Ajay N Phirke
- Department of Basic Science & Humanities, Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Manishkumar S Tiwari
- Department of Data Science, Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Shamraja S Nadar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, India.
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2
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Zole E, Sathyanarayanan G, Regenberg B, Kutter JP. Microfluidic isolation of extrachromosomal circular DNA through selective digestion of plasmids and linear DNA using immobilized nucleases. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:3101-3111. [PMID: 38752699 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc01028g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) refers to small circular DNA molecules that are distinct from chromosomal DNA and play diverse roles in various biological processes. They are also explored as potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and precision medicine. However, isolating eccDNA from tissues and plasma is challenging due to low abundance and the presence of interfering linear DNA, requiring time-consuming processes and expert handling. Our study addresses this by utilizing a microfluidic chip tailored for eccDNA isolation, leveraging microfluidic principles for enzymatic removal of non-circular DNA. Our approach involves integrating restriction enzymes into the microfluidic chip, enabling selective digestion of mitochondrial and linear DNA fragments while preserving eccDNA integrity. This integration is facilitated by an in situ photo-polymerized emulsion inside microchannels, creating a porous monolithic structure suitable for immobilizing restriction and exonuclease enzymes (restriction enzyme MssI and exonuclease ExoV). Evaluation using control DNA mixtures and plasma samples with artificially introduced eccDNA demonstrated that our microfluidic chips reduce linear DNA by over 99%, performing comparable to conventional off-chip methods but with substantially faster digestion times, allowing for a remarkable 76-fold acceleration in overall sample preparation time. This technological advancement holds great promise for enhancing the isolation and analysis of eccDNA from tissue and plasma and the potential for increasing the speed of other molecular methods with multiple enzymatic steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egija Zole
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Birgitte Regenberg
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jörg P Kutter
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Patil PD, Salokhe S, Karvekar A, Suryavanshi P, Phirke AN, Tiwari MS, Nadar SS. Microfluidic based continuous enzyme immobilization: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127358. [PMID: 37827414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Conventional techniques for enzyme immobilization suffer from suboptimal activity recovery due to insufficient enzyme loading and inadequate stability. Furthermore, these techniques are time-consuming and involve multiple steps which limit the applicability of immobilized enzymes. In contrast, the use of microfluidic devices for enzyme immobilization has garnered significant attention due to its ability to precisely control immobilization parameters, resulting in highly active immobilized enzymes. This approach offers several advantages, including reduced time and energy consumption, enhanced mass-heat transfer, and improved control over the mixing process. It maintains the superior structural configuration in immobilized form which ultimately affects the overall efficiency. The present review article comprehensively explains the design, construction, and various methods employed for enzyme immobilization using microfluidic devices. The immobilized enzymes prepared using these techniques demonstrated excellent catalytic activity, remarkable stability, and outstanding recyclability. Moreover, they have found applications in diverse areas such as biosensors, biotransformation, and bioremediation. The review article also discusses potential future developments and foresees significant challenges associated with enzyme immobilization using microfluidics, along with potential remedies. The development of this advanced technology not only paves the way for novel and innovative approaches to enzyme immobilization but also allows for the straightforward scalability of microfluidic-based techniques from an industrial standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin D Patil
- Department of Basic Science & Humanities, SVKM'S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Sakshi Salokhe
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering, Kolhapur 416 234, India
| | - Aparna Karvekar
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering, Kolhapur 416 234, India
| | - Prabhavati Suryavanshi
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering, Kolhapur 416 234, India
| | - Ajay N Phirke
- Department of Basic Science & Humanities, SVKM'S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Manishkumar S Tiwari
- Department of Data Science, SVKM'S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Shamraja S Nadar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, India.
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4
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Vosáhlová-Kadlecová Z, Gilar M, Molnárová K, Kozlík P, Kalíková K. Mixed-mode column allows simple direct coupling with immobilized enzymatic reactor for on-line protein digestion. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1228:123866. [PMID: 37657402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry is widely used in the field of proteomic analysis after off-line protein digestion. On-line digestion with chromatographic column connected in a series with immobilized enzymatic reactor is not often used approach. In this work we investigated the impact of chromatographic conditions on the protein digestion efficiency. The investigation of trypsin reactor activity was performed by on-line digestion of N-α-benzoyl-L-arginine 4-nitroanilide hydrochloride (BAPNA), followed by separation of the digests on the mixed-mode column. Two trypsin column reactors with the different trypsin coverage on the bridged ethylene hybrid particles were evaluated. To ensure optimal trypsin activity, the separation temperature was set at 37.0 °C and the pH of the mobile phase buffer was maintained at 8.5. The on-line digestion itself ongoing during the initial state of gradient was carried out at a low flow rate using a mobile phase that was free of organic modifiers. Proteins such as cytochrome C, enolase, and myoglobin were successfully digested on-line without prior reduction or alkylation, and the resulting peptides were separated using a mixed-mode column. Additionally, proteins that contain multiple cysteines, such as α-lactalbumin, albumin, β-lactoglobulin A, and conalbumin, were also successfully digested on-line (after reduction and alkylation). Moreover, trypsin immobilized enzymatic reactors were utilized for over 300 injections without any noticeable loss of digestion activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Vosáhlová-Kadlecová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Gilar
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757, USA
| | - Katarína Molnárová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kozlík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Květa Kalíková
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic.
