1
|
Chen D, Yin J, Yang Z, Qin W, Huo J, Huang J, Sun J, Piao W. Construction and Application of Hepatocyte Model Based on Microfluidic Chip Technique in Evaluating Emodin. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132768. [PMID: 35807948 PMCID: PMC9268988 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The current cytological evaluation technique of health food raw materials does not entirely meet the needs of evaluating health food. Our study adopted the microfluidic chip technique for the first time to construct a hepatocyte model of evaluating emodin, which was composed of a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell (HepG2) and microfluidic chip. The mixed glue of a model with rat tail collagen type I (1.3 mg/mL) + gelatin (7.5%) was used to simulate the microenvironment of a cell. The validity of this model was evaluated by cell proliferation activity and cell staining, and the toxicity of emodin was evaluated by a series of metabolic indicators on this model. The results indicated that the repeatability of the constructed hepatocyte model was favorable, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.8%. After emodin continuously was exposed for 48 h, the cell inhibition was obvious at 100 and 200 μM, and the number of dead cells gradually increased with the increasing of emodin concentration, and the difference of BUN was significant between the emodin group and blank group (p < 0.05). The constructed model has a favorable applicability in evaluating emodin. This study provides an important platform and a potential in vitro alternative model for assessing and predicting the health effects of health food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiyong Yin
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6623-7211; Fax: +86-010-8313-2317
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Etxeberria L, Anakabe J, Fernández L, Larrañaga-Varga A, Vilas-Vilela J, Ruiz-Rubio L, Zaldua A. Crystallization behaviour analysis of norbornene based semicrystalline cyclic olefin copolymer (c-COC) for Point-of-care (PoC) device manufacturing. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
3
|
Kong X, Tian S, Chen T, Huang Y. [Preliminary study on the construction of three-dimensional hippocampal neural network by using microfluidic technology in vitro]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2019; 33:239-242. [PMID: 30739423 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201809094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To preliminary study on the feasibility of constructing three-dimensional (3D) hippocampal neural network in vitro by using microfluidic technology. Methods A network patterned microfluidic chip was designed and fabricated by standard wet etching process. The primary hippocampal neurons of neonatal Sprague Dawley rats were isolated and cultured, and then inoculated on microfluidic chip for culture. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the growth of hippocampal neurons at 3, 5, and 7 days of culture and electrophysiological detection of hippocampal neuron network at 7 days of culture. Results The results showed that the number of hippocampal neurons increased gradually with the prolongation of culture time, and the neurite of neurons increased accordingly, and distributed uniformly and regularly in microfluidic chip channels, suggesting that the 3D hippocampal neuron network was successfully constructed in vitro. Single and multi-channel spontaneous firing signals of hippocampal neuronal networks could be detected at 7 days of culture, suggesting that neuronal networks had preliminary biological functions. Conclusion Patterned microfluidic chips can make hippocampal neurons grow along limited paths and form 3D neuron networks with corresponding biological functions such as signal transduction, which lays a foundation for further exploring the function of neuron networks in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianmin Kong
- School of Biomedical Engineering 【?】, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P.R.China
| | - Shanshan Tian
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P.R.China
| | - Tao Chen
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P.R.China
| | - Yinghui Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering 【?】, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kong X, Tian S, Chen T, Huang Y. Functional detection of the original generation of hippocampal cells planted on to the micro-fluidic chip with artificial neuronal network using the patch clamp recording technique: a preliminary study. Int J Neurosci 2018; 129:430-437. [PMID: 30334641 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1538142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The design of pattern that limits the hippocampal cells growth is an important explore for realizing a simplified artificial neuronal network in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we examined the pattern in micro-fluidic chip to stipulate the hippocampal cells adhesion, growth and the formation of a functional neuronal network in vitro. Patch clamp recording technique was used to detect the growth situation and biological function of the haippocampal cells on the micro-fluidic chip which could simulate environment in vivo. RESULTS We showed that the number of neurons cultured was about 5000-6000 cells on the micro-fluidic chip, which was conductive to the hippocampal cells growth. The result of patch clamp recording technique showed the signals of sodium and potassium channels, meanwhile, it also revealed the signals of synaptic connection. CONCLUSIONS These findings involve placing cells in specific locations to create organized structures, and explore the spread function of synaptic on the micro-fluidic chip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianmin Kong
