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Cahill JF, Khalid M, Retterer ST, Walton CL, Kertesz V. In Situ Chemical Monitoring and Imaging of Contents within Microfluidic Devices Having a Porous Membrane Wall Using Liquid Microjunction Surface Sampling Probe Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:832-839. [PMID: 32233378 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability to observe dynamic chemical processes (e.g., signaling, transport, etc.) in vivo or in situ using nondestructive chemical imaging opens a new door to understanding the complex dynamics of developing biological systems. With the advent of "biology-on-a-chip" devices has come the ability to monitor dynamic chemical processes in a controlled environment, using these engineered habitats to capture key features of natural systems while allowing visual observation of system development. Having the capability to spatially and temporally map the chemical signals within these devices may yield new insights into the forces that drive biosystem development. Here, a porous membrane sealed microfluidic device was designed to allow normal microfluidic operation while enabling continuous, location specific sampling and chemical characterization by liquid microjunction surface sampling probe mass spectrometry (LMJ-SSP MS). LMJ-SSP was used to extract fluids with nL-to-μL/min flow rates directly from selected areas of the microfluidic device without negatively impacting the device function. These extracts were subsequently characterized using MS. This technique was used to acquire MS images of the entirety of several multi-input microfluidic devices having different degrees of fluid mixing. LMJ-SSP MS imaging visualized the spatial distribution of chemical components within the microfluidic channels and could visualize chemical reactions occurring in the device. These microfluidic devices with a porous membrane wall are wholly compatible with the construction of biology-on-a-chip devices. This ultimately would enable correlation of biosystem physical structure with an evolving chemical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Cahill
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Muneeba Khalid
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Scott T Retterer
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Courtney L Walton
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Vilmos Kertesz
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
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2
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Portychová L, Schug KA. Instrumentation and applications of electrochemistry coupled to mass spectrometry for studying xenobiotic metabolism: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 993:1-21. [PMID: 29078951 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of metabolic pathways and biotransformation of xenobiotics, artificial substances foreign to the entire biological system, is crucial for elucidation of degradation routes of potentially toxic substances. Nowadays, there are many methods to simulate xenobiotic metabolism in the human body in vitro. In this review, the metabolism of various substances in the human body is described, followed by a summary of methods used for prediction of metabolic pathways and biotransformation. Above all, focus is placed on the coupling of electrochemistry to mass spectrometry, which is still a relatively new technique. This promising tool can mimic both oxidative phase I and conjugative phase II metabolism. Different experimental arrangements, with or without a separation step, and various applications of this technique are illustrated and critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Portychová
- Research Institute for Organic Synthesis, Inc., 533 54 Rybitví, Czech Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Palacký University, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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3
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Hassan I, Pavlov J, Errabelli R, Attygalle AB. Oxidative Ionization Under Certain Negative-Ion Mass Spectrometric Conditions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:270-277. [PMID: 27822704 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Hydroquinone and several other phenolic compounds generate (M - 2) -• radical-anions, rather than deprotonated molecules, under certain negative-ion mass spectrometric conditions. In fact, spectra generated under helium-plasma ionization (HePI) conditions from 1,4-hydroquinone and 1,4-benzoquinone (by electron capture) were practically indistinguishable. Because this process involves a net loss of H• and H+, it can be termed oxidative ionization. The superoxide radical-anion (O2-•), known to be present in many atmospheric-pressure plasma ion sources operated in the negative mode, plays a critical role in the oxidative ionization process. The presence of a small peak at m/z 142 in the spectrum of 1,4-hydroquinone, but not in that of 1,4-benzoquinone, indicated that the initial step in the oxidative ionization process is the formation of an O2-• adduct. On the other hand, under bona fide electrospray ionization (ESI) conditions, 1,4-hydroquinone generates predominantly an (M - 1) - ion. It is known that at sufficiently high capillary voltages, corona discharges begin to occur even in an ESI source. At lower ESI capillary voltages, deprotonation predominates; as the capillary voltage is raised, the abundance of O2-• present in the plasma increases, and the source in turn increasingly behaves as a composite ESI/APCI source. While maintaining post-ionization ion activation to a minimum (to prevent fragmentation), and monitoring the relative intensities of the m/z 109 (due to deprotonation) and 108 (oxidative ionization) peaks recorded from 1,4-hydroquinone, a semiquantitative estimation of the APCI contribution to the overall ion-generation process can be obtained. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isra Hassan
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Julius Pavlov
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Ramu Errabelli
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Athula B Attygalle
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.