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5
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Kašička V. Peptide mapping of proteins by capillary electromigration methods. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:4245-4279. [PMID: 36200755 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review article provides a wide overview of important developments and applications of capillary electromigration methods in the area of peptide mapping of proteins in the period 1997-mid-2022, including review articles on this topic. It deals with all major aspects of peptide mapping by capillary electromigration methods: i) precleavage sample preparation involving purification, preconcentration, denaturation, reduction and alkylation of protein(s) to be analyzed, ii) generation of peptide fragments by off-line or on-line enzymatic and/or chemical cleavage of protein(s), iii) postcleavage preparation of the generated peptide mixture for capillary electromigration separation, iv) separation of the complex peptide mixtures by one-, two- and multidimensional capillary electromigration methods coupled with mass spectrometry detection, and v) a large application of peptide mapping for variable purposes, such as qualitative analysis of monoclonal antibodies and other protein biopharmaceuticals, monitoring of posttranslational modifications, determination of primary structure and investigation of function of proteins in biochemical and clinical research, characterization of proteins of variable origin as well as for protein and peptide identification in proteomic and peptidomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Electromigration Methods, The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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6
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Ku K, Frey C, Arad M, Ghafourifar G. Development of novel enzyme immobilization methods employing formaldehyde or triethoxysilylbutyraldehyde to fabricate immobilized enzyme microreactors for peptide mapping. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:4053-4063. [PMID: 36196924 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00840h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The digestion of proteins with proteolytic enzymes has expedited the analysis of peptide mapping. Here, we compared the digestion efficiency of soluble chymotrypsin (CT) with two immobilized CT preparations using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the substrate. An efficient method of immobilizing chymotrypsin using formaldehyde (FA) was optimized and the conditions were applied to assess a novel immobilization reagent, triethoxysilylbutaraldehyde (TESB). Efforts to determine the best enzyme-to-substrate (E : S) ratios during digestion of denatured BSA with single-use FA-CT enzyme particles were performed by adjusting the amount of substrate used. An E : S ratio of 10 : 1 was found to be best based on the LC-MS/MS analysis data showing sequence coverage of 67%. Fabrication of immobilized enzyme microreactors (IMERs) was carried out using both (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) with the idealized conditions with FA, as well as the novel procedure utilizing TESB for a proof of concept open-tubular IMER. It was found that the FA-APTES IMER had a sequence coverage of 6%, while the TESB IMER had 29% sequence coverage from MS analysis. The application of TESB in enzyme immobilization has the potential to facilitate a greater degree of enzymatic digestion with higher sequence coverage than traditional immobilization or crosslinking reagents for bottom-up proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Ku
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Fraser Valley, 33844 King Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia, V2S 7M8, Canada.
| | - Connor Frey
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Fraser Valley, 33844 King Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia, V2S 7M8, Canada.
| | - Maor Arad
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Fraser Valley, 33844 King Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia, V2S 7M8, Canada.
| | - Golfam Ghafourifar
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Fraser Valley, 33844 King Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia, V2S 7M8, Canada.
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Garrido MDP, Borreguero AM, Redondo FJ, Padilla D, Carmona M, Ramos MJ, Rodriguez JF. Functionalization of Poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) Particles for Selective Removal of Bilirubin. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15175989. [PMID: 36079370 PMCID: PMC9457421 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbilirubinemia is one of the main causes of death in patients with severe hepatic problems, which justifies the research for bilirubin removal solutions. In this study, St-MMA particles with PEGMA and/or GMA brushes were synthesized. First, the recipe for St-MMA was optimized and then adapted for PEGMA and GMA incorporation. Different solvents were then assayed to improve the BSA immobilization capacity of the particles. Ethyl lactate proved to be the best solvent, reaching a BSA immobilization capacity improvement of up to 60% for St-MMA-GMA-PEGMA particles. These particles also presented the best results for BR removal from PBS. No significant differences in the final capacity for BR removal from PBS media were observed when BSA was attached to the particles; however, the kinetics were greatly improved, requiring half the time. Finally, St-MMA-GMA-PEGMA particles that were wetted in EL with BSA reduced the bilirubin concentration in plasma from levels that threaten the survival of critical patients to levels close to those of healthy individuals in less than 30 min. On the contrary, particles without BSA were unable to remove bilirubin from plasma. Thus, the attachment of albumin to the particles plays a key role in selectively reducing bilirubin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Prado Garrido
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. De Camilo José Cela 1, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ana Maria Borreguero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. De Camilo José Cela 1, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Redondo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University General Hospital, Obispo Rafael Torija s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David Padilla
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Surgery, University General Hospital, Obispo Rafael Torija s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel Carmona
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. De Camilo José Cela 1, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - María Jesús Ramos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. De Camilo José Cela 1, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Rodriguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. De Camilo José Cela 1, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-926-052425
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8
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Morellon-Sterling R, Tavano O, Bolivar JM, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Vela-Gutiérrez G, Sabir JSM, Tacias-Pascacio VG, Fernandez-Lafuente R. A review on the immobilization of pepsin: A Lys-poor enzyme that is unstable at alkaline pH values. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:682-702. [PMID: 35508226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pepsin is a protease used in many different applications, and in many instances, it is utilized in an immobilized form to prevent contamination of the reaction product. This enzyme has two peculiarities that make its immobilization complex. The first one is related to the poor presence of primary amino groups on its surface (just one Lys and the terminal amino group). The second one is its poor stability at alkaline pH values. Both features make the immobilization of this enzyme to be considered a complicated goal, as most of the immobilization protocols utilize primary amino groups for immobilization. This review presents some of the attempts to get immobilized pepsin biocatalyst and their applications. The high density of anionic groups (Asp and Glu) make the anion exchange of the enzyme simpler, but this makes many of the strategies utilized to immobilize the enzyme (e.g., amino-glutaraldehyde supports) more related to a mixed ion exchange/hydrophobic adsorption than to real covalent immobilization. Finally, we propose some possibilities that can permit not only the covalent immobilization of this enzyme, but also their stabilization via multipoint covalent attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Morellon-Sterling
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Student of Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Tavano
- Faculty of Nutrition, Alfenas Federal Univ., 700 Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St, Alfenas, MG 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Juan M Bolivar
- Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Complutense Ave., Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ángel Berenguer-Murcia
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Gilber Vela-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Veymar G Tacias-Pascacio
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición y Alimentos, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Lib. Norte Pte. 1150, 29039 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico; Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Carretera Panamericana Km. 1080, 29050 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC, Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, External Scientific Advisory Academics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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9
