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Pressurized liquids vs. high intensity focused ultrasounds for the extraction of proteins from a pomegranate seed waste. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.102958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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González-García E, Marina ML, García MC. Impact of the use of pressurized liquids on the extraction and functionality of proteins and bioactives from brewer's spent grain. Food Chem 2021; 359:129874. [PMID: 33951610 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A green methodology based on pressurized liquids (PLE) to extract proteins and obtain highly active extracts from brewer's spent grain (BSG) is proposed. Box-Behnken experimental design was employed to study the effect of extraction parameters on the protein content (PC), the total phenolic content (TPC), and the antioxidant activity of extracts. Results were compared with those obtained by conventional alkaline extraction assisted with ultrasounds (UAE). The selection of PLE conditions enabled to tailor the PC and TPC of extracts. PLE extracted 36 % more proteins than UAE. PLE extracts showed higher antioxidant, cholesterol esterase inhibition, and ACE inhibitory activities than UAE extract. HPLC-MS/MS enabled to observe that the extraction technique and experimental conditions significantly affected to the kind and amount of extracted proteins, and released peptides, and phenolic compounds. A higher ratio of hydrophobic peptides was observed in PLE extracts, which justified their higher bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E González-García
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - M L Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Rio" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - M C García
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Rio" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.
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Fratelli C, Burck M, Amarante MCA, Braga ARC. Antioxidant potential of nature's “something blue”: Something new in the marriage of biological activity and extraction methods applied to C-phycocyanin. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Coudert
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, Nouzilly, France
| | - E. Baéza
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, Nouzilly, France
| | - C. Berri
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR BOA, Nouzilly, France
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Olivares-Galván S, Marina ML, García MC. Extraction and Characterization of Antioxidant Peptides from Fruit Residues. Foods 2020; 9:foods9081018. [PMID: 32751284 PMCID: PMC7466205 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit residues with high protein contents are generated during the processing of some fruits. These sustainable sources of proteins are usually discarded and, in all cases, underused. In addition to proteins, these residues can also be sources of peptides with protective effects against oxidative damage. The revalorization of these residues, as sources of antioxidant peptides, requires the development of suitable methodologies for their extraction and the application of analytical techniques for their characterization. The exploitation of these residues involves two main steps: the extraction and purification of proteins and their hydrolysis to release peptides. The extraction of proteins is mainly carried out under alkaline conditions and, in some cases, denaturing reagents are also employed to improve protein solubilization. Alternatively, more sustainable strategies based on the use of high-intensity focused ultrasounds, microwaves, pressurized liquids, electric fields, or discharges, as well as deep eutectic solvents, are being implemented for the extraction of proteins. The scarce selectivity of these extraction methods usually makes the subsequent purification of proteins necessary. The purification of proteins based on their precipitation or the use of ultrafiltration has been the usual procedure, but new strategies based on nanomaterials are also being explored. The release of potential antioxidant peptides from proteins is the next step. Microbial fermentation and, especially, digestion with enzymes such as Alcalase, thermolysin, or flavourzyme have been the most common. Released peptides are next characterized by the evaluation of their antioxidant properties and the application of proteomic tools to identify their sequences.
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Machín-Sánchez M, Asensio-Ramos M, Hernández-Borges J, Gil-Rodríguez MC. CE-MS fingerprinting of Laurencia complex algae (Rhodophyta). J Sep Sci 2014; 37:711-6. [PMID: 24415709 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The use of CE-ESI-MS has been considered as a new chemical strategy for the possible discernment of genera and species of the Laurencia complex. After the selection of the CE-MS and the extraction conditions, a total of 28 specimens of the complex, including different species of four genera (Laurencia, Laurenciella, Palisada, and Osmundea) collected from five intertidal locations on the Island of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) were analyzed. CE-MS fingerprints revealed that CE-MS can be used as a useful tool for these studies in order to assess similarities and differences between them and that it constitutes an important starting point for further studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Machín-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez, La Laguna (Tenerife), España
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RAJAURIA GAURAV, JAISWAL AMITKUMAR, ABU-GANNAM NISSREEN, GUPTA SHILPI. ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND FREE RADICAL-SCAVENGING CAPACITY OF BROWN SEAWEEDHIMANTHALIA ELONGATAFROM WESTERN COAST OF IRELAND. J Food Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2012.00663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Kumar A, Malik AK, Picó Y. Sample preparation methods for the determination of pesticides in foods using CE-UV/MS. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2115-25. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Pressurised liquid extraction and capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits from Valencian markets, Spain. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Ravelo-Pérez LM, Asensio-Ramos M, Hernández-Borges J, Rodríguez-Delgado MA. Recent food safety and food quality applications of CE-MS. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1624-46. [PMID: 19360778 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The first on-line coupling of CE with MS detection more than 20 years ago provided a very powerful technique with a wide variety of applications, among which food analysis is of special interest, especially that dealing with food safety and food quality applications, the major topics of public interest nowadays. With this review article, we would like to show the most recent applications of CE-MS in both fields by recompiling and commenting articles published between January 2004 and October 2008. Although both applications are difficult to separate from each other, we have included in this work two main sections dealing with each specific field. Future trends will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia M Ravelo-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