- a School of Life Science and Bioengineering , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Tian
- b Laser Institute Beijing University of Technology , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- b Laser Institute Beijing University of Technology , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Huang
- a School of Life Science and Bioengineering , Beijing University of Technology , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen Z, Li W, Choi G, Yang X, Miao J, Cui L, Guan W. Arbitrarily Accessible 3D Microfluidic Device for Combinatorial High-Throughput Drug Screening. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16101616. [PMID: 27690055 PMCID: PMC5087404 DOI: 10.3390/s16101616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics-based drug-screening systems have enabled efficient and high-throughput drug screening, but their routine uses in ordinary labs are limited due to the complexity involved in device fabrication and system setup. In this work, we report an easy-to-use and low-cost arbitrarily accessible 3D microfluidic device that can be easily adopted by various labs to perform combinatorial assays for high-throughput drug screening. The device is capable of precisely performing automatic and simultaneous reagent loading and aliquoting tasks and performing multistep assays with arbitrary sequences. The device is not intended to compete with other microfluidic technologies regarding ultra-low reaction volume. Instead, its freedom from tubing or pumping systems and easy operation makes it an ideal platform for routine high-throughput drug screening outside traditional microfluidic labs. The functionality and quantitative reliability of the 3D microfluidic device were demonstrated with a histone acetyltransferase-based drug-screening assay using the recombinant Plasmodium falciparum GCN5 enzyme, benchmarked with a traditional microtiter plate-based method. This arbitrarily accessible, multistep capable, low-cost, and easy-to-use device can be widely adopted in various combinatorial assays beyond high-throughput drug screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuofa Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Weizhi Li
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Gihoon Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Jun Miao
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Weihua Guan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Microfluidics for cell-based high throughput screening platforms - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 903:36-50. [PMID: 26709297 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the basic techniques of microfluidics for the study of cells such as cell culture, cell separation, and cell lysis, have been well developed. Based on cell handling techniques, microfluidics has been widely applied in the field of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), immunoassays, organ-on-chip, stem cell research, and analysis and identification of circulating tumor cells. As a major step in drug discovery, high-throughput screening allows rapid analysis of thousands of chemical, biochemical, genetic or pharmacological tests in parallel. In this review, we summarize the application of microfluidics in cell-based high throughput screening. The screening methods mentioned in this paper include approaches using the perfusion flow mode, the droplet mode, and the microarray mode. We also discuss the future development of microfluidic based high throughput screening platform for drug discovery.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The integration of nanohole array based plasmonic sensors into microfluidic systems has enabled the emergence of platforms with unique capabilities and a diversified palette of applications. Recent advances in fabrication techniques together with novel implementation schemes have influenced the progress of these optofluidic platforms. Here, we review the advances that nanohole array based sensors have experienced since they were first merged with microfluidics. We examine established and new fabrication methodologies that have enabled both the fabrication of nanohole arrays with improved optical attributes and a reduction in manufacturing costs. The achievements of several platforms developed to date and the significant benefits obtained from operating the nanoholes as nanochannels are also reviewed herein. Finally, we discuss future opportunities for on-chip nanohole array sensors by outlining potential applications and the use of the abilities of the nanostructures beyond the optical context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Escobedo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chung BG, Kang L, Khademhosseini A. Micro- and nanoscale technologies for tissue engineering and drug discovery applications. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:1653-68. [PMID: 23488907 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.12.1653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and nanoscale technologies are emerging as powerful enabling tools for tissue engineering and drug discovery. In tissue engineering, micro- and nanotechnologies can be used to fabricate biomimetic scaffolds with increased complexity and vascularization. Furthermore, these technologies can be used to control the cellular microenvironment (i.e., cell-cell, cell-matrix and cell-soluble factor interactions) in a reproducible manner and with high temporal and spatial resolution. In drug discovery, miniaturized platforms based on micro- and nanotechnology can be used to precisely control the fluid flow, enable high-throughput screening, and minimize sample or reagent volumes. In addition, these systems enhance reproducibility and significantly reduce reaction times. This paper reviews the recent developments in the field of micro- and nanoscale technology and gives examples of their tissue engineering and drug discovery applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bong Geun Chung