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Farsang R, Kovács N, Szigeti M, Jankovics H, Vonderviszt F, Guttman A. Immobilized exoglycosidase matrix mediated solid phase glycan sequencing. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1215:339906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Dogra R, Kumar M, Kumar A, Roverso M, Bogialli S, Pastore P, Mandal UK. Derivatization, an Applicable Asset for Conventional HPLC Systems without MS Detection in Food and Miscellaneous Analysis. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1807-1827. [PMID: 35201944 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2042671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the most valuable practices for analyzing not-so-analytical-friendly analytes in complex, heterogenous matrices is derivatization. Availability of numerous derivatizing reagents (DRs) makes the modification of analyte more exploitable in terms of an analytical perspective. A wide array of derivatization techniques like pre or post-column, in-situ, enzymatic, ultrasound-assisted, microwave-assisted, photochemical derivatization has added much-needed methodological strength in analyzing intricate analytical matrices (food, water, and soil). In recent years, analytical chemistry has achieved greater heights through the development of new sensitive methods with simple conventional instruments like High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) devoid of Mass detectors. The prompt availability of these straightforward instruments also makes it a favorable option for routine analysis in food, environmental, bioanalytical chemistry. Analyzing food, environmental or bioanalytical specimen has some of the most problematic aspects, like the low concentration of the analytes accompanied by not too suitable analytical properties. Even though conventional HPLC lacks the required sensitivity but merger with derivatization can lead to a remarkable increase in sensitivity. In recent years there has been a lot of application of diverse derivatizations to increase the sensitivity and selectivity of the analyte for available instruments, resulting in notable findings. Therefore, this review describes the application of derivatization principles in the analysis of analytes in food and additional matrices using conventional HPLC instruments such as HPLC-UV, HPLC-DAD, and HPLC-FD. In this article, we will briefly review the different modes and multiple types of derivatizing reagents with their mechanisms and importance for encouraging the use of established HPLC instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Dogra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Marco Roverso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Pastore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Uttam Kumar Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, 151001, Punjab, India
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11
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Liu T, Yin Y, Yang Y, Russell TP, Shi S. Layer-by-Layer Engineered All-Liquid Microfluidic Chips for Enzyme Immobilization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105386. [PMID: 34796557 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization in the confines of microfluidic chips, that promote enzyme activity and stability, has become a powerful strategy to enhance biocatalysis and biomass conversion. Here, based on a newly developed all-liquid microfluidic chip, fabricated by the interfacial assembly of nanoparticle surfactants (NPSs) in a biphasic system, a layer-by-layer assembly strategy to generate polysaccharide multilayers on the surface of a microchannel, greatly enhancing the mechanical properties of the microchannel and offering a biocompatible microenvironment for enzyme immobilization, is presented. Using horseradish peroxidase and glucose oxidase as model enzymes, all-liquid microfluidic enzymatic and cascade reactors have been constructed and the crucial role of polysaccharide multilayers on enhancing the enzyme loading and catalytic efficiency is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yixuan Yin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Shaowei Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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12
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Hallez F, Combès A, Desoubries C, Bossée A, Pichon V. Development of an immobilized-trypsin reactor coupled to liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of human hemoglobin adducts with sulfur mustard. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1186:123031. [PMID: 34781109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard reacts with blood proteins, such as hemoglobin, to form stable adducts that can be used as long-lived biomarkers of exposure. These adducts can be analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after an enzymatic digestion step. The objective of this study was to develop trypsin-based immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs) in order to obtain a faster digestion of hemoglobin than the conventional in-solution digestion. Trypsin IMERs were synthetized by grafting the enzyme on a CNBr-Sepharose gel and the influence of several parameters on the digestion yields, such as the transfer volume between the injection loop and the IMER, the temperature and the digestion time was studied. The repeatability of the digestion on three laboratory-made IMERs was demonstrated for pure hemoglobin and hemoglobin previously exposed to different concentrations of sulfur mustard (RSD inferior to 13% and 21% respectively) and was better than that obtained for in-solution digestions (RSD inferior to 28% and up to 53% respectively). A preferential adduction of sulfur mustard on the histidine residues of hemoglobin was confirmed, for both in-solution and IMER digestion results. On a quantitative point of view, the performances of in-solution and IMER digestions were similar, with the theoretical possibility to detect peptides resulting from the in vitro incubation of hemoglobin in pure water with sulfur mustard at 7.5 ng⋅mL-1. However, digestion on IMER proved to be more repeatable and 32 times faster than in-solution digestion, and a given IMER could be reused at least 60 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florine Hallez
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Audrey Combès
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Desoubries
- DGA, CBRN Defence, Analytical Chemistry Department, 5 rue Lavoisier, 91710 Vert-le-Petit, France
| | - Anne Bossée
- DGA, CBRN Defence, Analytical Chemistry Department, 5 rue Lavoisier, 91710 Vert-le-Petit, France
| | - Valérie Pichon
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI), ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Campus UPMC, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
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13
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Khan S, Babadaei MMN, Hasan A, Edis Z, Attar F, Siddique R, Bai Q, Sharifi M, Falahati M. Enzyme-polymeric/inorganic metal oxide/hybrid nanoparticle bio-conjugates in the development of therapeutic and biosensing platforms. J Adv Res 2021; 33:227-239. [PMID: 34603792 PMCID: PMC8463903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because enzymes can control several metabolic pathways and regulate the production of free radicals, their simultaneous use with nanoplatforms showing protective and combinational properties is of great interest in the development of therapeutic nano-based platforms. However, enzyme immobilization on nanomaterials is not straightforward due to the toxic and unpredictable properties of nanoparticles in medical practice. Aim of review In fact, because of the ability to load enzymes on nano-based supports and increase their renewability, scientific groups have been tempted to create potential therapeutic enzymes in this field. Therefore, this study not only pays attention to the therapeutic and diagnostic applications of diseases by enzyme-nanoparticle (NP) bio-conjugate (abbreviated as: ENB), but also considers the importance of nanoplatforms used based on their toxicity, ease of application and lack of significant adverse effects on loaded enzymes. In the following, based on the published reports, we explained that the immobilization of enzymes on polymers, inorganic metal oxide and hybrid compounds provide hopes for potential use of ENBs in medical activities. Then, the use of ENBs in bioassay activities such as paper-based or wearing biosensors and lab-on-chip/microfluidic biosensors were evaluated. Finally, this review addresses the current challenges and future perspective of ENBs in biomedical applications. Key scientific concepts of review This literature may provide useful information regarding the application of ENBs in biosensing and therapeutic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Khan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Nejadi Babadaei
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Zehra Edis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, PO Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farnoosh Attar
- Department of Food Toxicology, Research Center of Food Technology and Agricultural Products, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Rabeea Siddique
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qian Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Majid Sharifi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Mader M, Rein C, Konrat E, Meermeyer SL, Lee-Thedieck C, Kotz-Helmer F, Rapp BE. Fused Deposition Modeling of Microfluidic Chips in Transparent Polystyrene. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1348. [PMID: 34832759 PMCID: PMC8618114 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) is one of the most commonly used thermoplastic materials worldwide and plays a ubiquitous role in today's biomedical and life science industry and research. The main advantage of PS lies in its facile processability, its excellent optical and mechanical properties, as well as its biocompatibility. However, PS is only rarely used in microfluidic prototyping, since the structuring of PS is mainly performed using industrial-scale replication processes. So far, microfluidic chips in PS have not been accessible to rapid prototyping via 3D printing. In this work, we present, for the first time, 3D printing of transparent PS using fused deposition modeling (FDM). We present FDM printing of transparent PS microfluidic channels with dimensions as small as 300 µm and a high transparency in the region of interest. Furthermore, we demonstrate the fabrication of functional chips such as Tesla-mixer and mixer cascades. Cell culture experiments showed a high cell viability during seven days of culturing, as well as enabling cell adhesion and proliferation. With the aid of this new PS prototyping method, the development of future biomedical microfluidic chips will be significantly accelerated, as it enables using PS from the early academic prototyping all the way to industrial-scale mass replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Mader
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (M.M.); (C.R.); (E.K.); (B.E.R.)
