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Reviewing Research Trends—A Scientometric Approach Using Gunshot Residue (GSR) Literature as an Example. PUBLICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/publications8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to manage, distil and disseminate the significant amount of information that is available from published literature is fast becoming a core and critical skill across all research domains, including that of forensic science. In this study, a simplified scientometric approach has been applied to available literature on gunshot residue (GSR) as a test evidence type aiming to evaluate publication trends and explore the interconnectivity between authors. A total of 731 publications were retrieved using the search engine ‘Scopus’ and come from 1589 known authors, of whom 401 contributed to more than one research output on this subject. Out of the total number of publications, only 35 (4.8%) were found to be Open Access (OA). The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for years 2006 and 2016 reveals a much higher growth in publications relating to GSR (8.0%) than the benchmark annual growth rate of 3.9%. The distribution of a broad spectrum of keywords generated from the publications confirms a historical trend, in particular regarding the use of analytical techniques, in the study of gunshot residue. The results inform how relevant information extracted from a bibliometric search can be used to explore, analyse and define new research areas.
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Bezemer KD, van Duin LV, Martín-Alberca C, Somsen GW, Schoenmakers PJ, Haselberg R, van Asten AC. Rapid forensic chemical classification of confiscated flash banger fireworks using capillary electrophoresis. Forensic Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2019.100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Gładysz M, Król M, Woźniakiewicz M, Kościelniak P. The increase of detection sensitivity of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography method of stamp pad inks components by applying a sample stacking mode for the purpose of questioned document examination. Talanta 2018; 184:287-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nguyen TAH, Pham TNM, Ta TT, Nguyen XT, Nguyen TL, Le THH, Koenka IJ, Sáiz J, Hauser PC, Mai TD. Screening determination of four amphetamine-type drugs in street-grade illegal tablets and urine samples by portable capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Sci Justice 2015; 55:481-6. [PMID: 26654084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple and inexpensive method for the identification of four substituted amphetamines, namely, 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxy amphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA) was developed using an in-house constructed semi-automated portable capillary electrophoresis instrument (CE) with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C(4)D). Arginine 10mM adjusted to pH4.5 with acetic acid was found to be the optimal background electrolyte for the CE-C(4)D determination of these compounds. The best detection limits achieved with and without a sample preconcentration process were 10ppb and 500ppb, respectively. Substituted amphetamines were found in different seized illicit club drug tablets and urine samples collected from different suspected users. Good agreement between results from CE-C(4)D and those with the confirmation method (GC-MS) was achieved, with correlation coefficients for the two pairs of data of more than 0.99.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Anh Huong Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Ngoc Mai Pham
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Thao Ta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Xuan Truong Nguyen
- Center of Drugs Expertise, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, 99 Nguyen Tuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Lien Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Hong Hao Le
- National Institute for Food Control (NIFC), 13 Phan Huy Chu, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Israel Joel Koenka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jorge Sáiz
- University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid, Barcelona Km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Peter C Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thanh Duc Mai
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD), Hanoi University of Science, Nguyen Trai Street 334, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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Airado-Rodríguez D, Cruces-Blanco C, García-Campaña AM. Ultrasensitive analysis of lysergic acid diethylamide and its C-8 isomer in hair by capillary zone electrophoresis in combination with a stacking technique and laser induced fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 866:90-98. [PMID: 25732697 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article deals with the development and validation of a novel capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with laser induced fluorescence detection method for the analysis of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its isomer iso-LSD in hair samples. The separation of both analytes has been achieved in less than 13 min in a 72-cm effective length capillary with 75-μm internal diameter. As running buffer 25 mM citrate, pH 6.0 has been employed and separation temperature and voltage of 20 °C and 13 kV respectively, were applied. Field amplified sample injection (FASI) has been employed for on-line sample preconcentration, using ultrapure water containing 117 μM H3PO4 as optimum injection medium. Injection voltage and time have been optimized by means of experimental design, obtaining values of 7 kV and 15s, respectively. Methylergonovine has been employed as internal standard in order to compensate irreproducibility from electrokinetic injection. The analytical method has been applied to hair samples, previous extraction of the target analytes by ultrasound assisted solid-liquid extraction at 40 °C for 2.5 h, employing acetonitrile as extracting solvent. Linear responses were found for LSD and iso-LSD in matrix-matched calibrations from around 0.400 up to 50.0 pg mg(-1). LODs (3 S/N) in the order of 0.100 pg mg(-1) were calculated for both analytes, obtaining satisfactory recovery percentages for this kind of sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Airado-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Cruces-Blanco
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana M García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