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Plaza M, Herrero M, Cifuentes A, Ibáñez E. Innovative natural functional ingredients from microalgae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:7159-70. [PMID: 19650628 DOI: 10.1021/jf901070g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, a wide variety of compounds such as polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), or phytosterols obtained, for example, from wine, fish byproducts, or plants are employed to prepare new functional foods. However, unexplored natural sources of bioactive ingredients are gaining much attention since they can lead to the discovery of new compounds or bioactivities. Microalgae have been proposed as an interesting, almost unlimited, natural source in the search for novel natural functional ingredients, and several works have shown the possibility to find bioactive compounds in these organisms. Some advantages can be associated with the study of microalgae such as their huge diversity, the possibility of being used as natural reactors at controlled conditions, and their ability to produce active secondary metabolites to defend themselves from adverse or extreme conditions. In this contribution, an exhaustive revision is presented involving the research for innovative functional food ingredients from microalgae. The most interesting results in this promising field are discussed including new species composition and bioactivity and new processing and extraction methods. Moreover, the future research trends are critically commented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merichel Plaza
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Klampfl CW. CE with MS detection: A rapidly developing hyphenated technique. Electrophoresis 2009; 30 Suppl 1:S83-91. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Ruiz-Matute AI, Ramos L, Martínez-Castro I, Sanz ML. Fractionation of honey carbohydrates using pressurized liquid extraction with activated charcoal. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:8309-8313. [PMID: 18729462 DOI: 10.1021/jf8014552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the development of a new procedure that combines the use of activated charcoal and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) to obtain enriched fractions of di- and trisaccharides from honey. Honey was adsorbed onto activated charcoal and packed into a PLE extraction cell. Optimum results were obtained at 10 MPa and 40 degrees C using two consecutive PLE cycles: first, 1:99 (v/v) ethanol/water for 5 min and second, 50:50 (v/v) ethanol/water for 10 min. Di- and trisaccharide fractions were enriched after PLE treatment, accounting for 73% and 8% of total carbohydrates, respectively. This procedure was also compared with other methodologies reported in the literature for the fractionation of honey carbohydrates (yeast treatment and extraction from activated charcoal). While the removal of monosaccharides was more efficient with yeast treatment, recovery of di- and trisaccharides was higher when either the PLE or the activated charcoal treatment was used. PLE was found to be the faster technique; it also required less solvent volume and minimized handling of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Ruiz-Matute
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC) Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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15
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García-Cañas V, Cifuentes A. Recent advances in the application of capillary electromigration methods for food analysis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:294-309. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Procházková B, Šalplachta J. The Use of Carrier Ampholyte-Free Isoelectric Focusing for Proteomic Analysis. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Herrero M, Ibáñez E, Fanali S, Cifuentes A. Quantitation of chiral amino acids from microalgae by MEKC and LIF detection. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:2701-9. [PMID: 17592610 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, chiral and nonchiral MEKC methods have been combined with LIF detection (MEKC-LIF) to identify and quantify a group of D- and L-amino acids (D/L-aa) in different microalgae samples. The combination of the nonchiral and chiral-MEKC-LIF methods made the identification of the microalgae amino acids easier, previously derivatized with FITC, providing a double proof on the correct detection of these analytes. Three microalgae species, Spirulina platensis, Dunaliella salina, and Tetraselmis suecica, were compared in terms of their content in D-Arg, L-Arg, D-Lys, L-Lys, D-Ala, L-Ala, D-Glu, L-Glu, D-Asp, and L-Asp. Also, a comparison between two Spirulina platensis samples dried under different conditions (i.e., hot air or lyophilized) was carried out in order to investigate the effect of the thermal processing on the amino acid content. Moreover, two procedures for the extraction of amino acids from microalgae (i.e., a classical procedure and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE)) together with different conditions for amino acid derivatization were studied in order to increase the sensitivity of the whole analytical method. By using the selected chiral-MEKC-LIF conditions (100 mM sodium tetraborate, 30 mM SDS, and 20 mM beta-CD at pH 9.7) the main microalgae D/L-aa are separated in less than 25 min with efficiencies up to 840 000 plates/m and good sensitivity (i.e., 330 ng of D-Arg per gram of microalga could be detected by this procedure for an S/N of 3). Several D-aa were detected in all the microalgae, observing interesting differences in their D/L-aa profiles, what corroborates the usefulness of the chiral-MEKC-LIF approach to characterize different microalgae species as well as different microalgae drying processes. Moreover, the use of PLE can selectively extract different free amino acids from microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Herrero