| | - Christof Rein
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (M.M.); (C.R.); (E.K.); (B.E.R.)
| | - Eveline Konrat
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (M.M.); (C.R.); (E.K.); (B.E.R.)
| | - Sophia Lena Meermeyer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (S.L.M.); (C.L.-T.)
| | - Cornelia Lee-Thedieck
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (S.L.M.); (C.L.-T.)
| | - Frederik Kotz-Helmer
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (M.M.); (C.R.); (E.K.); (B.E.R.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bastian E. Rapp
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (M.M.); (C.R.); (E.K.); (B.E.R.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- FIT Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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15
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Athapattu US, Amarasekara CA, Immel JR, Bloom S, Barany F, Nagel AC, Soper SA. Solid-phase XRN1 reactions for RNA cleavage: application in single-molecule sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:e41. [PMID: 33511416 PMCID: PMC8053086 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Modifications in RNA are numerous (∼170) and in higher numbers compared to DNA (∼5) making the ability to sequence an RNA molecule to identify these modifications highly tenuous using next generation sequencing (NGS). The ability to immobilize an exoribonuclease enzyme, such as XRN1, to a solid support while maintaining its activity and capability to cleave both the canonical and modified ribonucleotides from an intact RNA molecule can be a viable approach for single-molecule RNA sequencing. In this study, we report an enzymatic reactor consisting of covalently attached XRN1 to a solid support as the groundwork for a novel RNA exosequencing technique. The covalent attachment of XRN1 to a plastic solid support was achieved using EDC/NHS coupling chemistry. Studies showed that the solid-phase digestion efficiency of model RNAs was 87.6 ± 2.8%, while the XRN1 solution-phase digestion for the same model was 78.3 ± 4.4%. The ability of immobilized XRN1 to digest methylated RNA containing m6A and m5C ribonucleotides was also demonstrated. The processivity and clipping rate of immobilized XRN1 secured using single-molecule fluorescence measurements of a single RNA transcript demonstrated a clipping rate of 26 ± 5 nt s-1 and a processivity of >10.5 kb at 25°C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacob R Immel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Steven Bloom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | | | | | - Steven A Soper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Sunflower Genomics, Inc., Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and KU Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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16
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Nguyen NK, Singha P, An H, Phan HP, Nguyen NT, Ooi CH. Electrostatically excited liquid marble as a micromixer. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00121c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Liquid marble as a micromixer. Particles suspended in a transparent liquid marble is dispersed in a time lapse photo. The colour change from red to purple shows the particle position from the first frame to the last frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhat-Khuong Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre
- Griffith University
- Nathan 4111
- Australia
| | - Pradip Singha
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre
- Griffith University
- Nathan 4111
- Australia
| | - Hongjie An
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre
- Griffith University
- Nathan 4111
- Australia
| | - Hoang-Phuong Phan
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre
- Griffith University
- Nathan 4111
- Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre
- Griffith University
- Nathan 4111
- Australia
| | - Chin Hong Ooi
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre
- Griffith University
- Nathan 4111
- Australia
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17
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Venezia V, Califano V, Pota G, Costantini A, Landi G, Di Benedetto A. CFD Simulations of Microreactors for the Hydrolysis of Cellobiose to Glucose by β-Glucosidase Enzyme. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E790. [PMID: 32825698 PMCID: PMC7570393 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass-derived compounds represents a valid strategy to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels, with geopolitical and environmental benefits. In particular, β-glucosidase (BG) enzyme is the bottleneck in the degradation of cellulose because it catalyzes the hydrolysis of cellobiose, a known inhibitor of the other cellulolytic enzymes. However, free enzymes are unstable, expensive and difficult to recover. For this reason, the immobilization of BG on a suitable support is crucial to improve its catalytic performance. In this paper, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed to test the hydrolysis reaction in a monolith channel coated by BG adsorbed on a wrinkled silica nanoparticles (WSNs) washcoat. We initially defined the physical properties of the mixture, the parameters related to kinetics and mass transfers and the initial and boundary conditions thanks to our preliminary experimental tests. Numerical simulation results have shown great similarity with the experimental ones, demonstrating the validity of this model. Following this, it was possible to explore in real time the behavior of the system, varying other specified parameters (i.e., the mixture inlet velocity or the enzymatic load on the reactor surface) without carrying out other experimental analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Venezia
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (G.P.); (A.D.B.)
| | | | - Giulio Pota
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (G.P.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Aniello Costantini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (G.P.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Gianluca Landi
- Instutute for Researches on Combustion-CNR, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Almerinda Di Benedetto
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy; (V.V.); (G.P.); (A.D.B.)