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Posch TN, Pütz M, Martin N, Huhn C. Electromigrative separation techniques in forensic science: combining selectivity, sensitivity, and robustness. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:23-58. [PMID: 25381613 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this review we introduce the advantages and limitations of electromigrative separation techniques in forensic toxicology. We thus present a summary of illustrative studies and our own experience in the field together with established methods from the German Federal Criminal Police Office rather than a complete survey. We focus on the analytical aspects of analytes' physicochemical characteristics (e.g. polarity, stereoisomers) and analytical challenges including matrix tolerance, separation from compounds present in large excess, sample volumes, and orthogonality. For these aspects we want to reveal the specific advantages over more traditional methods. Both detailed studies and profiling and screening studies are taken into account. Care was taken to nearly exclusively document well-validated methods outstanding for the analytical challenge discussed. Special attention was paid to aspects exclusive to electromigrative separation techniques, including the use of the mobility axis, the potential for on-site instrumentation, and the capillary format for immunoassays. The review concludes with an introductory guide to method development for different separation modes, presenting typical buffer systems as starting points for different analyte classes. The objective of this review is to provide an orientation for users in separation science considering using capillary electrophoresis in their laboratory in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjorben Nils Posch
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Analytics ZEA-3, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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Calcerrada M, García-Ruiz C. Analysis of questioned documents: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 853:143-166. [PMID: 25467455 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During the last years (2000-2014), many publications concerning the forensic analysis of questioned documents have been published, and new techniques and methodologies are nowadays employed to overcome forensic caseworks. This article reviews a comprehensive collection of the works focused on this issue, including dating studies, the analysis of inks from pens and printers, the analysis of paper, the analysis of other samples related to questioned documents and studies on intersecting lines. These sections highlight the most relevant analytical studies by a wide range of analytical techniques. Separation and spectrometric techniques are critically discussed and compared, emphasizing the advantages and disadvantages of each one. Finally, concluding remarks on the research published are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Calcerrada
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Porto SKSS, Nogueira T, Blanes L, Doble P, Sabino BD, do Lago CL, Angnes L. Analysis ofEcstasyTablets Using Capillary Electrophoresis with Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection. J Forensic Sci 2014; 59:1622-6. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suely K. S. S. Porto
- Departamento de Química Fundamental; Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo SP Brazil
- Serviço de Perícias de Química; Instituto de Criminalística Carlos Éboli; R. Pedro I, 28 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Thiago Nogueira
- Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences; University of São Paulo; Rua do Matão 1226 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Lucas Blanes
- Centre for Forensic Science; University of Technology; Sydney Broadway 2001 NSW Australia
| | - Philip Doble
- Centre for Forensic Science; University of Technology; Sydney Broadway 2001 NSW Australia
| | - Bruno D. Sabino
- Serviço de Perícias de Química; Instituto de Criminalística Carlos Éboli; R. Pedro I, 28 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Claudimir L. do Lago
- Departamento de Química Fundamental; Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Departamento de Química Fundamental; Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, CEP 05508-000 São Paulo SP Brazil
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Capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of drugs of abuse in biological specimens of forensic interest. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pan Y, Treacy S, Gu X, Miller D, Burczynski F. Evaluation and Optimization of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis for Common Drugs of Forensic Interest in Aqueous Matrix. CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE JOURNAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2012.10757190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Pascali JP, Bortolotti F, Tagliaro F. Recent advances in the application of CE to forensic sciences, an update over years 2009-2011. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:117-26. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Rabanes HR, Guidote AM, Quirino JP. Capillary electrophoresis of natural products: Highlights of the last five years (2006-2010). Electrophoresis 2011; 33:180-95. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Meng L, Wang B, Luo F, Shen G, Wang Z, Guo M. Application of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and CE with UV detection for the chiral separation and determination of the multiple illicit drugs on forensic samples. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 209:42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sarazin C, Delaunay N, Costanza C, Eudes V, Gareil P. Capillary electrophoresis analysis of inorganic cations in post-blast residue extracts applying a guanidinium-based electrolyte and bilayer-coated capillaries. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1282-91. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Sarazin C, Delaunay N, Varenne A, Vial J, Costanza C, Eudes V, Minet JJ, Gareil P. Identification and determination of inorganic anions in real extracts from pre- and post-blast residues by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6971-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tagliaro F, Pascali J, Fanigliulo A, Bortolotti F. Recent advances in the application of CE to forensic sciences: A update over years 2007â2009. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:251-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Rapid and direct determination of creatinine in urine using capillary zone electrophoresis. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 409:52-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Mazzarino M, de la Torre X, Mazzei F, Botrè F. Rapid screening of beta-adrenergic agents and related compounds in human urine for anti-doping purpose using capillary electrophoresis with dynamic coating. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3562-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yao YT, Song J, Yu J, Wang XF, Hou F, Zhang AL, Liu Y, Han J, Xie MX. Differentiation and dating of red ink entries of seals on documents by HPLC and GC/MS. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2919-27. