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Tmejova K, Hynek D, Kopel P, Gumulec J, Krizkova S, Guran R, Heger Z, Kalina M, Vaculovicova M, Adam V, Kizek R. Structural effects and nanoparticle size are essential for quantum dots-metallothionein complex formation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015. [PMID: 26209776 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interaction between semiconductor nanocrystals, cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) capped with mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA) and metallothionein (MT) was investigated. MSA-capped CdTe QDs were synthesized in aqueous solution. Mixture of MT and MSA-capped CdTe QDs has been investigated by various analytical methods as follows: tris-tricine gel electrophoresis, fluorescence evaluation and electrochemical detection of catalysed hydrogen evolution. The obtained results demonstrate that MSA-capped CdTe QDs and MT do not create firmly bound stabile complex. However, weak electrostatic interactions contribute to the interaction of MT with MSA-capped CdTeQDs. It can be concluded that QDs size influences the QDs and MT interaction. The smallest QDs had the highest affinity to MT and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Tmejova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, European Union, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, European Union, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Hynek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, European Union, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, European Union, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kopel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, European Union, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, European Union, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Gumulec
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, European Union, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, European Union, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sona Krizkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, European Union, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, European Union, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Guran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, European Union, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, European Union, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, European Union, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, European Union, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kalina
- Materials Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, European Union, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Vaculovicova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, European Union, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, European Union, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, European Union, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, European Union, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, European Union, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, European Union, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Mehus AA, Muhonen WW, Garrett SH, Somji S, Sens DA, Shabb JB. Quantitation of human metallothionein isoforms: a family of small, highly conserved, cysteine-rich proteins. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:1020-33. [PMID: 24493013 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.033373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metallothioneins (MTs) are important regulators of metal homeostasis and protectors against oxidative damage. Their altered mRNA expression has been correlated with metal toxicity and a variety of cancers. Current immunodetection methods lack the specificity to distinguish all 12 human isoforms. Each, however, can be distinguished by the mass of its acetylated, cysteine-rich, hydrophilic N-terminal tryptic peptides. These properties were exploited to develop a bottom-up MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS-based method for their simultaneous quantitation. Key features included enrichment of N-terminal acetylated peptides by strong cation exchange chromatography, optimization of C18 reversed-phase chromatography, and control of methionine oxidation. Combinations of nine isoforms were identified in seven cell lines and two tissues. Relative quantitation was accomplished by comparing peak intensities of peptides generated from pooled cytosolic proteins alkylated with ¹⁴N- or ¹⁵N-iodoacetamide. Absolute quantitation was achieved using ¹⁵N-iodoacetamide-labeled synthetic peptides as internal standards. The method was applied to the cadmium induction of MTs in human kidney HK-2 epithelial cells expressing recombinant MT-3. Seven isoforms were detected with abundances spanning almost 2 orders of magnitude and inductions up to 12-fold. The protein-to-mRNA ratio for MT-1E was one-tenth that of other MTs, suggesting isoform-specific differences in protein expression efficiency. Differential expression of MT-1G1 and MT-1G2 suggested tissue- and cell-specific alternative splicing for the MT-1G isoform. Protein expression of MT isoforms was also evaluated in human breast epithelial cancer cell lines. Estrogen-receptor-positive cell lines expressed only MT-2 and MT-1X, whereas estrogen-receptor-negative cell lines additionally expressed MT-1E. The combined expression of MT isoforms was 38-fold greater in estrogen-receptor-negative cell lines than in estrogen-receptor-positive cells. These findings demonstrate that individual human MT isoforms can be accurately quantified in cells and tissues at the protein level, complementing and expanding mRNA measurement as a means for evaluating MTs as potential biomarkers for cancers or heavy metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Mehus