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18
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Immobilization of β-Glucosidase over Structured Cordierite Monoliths Washcoated with Wrinkled Silica Nanoparticles. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10080889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic conversion of biomass-derived compounds represents a key step in the biorefinery flowsheet, allowing low-temperature high-efficiency reactions. β-Glucosidases are able to hydrolyze cellobiose into glucose. Wrinkled silica nanoparticles (WSNs) were demonstrated to be a good support for the immobilization of β-glucosidases, showing better performance than free enzymes in batch reaction; on the other hand, immobilized enzyme microreactors (IEMs) are receiving significant attention, because small quantities of reagents can be used, and favorable heat and mass transfer can be achieved with respect to conventional batch systems. In this work, we prepared, characterized, and tested structured enzymatic reactor compounds by a honeycomb monolith, a WSN washcoat, and β-glucosidases as the active phase. Powder and structured materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 physisorption, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Structured catalysts were tested under both batch and continuous flow reaction conditions and compared to powder catalysts (batch reaction). The WSN washcoat was attached well onto the monolith walls, as suggested by the negligible weight loss after ultrasound treatment; the WSNs preserved their shape, porosity, and individual nature when deposited onto the monolith walls. The immobilized enzyme microreactors proved to be very efficient in hydrolysis of cellobiose to glucose, showing a complete conversion under continuous flow reaction at a batch-equivalent contact time equal to 120 min vs. 24 h obtained in the batch experiments. The apparent KM value showed a 20-fold decrease with respect to the batch process, due to the absence of external diffusive transport limitations.
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19
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Miniaturized technologies for high-throughput drug screening enzymatic assays and diagnostics – A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Işık
- Department of Pharmacy ServicesVocational School of Health ServicesHarran University Şanlıurfa 63300 Turkey
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21
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Reduced nonspecific protein adsorption by application of diethyldithiocarbamate in receptor layer of diphtheria toxoid electrochemical immunosensor. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 132:107415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Peptide-Mediated Immobilization on Magnetoferritin for Enzyme Recycling. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9111558. [PMID: 31684120 PMCID: PMC6915604 DOI: 10.3390/nano9111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin possess favorable properties because its exterior and interior surface can be applied to generate functional nanomaterials, which make them possible for enzyme immobilization and recycling. Here, we report the noncovalent immobilization of a genetically modified β-glucosidase onto the outer surface of synthetic magnetoferritin through the electrostatic interaction of a heterodimeric coiled-coil protein formed by coils containing lysine residues (K-coils) and coils containing glutamic acid (E-coils). The immobilized enzyme was characterized, and its enzymatic properties were evaluated. Furthermore, reusability of immobilized enzyme was demonstrated in aqueous solution under an applied magnetic field. The results showed that magnetoferritin was successfully prepared and it was an excellent support for enzyme immobilization. After three times usages, the retention rates were 93.75%, 82.5%, and 56.25%, respectively, demonstrating that immobilized enzyme possessed good retention efficiency and could be used as potential carrier for other biomolecules. The strategy of enzyme immobilization developed in this work can be applied, in general, to many other target molecules.
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23
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Continuous artificial synthesis of glucose precursor using enzyme-immobilized microfluidic reactors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4049. [PMID: 31492867 PMCID: PMC6731257 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Food production in green crops is severely limited by low activity and poor specificity of D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) in natural photosynthesis (NPS). This work presents a scientific solution to overcome this problem by immobilizing RuBisCO into a microfluidic reactor, which demonstrates a continuous production of glucose precursor at 13.8 μmol g−1 RuBisCO min−1 from CO2 and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Experiments show that the RuBisCO immobilization significantly enhances enzyme stabilities (7.2 folds in storage stability, 6.7 folds in thermal stability), and also improves the reusability (90.4% activity retained after 5 cycles of reuse and 78.5% after 10 cycles). This work mimics the NPS pathway with scalable microreactors for continuous synthesis of glucose precursor using very small amount of RuBisCO. Although still far from industrial production, this work demonstrates artificial synthesis of basic food materials by replicating the light-independent reactions of NPS, which may hold the key to food crisis relief and future space colonization. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) is a difficult enzyme to work with. Here, the authors covalently immobilized it in a microfluidic reactor to enhance its storage/thermal stabilities and reusability, which enabled the continuous artificial synthesis of glucose precursor.
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24
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Henderson CJ, Pumford E, Seevaratnam DJ, Daly R, Hall EAH. Gene to diagnostic: Self immobilizing protein for silica microparticle biosensor, modelled with sarcosine oxidase. Biomaterials 2019; 193:58-70. [PMID: 30562636 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A rational design approach is proposed for a multifunctional enzyme reagent for point-of-care diagnostics. The biomaterial reduces downstream isolation steps and eliminates immobilization coupling chemicals for integration in a diagnostic platform. Fusion constructs combined the central functional assay protein (e.g. monomeric sarcosine oxidase, mSOx, horseradish peroxidase, HRP), a visualizing protein (e.g. mCherry) and an in-built immobilization peptide (e.g. R5). Monitoring protein expression in E.coli was facilitated by following the increase in mCherry fluorescence, which could be matched to a color card, indicating when good protein expression has occurred. The R5 peptide (SSKKSGSYSGSKGSKRRIL) provided inbuilt affinity for silica and an immobilization capability for a silica based diagnostic, without requiring additional chemical coupling reagents. Silica particles extracted from beach sand were used to collect protein from crude protein extract with 85-95% selective uptake. The silica immobilized R5 proteins were stable for more than 2 months at room temperature. The Km for the silica-R52-mCh-mSOx-R5-6H was 16.5 ± 0.9 mM (compared with 16.5 ± 0.4 mM, 16.3 ± 0.3 mM, and 16.1 ± 0.4 mM for R52-mCh-mSOx-R5-6H, mSOx-R5-6H and mSOx-6H respectively in solution). The use of the "silica-enzymes" in sarcosine and peroxide assays was shown, and a design using particle sedimentation through the sample was examined. Using shadowgraphy and particle image velocimetry the particle trajectory through the sample was mapped and an hourglass design with a narrow waist shown to give good control of particle position. The hourglass biosensor was demonstrated for sarcosine assay in the clinically useful range of 2.5-10 μM in both a dynamic and end point measurement regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassi J Henderson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK; Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Elizabeth Pumford
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Dushanth J Seevaratnam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Ronan Daly
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Elizabeth A H Hall
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK.