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 65 Landsdowne Street, Room 252, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA +1 617 768 8395 ; +1 617 768 8477 ;
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
A cell undergoing apoptosis demonstrates multitude of characteristic morphological and biochemical features, which vary depending on the inducer of apoptosis, cell type and the "time window" at which the process of apoptosis is observed. Because the gross majority of apoptotic hallmarks can be revealed by flow and image cytometry, the cytometric methods become a technology of choice in diverse studies of cellular demise. Variety of cytometric methods designed to identify apoptotic cells, detect particular events of apoptosis and probe mechanisms associated with this mode of cell death have been developed during the past two decades. In the present review, we outline commonly used methods that are based on the assessment of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, activation of caspases, DNA fragmentation, and plasma membrane alterations. We also present novel developments in the field such as the use of cyanine SYTO and TO-PRO family of probes. Strategies of selecting the optimal multiparameter approaches, as well as potential difficulties in the experimental procedures, are thoroughly summarized.
Collapse
|
10
|
Walczak R, Śniadek P, Dziuban JA, Kluger J, Soyta AC. Supravital fluorometric apoptosis detection in a single mouse embryo using lab-on-a-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3263-3268. [PMID: 21833426 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00667j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Detection of apoptosis is one of the main criteria of preimplantation embryo growth potential assessment. Recent developments in lab-on-a-chip techniques has led to apoptosis detection and monitoring on a single cell or embryo level. However, single embryo apoptosis detection without a change in embryo developmental competence and post-examination "recovery" still remains a challenge. In this paper we present a lab-on-a-chip, co-working with miniaturized optical instrumentation, which allows supravital examination of single embryos for the presence of apoptotic blastomers with full after lab-on-a-chip study "recovery" and maintenance of their further developmental capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Walczak
- Wrocław University of Technology, Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Janiszewski Str. 11/17, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Seidi A, Kaji H, Annabi N, Ostrovidov S, Ramalingam M, Khademhosseini A. A microfluidic-based neurotoxin concentration gradient for the generation of an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:22214. [PMID: 21799720 PMCID: PMC3145239 DOI: 10.1063/1.3580756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a miniaturized microfluidic-based high-throughput cell toxicity assay to create an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease (PD). In particular, we generated concentration gradients of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to trigger a process of neuronal apoptosis in pheochromocytoma PC12 neuronal cell line. PC12 cells were cultured in a microfluidic channel, and a concentration gradient of 6-OHDA was generated in the channel by using a back and forth movement of the fluid flow. Cellular apoptosis was then analyzed along the channel. The results indicate that at low concentrations of 6-OHDA along the gradient (i.e., approximately less than 260 μM), the neuronal death in the channel was mainly induced by apoptosis, while at higher concentrations, 6-OHDA induced neuronal death mainly through necrosis. Thus, this concentration appears to be useful for creating an in vitro model of PD by inducing the highest level of apoptosis in PC12 cells. As microfluidic systems are advantageous in a range of properties such as throughput and lower use of reagents, they may provide a useful approach for generating in vitro models of disease for drug discovery applications.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hosokawa M, Hayashi T, Mori T, Yoshino T, Nakasono S, Matsunaga T. Microfluidic device with chemical gradient for single-cell cytotoxicity assays. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3648-54. [PMID: 21526753 DOI: 10.1021/ac2000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the fabrication of a chemical gradient microfluidic device for single-cell cytotoxicity assays. This device consists of a microfluidic chemical gradient generator and a microcavity array that enables entrapment of cells with high efficiency at 88 ± 6% of the loaded cells. A 2-fold logarithmic chemical gradient generator that is capable of generating a serial 2-fold gradient was designed and then integrated with the microcavity array. High density single-cell entrapment was demonstrated in the device without cell damage, which was performed in 30 s. Finally, we validated the feasibility of this device to perform cytotoxicity assays by exposing cells to potassium cyanide (0-100 μM KCN). The device captured images of 4000 single cells affected by 6 concentrations of KCN and determined cell viability by counting the effected cells. Image scanning of the microcavity array was completed within 10 min using a 10× objective lens and a motorized stage. Aligning cells on the microcavity array eases cell counting, observation, imaging, and evaluation of singular cells. Thus, this platform was able to determine the cytotoxicity of chemicals at a single-cell level, as well as trace the cytotoxicity over time. This device and method will be useful for cytotoxicity analysis and basic biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Hosokawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu Y, Wang H, Liu Q, Qu H, Liu B, Yang P. Improvement of proteolytic efficiency towards low-level proteins by an antifouling surface of alumina gel in a microchannel. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2887-2893. [PMID: 20927474 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00016g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic reactor has been developed for rapid enhancement of protein digestion by constructing an alumina network within a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) microchannel. Trypsin is stably immobilized in a sol-gel network on the PET channel surface after pretreatment, which produces a protein-resistant interface to reduce memory effects, as characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and electroosmotic flow. The gel-derived network within a microchannel provides a large surface-to-volume ratio stationary phase for highly efficient proteolysis of proteins existing both at a low level and in complex extracts. The maximum reaction rate of the encapsulated trypsin reactor, measured by kinetic analysis, is much faster than in bulk solution. Due to the microscopic confinement effect, high levels of enzyme entrapment and the biocompatible microenvironment provided by the alumina gel network, the low-level proteins can be efficiently digested using such a microreactor within a very short residence time of a few seconds. The on-chip microreactor is further applied to the identification of a mixture of proteins extracted from normal mouse liver cytoplasm sample via integration with 2D-LC-ESI-MS/MS to show its potential application for large-scale protein identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao L, Cheng P, Li J, Zhang Y, Gu M, Liu J, Zhang J, Zhu JJ. Analysis of nonadherent apoptotic cells by a quantum dots probe in a microfluidic device for drug screening. Anal Chem 2010; 81:7075-80. [PMID: 19634888 DOI: 10.1021/ac901121f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This technical note describes a facile technique to screen some anticancer drugs and evaluate their effects on nonadhesive leukemic cells in an easily fabricated microfluidic device by utilizing the Annexin V conjugated quantum dots as apoptosis detection probes. The cell immobilizing structures and gradient-generating channels were integrated within the device which was fabricated in one-single step. The nonadhesive leukemic HL-60 cells can be felicitously immobilized and cultured on the dam structures at a proper lateral pressure. We then delivered Annexin V functionalized quantum dots which can readily bind to the outer membrane of apoptotic cells and distinguish the apoptosis from unaffected cells with single cell level resolution. The diffusion time of quantum dots reduced to 5 min before imaging. The capabilities of evaluating drug effect on HL-60 cell line have been shown in both population way and individual cell level. The technique presented herein can bridge the gap between the quantum dots based in vitro cell imaging and the analysis of individual apoptotic cell in a microfluidic system, allows an easy operating protocol to screen some clinically available anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mahto SK, Yoon TH, Rhee SW. Cytotoxic effects of surface-modified quantum dots on neuron-like PC12 cells cultured inside microfluidic devices. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-010-4113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
16
|
Ye N, Wang MW, Qin J, Lin B. Microfluidic devices for characterizing the agonist of formyl peptide receptor in RBL-FPR cells. Biomed Microdevices 2010; 12:513-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-010-9408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Wlodkowic D, Faley S, Zagnoni M, Wikswo JP, Cooper JM. Microfluidic single-cell array cytometry for the analysis of tumor apoptosis. Anal Chem 2009; 81:5517-23. [PMID: 19514700 DOI: 10.1021/ac9008463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Limitations imposed by conventional analytical technologies for cell biology, such as flow cytometry or microplate imaging, are often prohibitive for the kinetic analysis of single-cell responses to therapeutic compounds. In this paper, we describe the application of a microfluidic array to the real-time screening of anticancer drugs against arrays of single cells. The microfluidic platform comprises an array of micromechanical traps, designed to passively corral individual nonadherent cells. This platform, fabricated in the biologically compatible elastomer poly(dimethylsiloxane), PDMS, enables