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 Columbia Road N., Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
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Jara-Biedma R, González-Dominguez R, García-Barrera T, Lopez-Barea J, Pueyo C, Gómez-Ariza JL. Evolution of metallotionein isoforms complexes in hepatic cells of Mus musculus along cadmium exposure. Biometals 2013; 26:639-50. [PMID: 23793301 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of Cd-binding proteins has great analytical interest due to the high toxicity of Cd to living organisms. Metallothioneins (MTs), as Cd(II)-binding proteins are of increasing interest, since they form very stable Cd chelates and are involved in many detoxification processes. In this work, inductively coupled plasma octopole reaction cell mass spectrometry and nanospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used in parallel and combined with two-dimensional chromatography: size exclusion followed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, to study metal complexes of MT isoforms produced in hepatic cytosols of Mus musculus during exposure experiments to Cd. Exposure experiments were carried out by subcutaneous injection of a growing dose of the toxic element ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mg of Cd per kg of body weight per day during 10 days. A control group and three exposure groups at days 2, 6 and 10 of exposure were studied, and different cadmium, copper and zinc complexes with MTs isoforms were isolated and characterized from the two most exposed groups. The results allow gaining insight into the mechanisms involved in metal detoxification by MTs, showing the changes in the stoichiometry of metal complexes-MTs along cadmium exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jara-Biedma
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmenm, Fuerzas Armadas Ave., 21007 Huelva, Spain
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Ryvolova M, Adam V, Kizek R. Analysis of metallothionein by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1226:31-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Mounicou S, Ouerdane L, L'Azou B, Passagne I, Ohayon-Courtès C, Szpunar J, Lobinski R. Identification of metallothionein subisoforms in HPLC using accurate mass and online sequencing by electrospray hybrid linear ion trap-orbital ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:6947-57. [PMID: 20669907 DOI: 10.1021/ac101245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive approach to the characterization of metallothionein (MT) isoforms based on microbore HPLC with multimodal detection was developed. MTs were separated as Cd(7) complexes, detected by ICP MS and tentatively identified by molecular mass measured with 1-2 ppm accuracy using Orbital ion trap mass spectrometry. The identification was validated by accurate mass of the corresponding apo-MTs after postcolumn acidification and by their sequences acquired online by higher-energy collision dissociation MS/MS. The detection limits down to 10 fmol and 45 fmol could be obtained by ESI MS for apo- and Cd(7)-isoforms, respectively, and were lower than those obtained by ICP MS (100 fmol). The individual MT isoforms could be sequenced at levels as low as 200 fmol with the sequence coverage exceeding 90%. The approach was successfully applied to the identification of MT isoforms induced in a pig kidney cell line (LLC-PK(1)) exposed to CdS nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mounicou
- CNRS/UPPA, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement, UMR 5254, 2, av. Pr. Angot, 64053 Pau, France
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Klampfl CW. CE with MS detection: A rapidly developing hyphenated technique. Electrophoresis 2009; 30 Suppl 1:S83-91. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Staub A, Schappler J, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. CE-TOF/MS: Fundamental concepts, instrumental considerations and applications. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1610-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Benavente F, Andón B, Giménez E, Olivieri AC, Barbosa J, Sanz-Nebot V. A multiway approach for classification and characterization of rabbit liver apothioneins by CE-ESI-MS. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4355-67. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Benavente F, Andón B, Giménez E, Barbosa J, Sanz-Nebot V. Modeling the migration behavior of rabbit liver apothioneins in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2790-800. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Gaspar A, Englmann M, Fekete A, Harir M, Schmitt-Kopplin P. Trends in CE-MS 2005–2006. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:66-79. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wang R, Sens DA, Garrett S, Somji S, Sens MA, Lu X. The resistance of metallothionein to proteolytic digestion: an LC-MS/MS analysis. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2942-52. [PMID: 17702071 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of cysteine-rich metalloproteins which strongly bind to heavy metals, such as Cd(II), Zn(II), and Cu(I). Previous works by other group using gel electrophoresis and fluorescence showed MTs were resistant to proteolytic digestion by a variety of enzymes, raising the difficulties in proteomic identification of MTs. The present work was attempted to analyze the resistance of MTs to trypsin using LC with MS/MS (LC-MS/MS), which was able to determine the sequences of the produced peptides and thus precisely characterize the cleavages. The results showed that metal-saturated MTs were completely resistant to trypsin. This resistance problem could be overcome by the addition of EDTA to MT samples, which rendered MTs readily digested into peptides and identified by MS/MS. Interestingly, the partially metal binding MTs were digested into peptides predominantly with miss cleavages which were well dependent on the amount of heavy metals bound to MTs. An explanation for these observations was proposed. The potential applications of the MT's resistance to trypsin in isolation and identification of MTs in complex mixtures such as cultured cells was demonstrated. The preliminary data also showed the same proteomic approach of proteolytic digestion followed by MS/MS analysis may provide information on metal binding status of MTs, along with the identification of MTs in a mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongying Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA