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25
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Heinzler R, Hübner J, Fischöder T, Elling L, Franzreb M. A Compartmented Flow Microreactor System for Automated Optimization of Bioprocesses Applying Immobilized Enzymes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:189. [PMID: 30564572 PMCID: PMC6288360 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the course of their development, industrial biocatalysis processes have to be optimized in small-scale, e. g., within microfluidic bioreactors. Recently, we introduced a novel microfluidic reactor device, which can handle defined reaction compartments of up to 250 μL in combination with magnetic micro carriers. By transferring the magnetic carriers between subsequent compartments of differing compositions, small scale synthesis, and bioanalytical assays can be conducted. In the current work, this device is modified and extended to broaden its application range to the screening and optimization of bioprocesses applying immobilized enzymes. Besides scaling the maximum compartment volume up to 3 mL, a temperature control module, as well as a focused infrared spot were integrated. By adjusting the pump rate, compartment volumes can be accurately dosed with an error <5% and adjusted to the requested temperature within less than a minute. For demonstration of bioprocess parameter optimization within such compartments, the influence of pH, temperature, substrate concentration, and enzyme carrier loading was automatically screened for the case of transferring UDP-Gal onto N-acetylglucosamine linked to a tert-butyloxycarbonyl protected amino group using immobilized β1,4-galactosyltransferase-1. In addition, multiple recycling of the enzyme carriers and the use of increased compartment volumes also allows the simple production of preparative amounts of reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Heinzler
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonas Hübner
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Fischöder
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Franzreb
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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26
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Immobilized Enzyme Reactors: an Overview of Applications in Drug Discovery from 2008 to 2018. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3663-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Barbosa AI, Reis NM. A critical insight into the development pipeline of microfluidic immunoassay devices for the sensitive quantitation of protein biomarkers at the point of care. Analyst 2018; 142:858-882. [PMID: 28217778 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02445a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The latest clinical procedures for the timely and cost-effective diagnosis of chronic and acute clinical conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes or sepsis (i.e. the biggest causes of death worldwide), involve the quantitation of specific protein biomarkers released into the blood stream or other physiological fluids (e.g. urine or saliva). The clinical thresholds are usually in the femtomolar to picolomar range, and consequently the measurement of these protein biomarkers heavily relies on highly sophisticated, bulky and automated equipment in centralised pathology laboratories. The first microfluidic devices capable of measuring protein biomarkers in miniaturised immunoassays were presented nearly two decades ago and promised to revolutionise point-of-care (POC) testing by offering unmatched sensitivity and automation in a compact POC format; however, the development and adoption of microfluidic protein biomarker tests has fallen behind expectations. This review presents a detailed critical overview into the pipeline of microfluidic devices developed in the period 2005-2016 capable of measuring protein biomarkers from the pM to fM range in formats compatible with POC testing, with a particular focus on the use of affordable microfluidic materials and compact low-cost signal interrogation. The integration of these two important features (essential unique selling points for the successful microfluidic diagnostic products) has been missed in previous review articles and explain the poor adoption of microfluidic technologies in this field. Most current miniaturised devices compromise either on the affordability, compactness and/or performance of the test, making current tests unsuitable for the POC measurement of protein biomarkers. Seven core technical areas, including (i) the selected strategy for antibody immobilisation, (ii) the surface area and surface-area-to-volume ratio, (iii) surface passivation, (iv) the biological matrix interference, (v) fluid control, (vi) the signal detection modes and (vii) the affordability of the manufacturing process and detection system, were identified as the key to the effective development of a sensitive and affordable microfluidic protein biomarker POC test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Barbosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Nuno M Reis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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Naldi M, Tramarin A, Bartolini M. Immobilized enzyme-based analytical tools in the -omics era: Recent advances. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:222-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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29
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Kecskemeti A, Gaspar A. Particle-based immobilized enzymatic reactors in microfluidic chips. Talanta 2018; 180:211-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Wei C, Zhou Y, Zhuang W, Li G, Jiang M, Zhang H. Improving the performance of immobilized β-glucosidase using a microreactor. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 125:377-384. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Volokitina MV, Nikitina AV, Tennikova TB, Korzhikova-Vlakh EG. Immobilized enzyme reactors based on monoliths: Effect of pore size and enzyme loading on biocatalytic process. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2931-2939. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariia V. Volokitina
- Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; St. Petersburg Russia
- Institute of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Anna V. Nikitina
- Institute of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Tatiana B. Tennikova
- Institute of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Evgenia G. Korzhikova-Vlakh
- Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Macromolecular Compounds; St. Petersburg Russia
- Institute of Chemistry; Saint-Petersburg State University; St. Petersburg Russia
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32
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Brandtzaeg OK, Røen BT, Enger S, Lundanes E, Wilson SR. Multichannel Open Tubular Enzyme Reactor Online Coupled with Mass Spectrometry for Detecting Ricin. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8667-8673. [PMID: 28783436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For counterterrorism purposes, a selective nano liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS) platform was developed for detecting the highly lethal protein ricin from castor bean extract. Manual sample preparation steps were omitted by implementing a trypsin/Lys-C enzyme-immobilized multichannel reactor (MCR) consisting of 126 channels (8 μm inner diameter in all channels) that performed online digestion of proteins (5 min reaction time, instead of 4-16 h in previous in-solution methods). Reduction and alkylation steps were not required. The MCR allowed identification of ricin by signature peptides in all targeted mode injections performed, with a complete absence of carry-over in blank injections. The MCRs (interior volume ≈ 1 μL) have very low backpressure, allowing for trivial online coupling with commercial nanoLC-MS systems. The open tubular nature of the MCRs allowed for repeatable within/between-reactor preparation and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bent-Tore Røen
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) , P.O. Box 25, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Siri Enger
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) , P.O. Box 25, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
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33
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Trypsin inhibitor screening in traditional Chinese medicine by using an immobilized enzyme microreactor in capillary and molecular docking study. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3168-3174. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Abstract
In this work, we report a microfluidic platform that can be easily translated into a biomarker diagnostic. This platform integrates microfluidic technology with electrochemical sensing and embodies a reaction/detection chamber to measure serum levels of different biomarkers. Microfabricated Au electrodes encased in a microfluidic chamber are functionalized to immobilize the antibodies, which can selectively capture the corresponding antigen. An oxidative peak is obtained using the chronoamperometry technique at room temperature. The magnitude of the response current varies linearly with the logarithmic concentration of the relative biomarker and, thus, is used to quantify the concentration of the relative biomarker in serum samples. We demonstrated the implementation, feasibility and specificity of this platform (Osteokit) in assaying serum levels of bone turnover markers (BTMs) using osteocalcin (limits of detection (LOD) = 1.94 ng/mL) and collagen type 1 cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX) (LOD = 1.39 pg/mL). To our knowledge, this is the first such device fabricated to measure BTMs. Our results also showed that the sensitivity of Osteokit is comparable with the current states of art, electrochemiluminescence (ECLIA).