hydrodynamic trapping of cells in low shear stress zones, enabling time-lapse studies of nonadherent hematopoietic cells. Results indicate that these live-cell, microfluidic microarrays can be readily applied to kinetic analysis of investigational anticancer agents in hematopoietic cancer cells, providing new opportunities for automated microarray cytometry and higher-throughput screening. We also demonstrate the ability to quantify on-chip the anticancer drug induced apoptosis. Specifically, we show that with small numbers of trapped cells (approximately 300) under careful serial observation we can achieve results with only slightly greater statistical spread than can be obtained with single-pass flow cytometer measurements of 15,000-30,000 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The Bioelectronics Research Centre, Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, University of Glasgow, G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang M, Gong X, Wen W. Manipulation of microfluidic droplets by electrorheological fluid. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3116-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
20
|
Deshpande KS, Ahamed T, ter Horst JH, Jansens PJ, van der Wielen LAM, Ottens M. The use of self-interaction chromatography in stable formulation and crystallization of proteins. Biotechnol J 2009; 4:1266-77. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
21
|
Wlodkowic D, Skommer J, Faley S, Darzynkiewicz Z, Cooper JM. Dynamic analysis of apoptosis using cyanine SYTO probes: from classical to microfluidic cytometry. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:1706-14. [PMID: 19298813 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is a stochastic process, often initiated and/or executed in a multi-pathway/multi-organelle fashion. Therefore, high-throughput single-cell analysis platforms are required to provide detailed characterization of kinetics and mechanisms of cell death in heterogeneous cell populations. However, there is still a largely unmet need for inert fluorescent probes, suitable for prolonged kinetic studies. Here, we compare the use of innovative adaptation of unsymmetrical SYTO dyes for dynamic real-time analysis of apoptosis in conventional as well as microfluidic chip-based systems. We show that cyanine SYTO probes allow non-invasive tracking of intracellular events over extended time. Easy handling and "stain-no wash" protocols open up new opportunities for high-throughput analysis and live-cell sorting. Furthermore, SYTO probes are easily adaptable for detection of cell death using automated microfluidic chip-based cytometry. Overall, the combined use of SYTO probes and state-of-the-art Lab-on-a-Chip platform emerges as a cost effective solution for automated drug screening compared to conventional Annexin V or TUNEL assays. In particular, it should allow for dynamic analysis of samples where low cell number has so far been an obstacle, e.g. primary cancer stems cells or circulating minimal residual tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, The Bioelectronics Research Center, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Deshpande K, Ahamed T, van der Wielen LAM, Horst JHT, Jansens PJ, Ottens M. Protein self-interaction chromatography on a microchip. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:600-605. [PMID: 19190796 DOI: 10.1039/b810741f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the development of a novel miniaturized experimental procedure for the measurement of protein-protein interactions through Self-Interaction Chromatography (SIC) on a microchip, without the use of chromatographic resins. SIC was recently demonstrated to be a relatively easy method to obtain quantitative thermodynamic information about protein-protein interactions, like the osmotic second virial coefficient B(22), which relates to protein phase behavior including protein crystallization. This successful miniaturization to microchip level of a measurement device for protein self-interaction data is a first key step to a complete microfluidic screening platform for the rational design of protein crystallizations, using substantially less expensive protein and experimentation time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kedar Deshpande
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628BC, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mahto SK, Yoon TH, Shin H, Rhee SW. Multicompartmented microfluidic device for characterization of dose-dependent cadmium cytotoxicity in BALB/3T3 fibroblast cells. Biomed Microdevices 2008; 11:401-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-008-9246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
24
|
Komen J, Wolbers F, Franke HR, Andersson H, Vermes I, van den Berg A. Viability analysis and apoptosis induction of breast cancer cells in a microfluidic device: effect of cytostatic drugs. Biomed Microdevices 2008; 10:727-37. [PMID: 18523888 PMCID: PMC2494574 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-008-9184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among non-smoking women worldwide. At the moment the treatment regime is such that patients receive different chemotherapeutic and/or hormonal treatments dependent on the hormone receptor status, the menopausal status and age. However, in vitro sensitivity testing of tumor biopsies could rationalize and improve the choice of chemo- and hormone therapy. Lab-on-a-Chip devices, using microfluidic techniques, make detailed cellular analysis possible using fewer cells, enabling working with a