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4
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Yuill EM, Baker LA. Electrochemical Aspects of Mass Spectrometry: Atmospheric Pressure Ionization and Ambient Ionization for Bioanalysis. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Yuill
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
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5
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Dual reductive/oxidative electrochemistry/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: Towards peptide and protein modification, separation and identification. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1479:153-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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6
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Parker WR, Brodbelt JS. Characterization of the Cysteine Content in Proteins Utilizing Cysteine Selenylation with 266 nm Ultraviolet Photodissociation (UVPD). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1344-1350. [PMID: 27091595 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the cysteine content of proteins is a key aspect of proteomics. By defining both the total number of cysteines and their bound/unbound state, the number of candidate proteins considered in database searches is significantly constrained. Herein we present a methodology that utilizes 266 nm UVPD to count the number of free and bound cysteines in intact proteins. In order to attain this goal, proteins were derivatized with N-(phenylseleno)phthalimide (NPSP) to install a selectively cleavable Se-S bond upon 266 UVPD. The number of Se-S bonds cleaved upon UVPD, a process that releases SePh moieties, corresponds to the number of cysteine residues per protein. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ryan Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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7
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Büter L, Faber H, Wigger T, Vogel M, Karst U. Differential Protein Labeling Based on Electrochemically Generated Reactive Intermediates. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9931-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Büter
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helene Faber
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tina Wigger
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Vogel
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
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8
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Adduct formation of electrochemically generated reactive intermediates with biomolecules. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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9
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Liu P, Lu M, Zheng Q, Zhang Y, Dewald HD, Chen H. Recent advances of electrochemical mass spectrometry. Analyst 2013; 138:5519-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00709j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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10
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Jahn S, Karst U. Electrochemistry coupled to (liquid chromatography/) mass spectrometry—Current state and future perspectives. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:16-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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11
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Utilizing the inherent electrolysis in a chip-based nanoelectrospray emitter system to facilitate selective ionization and mass spectrometric analysis of metallo alkylporphyrins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:335-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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12
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Qiao L, Su F, Bi H, Girault HH, Liu B. Ga2O3 photocatalyzed on-line tagging of cysteine to facilitate peptide mass fingerprinting. Proteomics 2011; 11:3501-9. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Giron P, Dayon L, Sanchez JC. Cysteine tagging for MS-based proteomics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:366-395. [PMID: 21500242 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid-tagging strategies are widespread in proteomics. Because of the central role of mass spectrometry (MS) as a detection technique in protein sciences, the term "mass tagging" was coined to describe the attachment of a label, which serves MS analysis and/or adds analytical value to the measurements. These so-called mass tags can be used for separation, enrichment, detection, and quantitation of peptides and proteins. In this context, cysteine is a frequent target for modifications because the thiol function can react specifically by nucleophilic substitution or addition. Furthermore, cysteines present natural modifications of biological importance and a low occurrence in the proteome that justify the development of strategies to specifically target them in peptides or proteins. In the present review, the mass-tagging methods directed to cysteine residues are comprehensively discussed, and the advantages and drawbacks of these strategies are addressed. Some concrete applications are given to underline the relevance of cysteine-tagging techniques for MS-based proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscille Giron
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Group, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Roeser J, Bischoff R, Bruins AP, Permentier HP. Oxidative protein labeling in mass-spectrometry-based proteomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:3441-55. [PMID: 20155254 PMCID: PMC2911539 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of proteins and peptides is a common phenomenon, and can be employed as a labeling technique for mass-spectrometry-based proteomics. Nonspecific oxidative labeling methods can modify almost any amino acid residue in a protein or only surface-exposed regions. Specific agents may label reactive functional groups in amino acids, primarily cysteine, methionine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Nonspecific radical intermediates (reactive oxygen, nitrogen, or halogen species) can be produced by chemical, photochemical, electrochemical, or enzymatic methods. More targeted oxidation can be achieved by chemical reagents but also by direct electrochemical oxidation, which opens the way to instrumental labeling methods. Oxidative labeling of amino acids in the context of liquid chromatography(LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomics allows for differential LC separation, improved MS ionization, and label-specific fragmentation and detection. Oxidation of proteins can create new reactive groups which are useful for secondary, more conventional derivatization reactions with, e.g., fluorescent labels. This review summarizes reactions of oxidizing agents with peptides and proteins, the corresponding methodologies and instrumentation, and the major, innovative applications of oxidative protein labeling described in selected literature from the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Roeser