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35
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Jönsson A, Svejdal RR, Bøgelund N, Nguyen TTTN, Flindt H, Kutter JP, Rand KD, Lafleur JP. Thiol-ene Monolithic Pepsin Microreactor with a 3D-Printed Interface for Efficient UPLC-MS Peptide Mapping Analyses. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4573-4580. [PMID: 28322047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b05103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To improve the sample handling, and reduce cost and preparation time, of peptide mapping LC-MS workflows in protein analytical research, we here investigate the possibility of replacing conventional enzymatic digestion methods with a polymer microfluidic chip based enzyme reactor. Off-stoichiometric thiol-ene is utilized as both bulk material and as a monolithic stationary phase for immobilization of the proteolytic enzyme pepsin. The digestion efficiency of the, thiol-ene based, immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER) is compared to that of a conventional, agarose packed bed, pepsin IMER column commonly used in LC-MS based protein analyses. The chip IMER is found to rival the conventional column in terms of digestion efficiency at comparable residence time and, using a 3D-printed interface, be directly interfaceable with LC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jönsson
- Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Rasmus R Svejdal
- Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Nanna Bøgelund
- Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Tam T T N Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Henrik Flindt
- Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Jörg P Kutter
- Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Kasper D Rand
- Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Josiane P Lafleur
- Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University , Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen E DK-2100, Denmark
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36
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Cheng M, Chen Z. Screening of tyrosinase inhibitors by capillary electrophoresis with immobilized enzyme microreactor and molecular docking. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:486-493. [PMID: 27862041 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A new method for screening tyrosinase inhibitors from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) was successfully developed by capillary electrophoresis with reliable online immobilized enzyme microreactor (IMER). In addition, molecular docking study has been used for supporting inhibition interaction between enzyme and inhibitors. The IMER of tyrosinase was constructed at the outlet of the capillary by using glutaraldehyde as cross-linker. The parameters including enzyme reaction, separation of the substrate and product, and the performance of immobilized tyrosinase were investigated systematically. Because of using short-end injection procedure, the product and substrate were effectively separated within 2 min. The immobilized tyrosinase could remain 80% active for 30 days at 4°C. The Michaelis-Menten constant of tyrosinase was determined as 1.78 mM. Kojic acid, a known tyrosinase inhibitor, was used as a model compound for the validation of the inhibitors screening method. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of kojic acid was 5.55 μM. The method was successfully applied for screening tyrosinase inhibitors from 15 compounds of TCM. Four compounds including quercetin, kaempferol, bavachinin, and bakuchiol were found having inhibitory potentials. The results obtained in this work were supported by molecular docking study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, P. R., China.,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R., China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, P. R., China.,State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R., China
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37
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Oliveira AF, Pessoa ACSN, Bastos RG, de la Torre LG. Microfluidic tools toward industrial biotechnology. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1372-1389. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline F. Oliveira
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas; 500 Albert Einstein avenue Campinas P.O. Box 6066
| | - Amanda C. S. N. Pessoa
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas; 500 Albert Einstein avenue Campinas P.O. Box 6066
| | - Reinaldo G. Bastos
- Department of Agroindustrial Technology and Rural Socioeconomy, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos; Km 174 Anhanguera Highway Araras P.O. Box 153
| | - Lucimara G. de la Torre
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas; 500 Albert Einstein avenue Campinas P.O. Box 6066
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38
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Duan C, Alibakhshi MA, Kim DK, Brown CM, Craik CS, Majumdar A. Label-Free Electrical Detection of Enzymatic Reactions in Nanochannels. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7476-84. [PMID: 27472431 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report label-free electrical detection of enzymatic reactions using 2-D nanofluidic channels and investigate reaction kinetics of enzymatic reactions on immobilized substrates in nanoscale-confined spaces. Trypsin proteolysis is chosen for demonstration of the detection scheme. When trypsin cleaves poly-l-lysine coated on the surface of silica nanochannels, the resulting change of surface charge density can be detected by monitoring the ionic conductance of the nanochannels. Our results show that detection of such surface enzymatic reactions is faster than detection of surface binding reactions in nanochannels for low-concentration analytes. Furthermore, the nanochannel sensor has a sensitivity down to 5 ng/mL, which statistically corresponds to a single enzyme per nanochannel. Our results also suggest that enzyme kinetics in nanochannels is fundamentally different from that in bulk solutions or plain surfaces. Such enzymatic reactions form two clear self-propagating reaction fronts inside the nanochannels, and the reaction fronts follow square-root time dependences at high enzyme concentrations due to significant nonspecific adsorption. However, at low enzyme concentrations when nonspecific adsorption is negligible, the reaction fronts propagate linearly with time, and the corresponding propagation speed is related to the channel geometry, enzyme concentration, catalytic reaction constant, diffusion coefficient, and substrate surface density. Optimization of this nanochannel sensor could lead to a quick-response, highly sensitive, and label-free sensor for enzyme assay and kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhua Duan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Mohammad Amin Alibakhshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Dong-Kwon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University , Suwon 443-749, South Korea
| | - Christopher M Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Arun Majumdar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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39
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Lv Y, Tan X, Svec F. Preparation and applications of monolithic structures containing metal-organic frameworks. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:272-287. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqin Lv
- International Research Center for Soft Matter; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing China
| | - Xinyi Tan
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Frantisek Svec
- International Research Center for Soft Matter; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing China
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40
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Jamshaid T, Neto ETT, Eissa MM, Zine N, Kunita MH, El-Salhi AE, Elaissari A. Magnetic particles: From preparation to lab-on-a-chip, biosensors, microsystems and microfluidics applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Ullah MW, Khattak WA, Ul-Islam M, Khan S, Park JK. Metabolic engineering of synthetic cell-free systems: Strategies and applications. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Conejero-Muriel M, Rodríguez-Ruiz I, Martínez-Rodríguez S, Llobera A, Gavira JA. McCLEC, a robust and stable enzymatic based microreactor platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4083-9. [PMID: 26334474 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00776c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic chip for cross-linked enzyme crystals (McCLEC) is presented and demonstrated to be a stable, reusable and robust biocatalyst-based device with very promising biotechnological applications. The cost-effective microfluidic platform allows in situ crystallization, cross-linking and enzymatic reaction assays on a single device. A large number of enzymatic reuses of the McCLEC platform were achieved and a comparative analysis is shown illustrating the efficiency of the process and its storage stability for more than one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayte Conejero-Muriel