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Haselberg R, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry for the analysis of intact proteins. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1159:81-109. [PMID: 17560583 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Developments in the fields of protein chemistry, proteomics and biotechnology have increased the demand for suitable analytical techniques for the analysis of intact proteins. In 1989, capillary electrophoresis (CE) was combined with mass spectrometry (MS) for the first time and its potential usefulness for the analysis of intact (i.e. non-digested) proteins was shown. This article provides an overview of the applications of CE-MS within the field of intact protein analysis. The principles of the applied CE modes and ionization techniques used for CE-MS of intact proteins are shortly described. It is shown that separations are predominantly carried out by capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing, whereas electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) are the most popular ionization techniques used for interfacing. The combination of CE with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) MS for the analysis of metalloproteins is also discussed. The various CE-MS combinations are systematically outlined and tables provide extensive overviews of the applications of each technique for intact protein analysis. Selected examples are given to illustrate the usefulness of the CE-MS techniques. Examples include protein isoform assignment, single cell analysis, metalloprotein characterization, proteomics and biomarker screening. Finally, chip-based electrophoresis combined with MS is shortly treated and some of its applications are described. It is concluded that CE-MS represents a powerful tool for the analysis of intact proteins yielding unique separations and information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Haselberg
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Wang R, Sens DA, Albrecht A, Garrett S, Somji S, Sens MA, Lu X. Simple method for identification of metallothionein isoforms in cultured human prostate cells by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 79:4433-41. [PMID: 17497826 PMCID: PMC4276256 DOI: 10.1021/ac062309s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present paper describes a rapid method for identification and characterization of human metallothionein (MT) isoforms in complex cell cultures using high-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF). In the proposed method, the sample preparation of MTs from cultured cells is both simple and fast. It is accomplished by trypsin cleavage of cell proteins into small peptide species, the majority of which are subsequently removed by gel filtration using beads with an exclusion limit of 4000 Da. In contrast to most cell proteins, MTs remain intact (undigested) upon being treated with trypsin, being excluded by the gel beads and thus recovered by low-speed centrifugation. To identify the protein constitutes of the MT preparation, the MT sample is divided into two parts, one for intact protein accurate mass measurement, the other for tryptic digestion followed by MS and MS/MS analyses. In the latter case, the MT proteins are denatured by the addition of EDTA which strips heavy metals from MTs and renders them susceptible to tryptic digestion. The obtained accurate mass with the unique peptide sequences of each MT isoform allows for unambiguous identification of MT isoforms in the prepared mixture. The method has been applied to RWPE-1 cells derived from normal human prostate epithelium. Four MT isoforms, 1E, 1G, 1X, and 2A, have been confidently identified, being primarily acetylated at N-termini. These results are in agreement with the expression of MT mRNAs in RWPE-1 cells determined by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongying Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202
- Proteomics Core Facility, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202
| | - Donald A. Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202
| | - Amy Albrecht
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202
| | - Scott Garrett
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202
| | - Seema Somji
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202
| | - Mary Ann Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202
| | - Xiaoning Lu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202
- Proteomics Core Facility, School of Medicine and Health Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Xiaoning Lu, University of North Dakota, SOMHS, 501 N. Columbia Road, RM 3573, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, Phone: 701-777-0389, Fax: 701-777-3108,
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:689-700. [PMID: 17474104 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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