- Analytical Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Analytical Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andries P. Bruins
- Analytical Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar P. Permentier
- Analytical Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Abonnenc M, Qiao L, Liu B, Girault HH. Electrochemical aspects of electrospray and laser desorption/ionization for mass spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2010; 3:231-54. [PMID: 20636041 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Soft-ionization methods, namely electrospray ionization and laser desorption/ionization, are widely used to transfer large molecules as intact gas-phase ions either from a solution or from a solid substrate. During both processes, in-source electrochemical and photoelectrochemical reactions occur. These electrode reactions, which take place at interfaces, play important roles in influencing the ionization products, but they have received little attention. We show that having good control over both types of electrochemical reactions can lead to new analytical applications. Examples include online tagging by grafting of mass tags and in-source photooxidation of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Abonnenc
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
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16
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Girault H, Liu B, Qiao L, Bi H, Prudent M, Lion N, Abonnenc M. Electrochemical reactions and ionization processes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2010; 16:341-349. [PMID: 20530840 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical or photo-electrochemical reactions in both electrospray ionization and laser desorption ionization are discussed stressing the role of the electrode reaction in influencing the ionization process. In particular, upon application of a high voltage during electrospray ionization, the emitter includes a working electrode, where redox reactions are observed, such as electro-generation of benzoquinone and metal ions. In contrast, the target plate in laser-induced desorption ionization also acts as a photo-electrode, especially when modified with a mesoporous semiconductor. We illustrate here how these electrochemical reactions can be used for tagging purposes, and for oxidative or reductive dissociation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Girault
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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17
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Giron P, Dayon L, Mihala N, Sanchez JC, Rose K. Cysteine-reactive covalent capture tags for enrichment of cysteine-containing peptides. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:3377-3386. [PMID: 19813279 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Considering the tremendous complexity and the wide dynamic range of protein samples from biological origin and their proteolytic peptide mixtures, proteomics largely requires simplification strategies. One common approach to reduce sample complexity is to target a particular amino acid in proteins or peptides, such as cysteine (Cys), with chemical tags in order to reduce the analysis to a subset of the whole proteome. The present work describes the synthesis and the use of two new cysteinyl tags, so-called cysteine-reactive covalent capture tags (C3T), for the isolation of Cys-containing peptides. These bifunctional molecules were specifically designed to react with cysteines through iodoacetyl and acryloyl moieties and permit efficient selection of the tagged peptides. To do so, a thioproline was chosen as the isolating group to form, after a deprotection/activation step, a thiazolidine with an aldehyde resin by the covalent capture (CC) method. The applicability of the enrichment strategy was demonstrated on small synthetic peptides as well as on peptides derived from digested proteins. Mass spectrometric (MS) analysis and tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) sequencing confirmed the efficient and straightforward selection of the cysteine-containing peptides. The combination of C3T and CC methods provides an effective alternative to reduce sample complexity and access low abundance proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscille Giron
- Biomedical Proteomics Group, Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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18
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Van Berkel GJ, Kertesz V. Electrochemically initiated tagging of thiols using an electrospray ionization based liquid microjunction surface sampling probe two-electrode cell. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1380-1386. [PMID: 19337980 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the conversion of a liquid microjunction surface sampling probe (LMJ-SSP) into a two-electrode electrochemical cell using a conductive sample surface and the probe as the two electrodes with an appropriate battery powered circuit. With this LMJ-SSP, two-electrode cell arrangement, tagging of analyte thiol functionalities (in this case peptide cysteine residues) with hydroquinone tags was initiated electrochemically using a hydroquinone-doped solution when the analyte either was initially in solution or was sampled from a surface. Efficient tagging (approximately 90%), at flow rates of 5-10 microL/min, could be achieved for up to at least two cysteines on a peptide. The high tagging efficiency observed was explained with a simple kinetic model. In general, the incorporation of a two-electrode electrochemical cell, or other multiple electrode arrangement, into the LMJ-SSP is expected to add to the versatility of this approach for surface sampling and ionization coupled with mass spectrometric detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Van Berkel
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6131, USA.