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos, Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos, IACT (CSIC-UGR), Avda de las Palmeras, 4, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
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43
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Nehmé R, Morin P. Advances in capillary electrophoresis for miniaturizing assays on kinase enzymes for drug discovery. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2768-2797. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reine Nehmé
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA); Université d'Orléans - CNRS; UMR 7311 Orléans France
| | - Philippe Morin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA); Université d'Orléans - CNRS; UMR 7311 Orléans France
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44
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Lafleur JP, Senkbeil S, Novotny J, Nys G, Bøgelund N, Rand KD, Foret F, Kutter JP. Rapid and simple preparation of thiol-ene emulsion-templated monoliths and their application as enzymatic microreactors. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2162-2172. [PMID: 25850955 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel, rapid and simple method for the preparation of emulsion-templated monoliths in microfluidic channels based on thiol-ene chemistry is presented. The method allows monolith synthesis and anchoring inside thiol-ene microchannels in a single photoinitiated step. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy showed that the methanol-based emulsion templating process resulted in a network of highly interconnected and regular thiol-ene beads anchored solidly inside thiol-ene microchannels. Surface area measurements indicate that the monoliths are macroporous, with no or little micro- or mesopores. As a demonstration, galactose oxidase and peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) were immobilized at the surface of the synthesized thiol-ene monoliths via two different mechanisms. First, cysteine groups on the protein surface were used for reversible covalent linkage to free thiol functional groups on the monoliths. Second, covalent linkage was achieved via free primary amino groups on the protein surface by means of thiol-ene click chemistry and l-ascorbic acid linkage. Thus prepared galactose oxidase and PNGase F microreactors demonstrated good enzymatic activity in a galactose assay and the deglycosilation of ribonuclease B, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane P Lafleur
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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45
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Zheng X, Podariu M, Bi C, Hage DS. Development of enhanced capacity affinity microcolumns by using a hybrid of protein cross-linking/modification and immobilization. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1400:82-90. [PMID: 25981291 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid method was examined for increasing the binding capacity and activity of protein-based affinity columns by using a combination of protein cross-linking/modification and covalent immobilization. Various applications of this approach in the study of drug-protein interactions and in use with affinity microcolumns were considered. Human serum albumin (HSA) was utilized as a model protein for this work. Bismaleimidohexane (BMH, a homobifunctional maleimide) was used to modify and/or cross-link HSA through the single free sulfhydryl group that is present on this protein. Up to a 75-113% increase in protein content was obtained when comparing affinity supports that were prepared with BMH versus reference supports that were made by using only covalent immobilization. Several drugs that are known to bind HSA (e.g., warfarin, verapamil and carbamazepine) were further found to have a significant increase in retention on HSA microcolumns that were treated with BMH (i.e., a 70-100% increase in protein-based retention). These BMH-treated HSA microcolumns were used in chiral separations and in ultrafast affinity extraction to measure free drug fractions in drug/protein mixtures, with the latter method giving association equilibrium constants that had good agreement with literature values. In addition, it was found that the reversible binding of HSA with ethacrynic acid, an agent that can combine irreversibly with the free sulfhydryl group on this protein, could be examined by using the BMH-treated HSA microcolumns. The same hybrid immobilization method could be extended to other proteins or alternative applications that may require protein-based affinity columns with enhanced binding capacities and activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Maria Podariu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Cong Bi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - David S Hage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
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46
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Foo HC, Smith NW, Stanley SM. Fabrication of an on-line enzyme micro-reactor coupled to liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the digestion of recombinant human erythropoietin. Talanta 2015; 135:18-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Nakagawa K, Tamura A, Chaiya C. Preparation of proteolytic microreactors by freeze-drying immobilization. Chem Eng Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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48
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Lavilla I, Romero V, Costas I, Bendicho C. Greener derivatization in analytical chemistry. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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49
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Zheng X, Li Z, Beeram S, Podariu M, Matsuda R, Pfaunmiller EL, White CJ, Carter N, Hage DS. Analysis of biomolecular interactions using affinity microcolumns: a review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 968:49-63. [PMID: 24572459 PMCID: PMC4112177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Affinity chromatography has become an important tool for characterizing biomolecular interactions. The use of affinity microcolumns, which contain immobilized binding agents and have volumes in the mid-to-low microliter range, has received particular attention in recent years. Potential advantages of affinity microcolumns include the many analysis and detection formats that can be used with these columns, as well as the need for only small amounts of supports and immobilized binding agents. This review examines how affinity microcolumns have been used to examine biomolecular interactions. Both capillary-based microcolumns and short microcolumns are considered. The use of affinity microcolumns with zonal elution and frontal analysis methods are discussed. The techniques of peak decay analysis, ultrafast affinity extraction, split-peak analysis, and band-broadening studies are also explored. The principles of these methods are examined and various applications are provided to illustrate the use of these methods with affinity microcolumns. It is shown how these techniques can be utilized to provide information on the binding strength and kinetics of an interaction, as well as on the number and types of binding sites. It is further demonstrated how information on competition or displacement effects can be obtained by these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Sandya Beeram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Maria Podariu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Ryan Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Erika L Pfaunmiller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - Christopher J White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - NaTasha Carter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA
| | - David S Hage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304, USA.
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50
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da Costa JP, Oliveira-Silva R, Daniel-da-Silva AL, Vitorino R. Bionanoconjugation for Proteomics applications — An overview. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:952-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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