- Institute of Industrial Fermentations (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Haselberg R, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry for the analysis of intact proteins. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1159:81-109. [PMID: 17560583 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Developments in the fields of protein chemistry, proteomics and biotechnology have increased the demand for suitable analytical techniques for the analysis of intact proteins. In 1989, capillary electrophoresis (CE) was combined with mass spectrometry (MS) for the first time and its potential usefulness for the analysis of intact (i.e. non-digested) proteins was shown. This article provides an overview of the applications of CE-MS within the field of intact protein analysis. The principles of the applied CE modes and ionization techniques used for CE-MS of intact proteins are shortly described. It is shown that separations are predominantly carried out by capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing, whereas electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) are the most popular ionization techniques used for interfacing. The combination of CE with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) MS for the analysis of metalloproteins is also discussed. The various CE-MS combinations are systematically outlined and tables provide extensive overviews of the applications of each technique for intact protein analysis. Selected examples are given to illustrate the usefulness of the CE-MS techniques. Examples include protein isoform assignment, single cell analysis, metalloprotein characterization, proteomics and biomarker screening. Finally, chip-based electrophoresis combined with MS is shortly treated and some of its applications are described. It is concluded that CE-MS represents a powerful tool for the analysis of intact proteins yielding unique separations and information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Haselberg
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Mendiola JA, Herrero M, Cifuentes A, Ibañez E. Use of compressed fluids for sample preparation: Food applications. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:234-46. [PMID: 17353022 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review attempts to provide an updated overview (including works published till June 2006) on the latest applications of compressed fluids as sample preparation techniques for food analysis. After a general review of the principles of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE; also called accelerated solvent extraction, ASE or subcritical water extraction, SWE, when water is employed as extraction solvent), the principal applications of such techniques in the mentioned fields of food and natural products are described, discussing their main advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Mendiola
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Sample preparation for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis using pressure cycling technology. Anal Biochem 2007; 363:309-11. [PMID: 17336263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hernández-Borges J, Borges-Miquel TM, Rodríguez-Delgado MA, Cifuentes A. Sample treatments prior to capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1153:214-26. [PMID: 17098242 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is a crucial part of chemical analysis and in most cases can become the bottleneck of the whole analytical process. Its adequacy is a key factor in determining the success of the analysis and, therefore, careful selection and optimization of the parameters controlling sample treatment should be carried out. This work revises the different strategies that have been developed for sample preparation prior to capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS). Namely the present work presents an exhaustive and critical revision of the different samples treatments used together with on-line CE-MS including works published from January 2000 to July 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Hernández-Borges
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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Herrero M, Ibáñez E, Cifuentes A, Reglero G, Santoyo S. Dunaliella salina microalga pressurized liquid extracts as potential antimicrobials. J Food Prot 2006; 69:2471-7. [PMID: 17066930 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.10.2471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the antimicrobial activity of different pressurized liquid extracts obtained from Dunaliella salina microalga was tested against several microorganisms of importance for the food industry (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger). Different solvents (hexane, petroleum ether, hexane, and water) and extraction conditions (40, 100, and 160 degrees C) were tested. Results showed that the best antimicrobial activity was obtained for each solvent at the highest extraction temperature (160 degrees C). Likewise, the extraction yield followed the same trend, i.e., increasing with extraction temperature and was at a maximum when ethanol was used as an extraction solvent. Water extracts had the lowest extraction yields. In general, the best results in terms of antimicrobial activity were obtained using petroleum ether and hexane, although ethanolic extracts also showed good antimicrobial activity. Because the main antimicrobial activity of the extracts was against bacteria, the extracts can be considered to be specifically antibacterial. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in order to identify the compounds responsible for activity. Fifteen different volatile compounds as well as several fatty acids (mainly palmitic, alpha-linolenic, and oleic acids) that could have been responsible for the antimicrobial activity were identified in the extracts. beta-Cyclocitral, alpha- and beta-ionone, neophytadiene, and phytol were identified among other volatile compounds; all of these compounds have previously been described as antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Herrero
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Herrero M, Jaime L, Martín-Alvarez PJ, Cifuentes A, Ibáñez E. Optimization of the extraction of antioxidants from Dunaliella salina microalga by pressurized liquids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:5597-603. [PMID: 16848551 DOI: 10.1021/jf060546q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, extraction of antioxidant compounds from Dunaliella salina microalga is optimized by combining pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and experimental design (three-level factorial design) with three different solvents (hexane, ethanol, and water). Two main factors were considered, the extraction temperature (40, 100, and 160 degrees C) and the extraction time (5, 17.5, and 30 min). As response variables, the extraction yield (percent dry weight/initial weight) and the antioxidant activity of the extracts (determined using the TEAC method) were used. The parameters of the model were estimated by multiple linear regression. Results showed that the extraction temperature was the factor having the strongest influence (positive) on the two response variables. The best yields were obtained with ethanol at the higher extraction temperature and time tested. Besides, although hexane extracts provided the best antioxidant activity, ethanol extracts were also very active. The chemical characterization of ethanol extracts was carried out using HPLC-DAD, and attempts have been made to correlate their chemical composition with the antioxidant activity measured. Results pointed out that the extracts contained, besides all-trans-beta-carotene and isomers, several different minor carotenoids that seemed to make a contribution to the antioxidant activity of the extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Herrero
- Departmento de Caracterización de Alimentos, Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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