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19
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Bindila L, Peter-Katalinić J. Chip-mass spectrometry for glycomic studies. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:223-253. [PMID: 19145581 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of micro- and nanochip front end technologies for electrospray mass spectrometry addressed a major challenge in carbohydrate analysis: high sensitivity structural determination and heterogeneity assessment in high dynamic range mixtures of biological origin. Chip-enhanced electrospray ionization was demonstrated to provide reproducible performance irrespective of the type of carbohydrate, while the amenability of chip systems for coupling with different mass spectrometers greatly advance the chip/MS technique as a versatile key tool in glycomic studies. A more accurate representation of the glycan repertoire to include novel biologically-relevant information was achieved in different biological sources, asserting this technique as a valuable tool in glycan biomarker discovery and monitoring. Additionally, the integration of various analytical functions onto chip devices and direct hyphenation to MS proved its potential for glycan analysis during the recent years, whereby a new analytical tool is on the verge of maturation: lab-on-chip MS glycomics. The achievements until early beginning of 2007 on the implementation of chip- and functional integrated chip/MS in systems glycobiology studies are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bindila
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert Koch Str. 31, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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20
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Abonnenc M, Josserand J, Girault HH. Sandwich mixer-reactor: influence of the diffusion coefficient and flow rate ratios. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:440-8. [PMID: 19156294 DOI: 10.1039/b815581j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A sandwich mixer consists of mixing two solutions in a channel, one central laminar flow being sandwiched between two outer flow solutions. The present numerical study considers the convection-diffusion of two reacting species A and B, provided respectively by the two incoming solutions. The simulations show how the diffusion coefficient, flow rate and species concentration ratios influence, via the transversal diffusion length and reaction kinetics, the reaction extent at the end of the sandwich mixer. First, this extent can be enhanced up to 60% if the species with the lowest diffusion coefficient is located in the outer solutions where the flow velocity is small compared to that of the central part (higher residence time). Secondly, decreasing the outer flow rates (to confine the reaction close to the walls) and increasing the local concentration to keep the same flux ratio improve the extent by 300%. Comparison with a bi-lamination passive mixer, with an ideal mixer and an electro-osmotic driven flow mixer is presented. These conclusions are also demonstrated for consecutive reactions, showing an amplification of the effects described above. The results are also presented versus the residence time in the mixer-reactor to show the time window for which the gain is appreciable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Abonnenc
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Prudent M, Girault HH. The role of copper in cysteine oxidation: study of intra- and inter-molecular reactions in mass spectrometry. Metallomics 2009; 1:157-65. [DOI: 10.1039/b817061d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Méndez MA, Prudent M, Su B, Girault HH. Peptide−Phospholipid Complex Formation at Liquid−Liquid Interfaces. Anal Chem 2008; 80:9499-507. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801651f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. Méndez
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Prudent
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bin Su
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lohmann W, Hayen H, Karst U. Covalent Protein Modification by Reactive Drug Metabolites Using Online Electrochemistry/Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:9714-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801699g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Lohmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms—Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany, and ISAS—Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms—Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany, and ISAS—Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms—Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany, and ISAS—Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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25
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Prudent M, Girault HH. On-line electrogeneration of copper-peptide complexes in microspray mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:560-568. [PMID: 18313328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of copper ions with peptides was investigated by electrospray mass spectrometry. Two electrospray micro-emitters were compared, the first one with a platinum electrode using a copper(II) electrolyte solution containing a peptide sample, and the second one with a sacrificial copper anode in a water/methanol solution containing only a peptide (i.e., angiotensin III, bradykinin, or Leu-enkephalin). The former yielded mainly Cu(2+) complexes either with histidine residues or with the peptide backbone (Cu(+) complexes can be also formed due to gas-phase reactions), whereas the latter can generate a mixture of both Cu(+) and Cu(2+) aqueous complexes that yield different complexation patterns. This study shows that electrospray emitters with soluble copper anodes enable the study of Cu(I)-peptide complexes in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Prudent