patients’ own cells and performing chemo- and hormone sensitivity testing in an ex vivo setting. This article describes the development of two microfluidic devices made in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) to validate the cell culture properties and analyze the chemosensitivity of MCF-7 cells (estrogen receptor positive human breast cancer cells) in response to the drug staurosporine (SSP). In both cases, cell viability was assessed using the life-stain Calcein-AM (CAAM) and the death dye propidium iodide (PI). MCF-7 cells could be statically cultured for up to 7 days in the microfluidic chip. A 30 min flow with SSP and a subsequent 24 h static incubation in the incubator induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, as shown by a disappearance of the aggregate-like morphology, a decrease in CAAM staining and an increase in PI staining. This work provides valuable leads to develop a microfluidic chip to test the chemosensitivity of tumor cells in response to therapeutics and in this way improve cancer treatment towards personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Job Komen
- BIOS, the Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chang CL, Hou HH, Fu LM, Tsai CH. A low-leakage sample plug injection scheme for crossform microfluidic capillary electrophoresis devices incorporating a restricted cross-channel intersection. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3135-44. [PMID: 18600833 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study develops a crossform CE microfluidic device in which a single-circular barrier or a double-circular barrier is introduced at the cross-channel intersection. Utilizing a conventional crossform injection scheme, it is shown that these barriers reduce sample leakage and deliver a compact sample band into the separation channel, thereby ensuring an enhanced detection performance. A series of numerical and experimental investigations are performed to investigate the effects of the barrier type and the barrier ratio on the flow streamlines within the microchannel and to clarify their respective effects on the sample leakage ratio and sample plug variance during the injection process. The results indicate that a single-circular barrier injector with a barrier ratio greater than 20% and a double-circular barrier injector with a barrier ratio greater than 40% minimize the sample leakage ratio and produce a compact sample plug. As a result, both injectors have an excellent potential for use in high-quality, high-throughput chemical analysis procedures and in many other applications throughout the micro-total analysis systems field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Lung Chang
- Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Chemical cytometry, referring to the analysis of the chemical contents in individual cells, has been in intensive study since Kennedy's first work that was published in Science. The early researches relied on fine-tip capillaries to capture the cells and do the analyses, which were lab- and time-intensive and required high skills of operation. The emergence of microfluidics has greatly spurred this research field and a great number of research papers have been published in the last decades. Highly integrated microfluidic chips have been developed to capture multiple single cells, lyse them, perform chemical reactions in enclosed microchambers, separate contents by CE and detect chemical species in individual cells. This review focuses on the development of relevant components and their integration for on-chip chemical cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wlodkowic D, Skommer J, Darzynkiewicz Z. SYTO probes in the cytometry of tumor cell death. Cytometry A 2008; 73:496-507. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
28
|
Chen L, Choo J. Recent advances in surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection technology for microfluidic chips. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1815-28. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
29
|
Henares TG, Mizutani F, Sekizawa R, Hisamoto H. Single-drop analysis of various proteases in a cancer cell lysate using a capillary-assembled microchip. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2507-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
30
|
Wu D, Qin J, Lin B. Electrophoretic separations on microfluidic chips. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:542-59. [PMID: 18207148 PMCID: PMC7094303 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 11/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a brief outline and novel developments of electrophoretic separation in microfluidic chips. Distinct characteristics of microchip electrophoresis (MCE) are discussed first, in which sample injection plug, joule heat, channel turn, surface adsorption and modification are introduced, and some successful strategies and recognized conclusions are also included. Important achievements of microfluidic electrophoresis separation in small molecules, DNA and protein are then summarized. This review is aimed at researchers, who are interested in MCE and want to adopt MCE as a functional unit in their integrated microsystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianhua Qin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Bingcheng Lin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ye N, Qin J, Shi W, Liu X, Lin B. Cell-based high content screening using an integrated microfluidic device. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:1696-704. [PMID: 18030389 DOI: 10.1039/b711513j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
High content screening (HCS) has quickly established itself as a core technique in the early stage of drug discovery for secondary compound screening. It allows several independent cellular parameters to be measured in a single cell or populations of cells in a single assay. In this work, we describe high content screening for the multiparametric measurement of cellular responses in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells using an integrated microfluidic device. This device consists of multiple drug gradient generators and parallel cell culture chambers, in which the processes of liquid dilution and diffusion, micro-scale cell culture, cell stimulation and cell labeling can be integrated into a single device. The simple assay provides multiparametric measurements of plasma membrane permeability, nuclear size, mitochondrial transmembrane potential and intracellular redox states in anti-cancer drug-induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells. The established platform is able to rapidly extract the maximum of information from tumor cells in response to several drugs varying in concentration, with minimal sample and less time, which is very useful for basic biomedical research and cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Ye
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Basabe-Desmonts L, Benito-López F, Gardeniers HJGE, Duwel R, van den Berg A, Reinhoudt DN, Crego-Calama M. Fluorescent sensor array in a microfluidic chip. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:307-15. [PMID: 18034337 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturization and automation are highly important issues for the development of high-throughput processes. The area of micro total analysis systems (muTAS) is growing rapidly and the design of new schemes which are suitable for miniaturized analytical devices is of great importance. In this paper we report the immobilization of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with metal ion sensing properties, on the walls of glass microchannels. The parallel combinatorial synthesis of sensing SAMs in individually addressable microchannels towards the generation of optical sensor arrays and sensing chips has been developed. [figure: see text] The advantages of microfluidic devices, surface chemistry, parallel synthesis, and combinatorial approaches have been merged to integrate a fluorescent chemical sensor array in a microfluidic chip. Specifically, five different fluorescent self-assembled monolayers have been created on the internal walls of glass microchannels confined in a microfluidic chip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Basabe-Desmonts
- Department of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu Y, Xue Y, Ji J, Chen X, Kong J, Yang P, Girault HH, Liu B. Gold Nanoparticle Assembly Microfluidic Reactor for Efficient On-line Proteolysis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:1428-36. [PMID: 17519226 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.t600055-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A microchip reactor coated with a gold nanoparticle network entrapping trypsin was designed for the efficient on-line proteolysis of low level proteins and complex extracts originating from mouse macrophages. The nanostructured surface coating was assembled via a layer-by-layer electrostatic binding of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and gold nanoparticles. The assembly process was monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance. The controlled adsorption of trypsin was theoretically studied on the basis of the Langmuir isotherm model, and the fitted Gamma(max) and K values were estimated to be 1.2 x 10(-7) mol/m(2) and 4.1 x 10(5) M(-1), respectively. An enzymatic kinetics assay confirmed that trypsin, which was entrapped in the biocompatible gold nanoparticle network with a high loading capacity, preserved its bioactivity. The maximum proteolytic rate of the adsorbed trypsin was 400 mM/(min.microg). Trace amounts of proteins down to femtomole per analysis were digested using the microchip reactor, and the resulting tryptic products were identified by MALDI-TOF MS/MS. The protein mixtures extracted from the mouse macrophages were efficiently identified by on-line digestion and LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cheng X, Liu YS, Irimia D, Demirci U, Yang L, Zamir L, Rodríguez WR, Toner M, Bashir R. Cell detection and counting through cell lysate impedance spectroscopy in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:746-55. [PMID: 17538717 PMCID: PMC4476634 DOI: 10.1039/b705082h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based microfluidic devices have attracted interest for a wide range of applications. While optical cell counting and flow cytometry-type devices have been reported extensively, sensitive and efficient non-optical methods to detect and quantify cells attached over large surface areas within microdevices are generally lacking. We describe an electrical method for counting cells based on the measurement of changes in conductivity of the surrounding medium due to ions released from surface-immobilized cells within a microfluidic channel. Immobilized cells are lysed using a low conductivity, hypotonic media and the resulting change in impedance is measured using surface patterned electrodes to detect and quantify the number of cells. We found that the bulk solution conductance increases linearly with the number of isolated cells contributing to solution ion concentration. The method of cell lysate impedance spectroscopy is sensitive enough to detect 20 cells microL(-1), and offers a simple and efficient method for detecting and enumerating cells within microfluidic devices for many applications including measurement of CD4 cell counts in HIV patients in resource-limited settings. To our knowledge, this is the most sensitive approach using non-optical setups to enumerate immobilized cells. The microfluidic device, capable of isolating specific cell types from a complex bio-fluidic and quantifying cell number, can serve as a single use cartridge for a hand-held instrument to provide simple, fast and affordable cell counting in point-of-care settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhong Cheng