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Abonnenc M, Dayon L, Perruche B, Lion N, Girault HH. Electrospray Micromixer Chip for On-Line Derivatization and Kinetic Studies. Anal Chem 2008; 80:3372-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800058h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Abonnenc
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Loïc Dayon
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Brice Perruche
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Niels Lion
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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27
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Qiao L, Roussel C, Wan J, Kong J, Yang P, Girault H, Liu B. MALDI In-Source Photooxidation Reactions for Online Peptide Tagging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:2646-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Qiao L, Roussel C, Wan J, Kong J, Yang P, Girault H, Liu B. MALDI In-Source Photooxidation Reactions for Online Peptide Tagging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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PRUDENT M, MÉNDEZ MA, GIRAULT HH. Biphasic Electrospray Ionization for the Study of Interfacial Complexes. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:1399-404. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel PRUDENT
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
| | - Manuel A. MÉNDEZ
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
| | - Hubert H. GIRAULT
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
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30
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Koster S, Verpoorte E. A decade of microfluidic analysis coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry: an overview. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:1394-1412. [PMID: 17960264 DOI: 10.1039/b709706a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a thorough overview covering the period 1997-2006 of microfluidic chips coupled to mass spectrometry through an electrospray interface. The different types of fabrication processes and materials used to fabricate these chips throughout this period are discussed. Three 'eras' of interfaces are clearly distinguished. The earliest approach involves spraying from the edge of a chip, while later devices either incorporate a standard fused-silica emitter inserted into the device or fully integrated emitters formed during chip fabrication. A summary of microfluidic-electrospray devices for performing separations and sample pretreatment steps before sample introduction into the mass spectrometer is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Koster
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Van Berkel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831-6131, USA.
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32
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Dayon L, Abonnenc M, Prudent M, Lion N, Girault HH. Multitrack electrospray chips. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:1484-90. [PMID: 17083086 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Multitrack electrospray chips (MTEC) were fabricated by UV-photoablation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. They are composed of an array of up to six microchannels that are successively used as electrospray ionization (ESI) emitters for mass spectrometry (MS). There is no requirement for alignment of the different spraying microchannels with the mass spectrometer orifice. The MTEC is thus fixed in front of the mass spectrometer and the successive MS analyses are performed without moving the chip. The sequential electrospraying by successive application of an identical high voltage in each off-axis microchannel was evaluated for the fast screening of peptides and proteins. The counting of cysteines in peptides through chemical modification and the relative quantification of a peptide in two samples are presented herein as two original strategies based on this new analytical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Dayon
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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33
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Dayon L, Roussel C, Girault HH. Probing cysteine reactivity in proteins by mass spectrometric EC-tagging. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:793-800. [PMID: 16602685 DOI: 10.1021/pr050365o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The on-line electrochemical tagging (EC-tagging) of cysteine residues in proteins during mass spectrometry is studied to probe the cysteine environment. Benzoquinone probes electrogenerated at a microspray electrode react with the thiol functions of the proteins within a microchannel and the products are analyzed by mass spectrometry. The fundamentals of the technique are discussed, with a focus on the kinetic aspects. The EC-tagging efficiency of the cysteine residues in proteins is used to probe their environment. Experiments with unmodified proteins and their chemically reduced forms highlight the strong effect of the cysteine site reactivity on the tagging efficiencies. This study highlights relevant parameters for such on-line electrochemical derivatization/MS detection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Dayon