- BioMEMS Resource Center and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Yi-shao Liu
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- BioMEMS Resource Center and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Liju Yang
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Now at Biomanufacturing Research Institute & Technology Enterprise (BRITE), Department of Chemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Lee Zamir
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 02114, USA
- Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - William R. Rodríguez
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 02114, USA
- Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
- ; Fax: +1-617-724-2999; Tel: +1-617-371-4876; ; Fax: +1-765-494-6441; Tel: +1-765-496-6229; .; Fax: +1-617-726-4691; Tel: +1-617-726-8099
| | - Mehmet Toner
- BioMEMS Resource Center and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- ; Fax: +1-617-724-2999; Tel: +1-617-371-4876; ; Fax: +1-765-494-6441; Tel: +1-765-496-6229; .; Fax: +1-617-726-4691; Tel: +1-617-726-8099
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- ; Fax: +1-617-724-2999; Tel: +1-617-371-4876; ; Fax: +1-765-494-6441; Tel: +1-765-496-6229; .; Fax: +1-617-726-4691; Tel: +1-617-726-8099
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ye N, Qin J, Liu X, Shi W, Lin B. Characterizing doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells using an integrated microfluidic device. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1146-53. [PMID: 17330224 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis has now established its importance in numerous areas of biology and is recently receiving great attention as an important topic related to the development of diseases. In this work, an integrated microfluidic device was developed to characterize doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. A continuous concentration gradient of stimulator (doxorubicin) was generated in the upstream network and used to perfuse downstream cultured HepG2 cells. The appropriate fluorescent dyes were introduced into cells from the inlets connected to the cell culture chambers, allowing one to distinguish apoptotic cells from nonapoptotic or necrotic cells. The resultant fluorescence of cellular population was monitored and quantified with single-cell resolution to infer the apoptosis process being studied. The feasibility of studying apoptosis was demonstrated by measuring several apoptotic events, including morphological alterations, plasma membrane phosphatidylserine externalization, and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse. This microfluidic device, integrating the cell culture, stimulation, staining, and washing steps into a single device, can simultaneously generate a number of experimental conditions and investigate multiple parameters relating stimulation to apoptosis. It offers a unique platform to characterize various cellular responses in a high-throughput fashion, which is otherwise impossible with conventional methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Ye
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The history and current status of research on microfluidics in China is summarized in this review. The recent representative contributions in this field by Chinese scientists are cited. A perspective on some trends in future development of this field in China is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingcheng Lin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, PR China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhou S, Lin J, Du W, Zhang Z, Luo Q, Liu BF, Dai Y. Monitoring of proteinase activation in cell apoptosis by capillary electrophoresis with bioengineered fluorescent probe. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
38
|
|
39
|
Gödde R, Akkad DA, Arning L, Dekomien G, Herchenbach J, Kunstmann E, Meins M, Wieczorek S, Epplen JT, Hoffjan S. Electrophoresis of DNA in human genetic diagnostics – state-of-the-art, alternatives and future prospects. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:939-46. [PMID: 16470775 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoretic separation of nucleic acids according to their molecular weights has dominated the methods' spectrum in molecular genetics for nearly half a century. We review the current methodological basis and evaluate its impact with special reference to new developments in the microarray technology. Although electrophoresis may be made redundant for many applications in DNA diagnostics within a few years, a number of electrophoretic vestiges will remain irreplaceable in the foreseeable future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Gödde
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|