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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34
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Van Berkel GJ, Kertesz V. Expanded Electrochemical Capabilities of the Electrospray Ion Source Using Porous Flow-Through Electrodes as the Upstream Ground and Emitter High-Voltage Contact. Anal Chem 2005; 77:8041-9. [PMID: 16351154 DOI: 10.1021/ac051555l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Use of a porous flow-through electrode at the upstream ground contact or at both the upstream ground contact and the high-voltage emitter contact in an electrospray ion source was shown to provide for new types of electrochemical experiments utilizing only the electrochemistry inherent to electrospray. The normal stainless steel bore-through union serving as the upstream grounding point in a floated electrospray emitter system was replaced with a high surface area porous flow-through electrode assembly to achieve effective electrochemical reduction of analytes at this point in positive ion mode, and effective electrochemical oxidation of analytes in negative ion mode. This was demonstrated by the oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and reserpine in negative ion mode and by the reduction of thionine in positive ion mode. In the case of reversible oxidation (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) and reduction (thionine) processes, partial rereduction and reoxidation of the products due to reaction with products generated by cathodic and anodic processes at the emitter were observed, respectively. By implementing two high surface area porous flow-through electrodes in the system, one as the upstream grounding point and the other as the emitter electrode, a multiple-step reaction scheme was achieved that included consecutive electrochemical reduction and oxidation reactions and a following chemical reaction as demonstrated by the hydroquinone tagging of an initially disulfide-linked peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Van Berkel
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, USA.
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35
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Zamfir AD, Bindila L, Lion N, Allen M, Girault HH, Peter-Katalinić J. Chip electrospray mass spectrometry for carbohydrate analysis. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3650-73. [PMID: 16152660 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Currently two types of chip systems are used in conjunction with MS: out-of-plane devices, where hundreds of nozzles, nanospray emitters are integrated onto a single silicon substrate from which electrospray is established perpendicular to the substrate, and planar microchips, embedding a microchannel at the end of which electrospray is generated in-plane, on the edge of the microchip. In the last two years, carbohydrate research greatly benefited from the introduction and implementation of the chip-based MS. In two laboratories the advantages of the chip electrospray in terms of ionization efficiency, sensitivity, reproducibility, quality of data in combination with high mass accuracy, and resolution of detection were systematically explored for several carbohydrate classes: O- and N-glycopeptides, oligosaccharides, gangliosides and glycoprotein-derived O- and N-glycans, and glycopeptides. The current state-of-the-art in interfacing the chip electrospray devices to high-performance MS for carbohydrate analysis, and the particular requirements for method optimization in both positive and negative ion modes are reviewed here. The recent applications of these miniaturized devices and their general potential for glycomic-based surveys are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina D Zamfir
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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36
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Dayon L, Josserand J, Girault HH. Electrochemical multi-tagging of cysteinyl peptides during microspray mass spectrometry: numerical simulation of consecutive reactions in a microchannel. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2005; 7:4054-60. [PMID: 16474869 DOI: 10.1039/b511334b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
On-line electrogeneration of mass tags in a microspray emitter is used to quantify the number of cysteine groups in a given peptide. A finite-element simulation of the multi-step process yields the relative distribution and concentration of tags, untagged and tagged species in the microchannel before the spray event. The work focuses on the tagging of cysteine moieties in peptides or proteins by electrogenerated quinone mass probes. The main chemical parameters determining the kinetics of the labelling are assessed and discussed considering the microfluidic aspects of the process. The control of the tagging extent allows the simultaneous MS analysis of both the unmodified and modified peptide(s). The number of cysteine groups corresponds to the number of characteristic mass shifts observed from the unmodified peptide. The present theoretical work establishes the range of optimum conditions for the determination of the number of cysteine groups in peptides containing up to five cysteine groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dayon
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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