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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da Costa JL, Tonin FG, Zanolli LA, da Matta Chasin AA, Tavares MFM. Simple method for determination of cocaine and main metabolites in urine by CE coupled to MS. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2238-44. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Aturki Z, D’Orazio G, Fanali S, Rocco A, Bortolotti F, Gottardo R, Tagliaro F. Capillary electrochromatographic separation of illicit drugs employing a cyano stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3652-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Oliver G, Simpson C, Kerby MB, Tripathi A, Chauhan A. Electrophoretic migration of proteins in semidilute polymer solutions. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1152-63. [PMID: 18246577 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a systematic study of the electrophoretic migration of 10-200 kDa protein fragments in dilute-polymer solutions using microfluidic chips. The electrophoretic mobility and dispersion of protein samples were measured in a series of monodisperse polydimethylacrylamide (PDMA) polymers of different molecular masses (243, 443, and 764 kDa, polydispersivity index <2) of varying concentration. The polymer solutions were characterized using rheometry. Prior to loading onto the microchip, the polymer solution was mixed with known concentrations of SDS (SDS) surfactant and a staining dye. SDS-denatured protein samples were electrokinetically injected, separated, and detected in the microchip using electric fields ranging from 100 to 300 V/cm. Our results show that the electrophoretic mobility of protein fragments decreases exponentially with the concentration c of the polymer solution. The mobility was found to decrease logarithmically with the molecular weight of the protein fragment. In addition, the mobility was found to be independent of the electric field in the separation channel. The dispersion is relatively independent of polymer concentration and it first increases with protein size and then decreases with a maximum at about 45 kDa. The resolution power of the device decreases with concentration of the PDMA solution but it is always better than 10% of the protein size. The protein migration does not seem to correspond to the Ogston or the reptation models. A semiempirical expression for mobility given by van Winkle fits the data very well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Oliver
- Division of Engineering and Medical Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Tagliaro F, Bortolotti F. Recent advances in the applications of CE to forensic sciences (2005–2007). Electrophoresis 2008; 29:260-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Pumera M. Trends in analysis of explosives by microchip electrophoresis and conventional CE. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:269-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Betz T, Immel UD, Kleiber M, Klintschar M. “Paterniplex”, a highly discriminative decaplex STR multiplex tailored for investigating special problems in paternity testing. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3868-74. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Vemireddy LR, Archak S, Nagaraju J. Capillary electrophoresis is essential for microsatellite marker based detection and quantification of adulteration of Basmati rice (Oryza sativa). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:8112-7. [PMID: 17867634 DOI: 10.1021/jf0714517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellite markers are employed for genotyping of Basmati varieties and assaying purity of market samples. However, employment of diverse electrophoresis techniques across laboratories has resulted in inconsistent allele sizes, creating doubts about the suitability of the assay. This study evaluated agarose gel electrophoresis, slab gel electrophoresis, and capillary electrophoresis techniques for their efficiency in the detection and quantification of adulteration in Basmati samples. Comparative analysis across 8 microsatellite loci in 12 rice varieties demonstrated that the capillary electrophoresis method showed less error (+/-0.73 bp) in the estimation of allele sizes compared to slab gel (+/-1.59 bp) and agarose gel (+/-8.03 bp) electrophoretic methods. Capillary electrophoresis showed greater reproducibility (<0.5 bp deviation) compared to slab gel (1 bp) and agarose (>3 bp) based methods. Capillary electrophoresis was significantly superior in quantification of the adulterant, with a mean error of +/-3.91% in comparison to slab gel (+/-6.09%). Lack of accuracy and consistency of the slab gel and agarose electrophoretic methods warrants the employment of capillary electrophoresis for Basmati rice purity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshminarayana R Vemireddy
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, ECIL Road, Nacharam, Hyderabad 500 076, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Hutchinson JP, Evenhuis CJ, Johns C, Kazarian AA, Breadmore MC, Macka M, Hilder EF, Guijt RM, Dicinoski GW, Haddad PR. Identification of inorganic improvised explosive devices by analysis of postblast residues using portable capillary electrophoresis instrumentation and indirect photometric detection with a light-emitting diode. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7005-13. [PMID: 17705451 DOI: 10.1021/ac0708792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A commercial portable capillary electrophoresis (CE) instrument has been used to separate inorganic anions and cations found in postblast residues from improvised explosive devices (IEDs) of the type used frequently in terrorism attacks. The purpose of this analysis was to identify the type of explosive used. The CE instrument was modified for use with an in-house miniaturized light-emitting diode (LED) detector to enable sensitive indirect photometric detection to be employed for the detection of 15 anions (acetate, benzoate, carbonate, chlorate, chloride, chlorite, cyanate, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, perchlorate, phosphate, sulfate, thiocyanate, thiosulfate) and 12 cations (ammonium, monomethylammonium, ethylammonium, potassium, sodium, barium, strontium, magnesium, manganese, calcium, zinc, lead) as the target analytes. These ions are known to be present in postblast residues from inorganic IEDs constructed from ammonium nitrate/fuel oil mixtures, black powder, and chlorate/perchlorate/sugar mixtures. For the analysis of cations, a blue LED (470 nm) was used in conjunction with the highly absorbing cationic dye, chrysoidine (absorption maximum at 453 nm). A nonaqueous background electrolyte comprising 10 mM chrysoidine in methanol was found to give greatly improved baseline stability in comparison to aqueous electrolytes due to the increased solubility of chrysoidine and its decreased adsorption onto the capillary wall. Glacial acetic acid (0.7% v/v) was added to ensure chrysoidine was protonated and to enhance separation selectivity by means of complexation with transition metal ions. The 12 target cations were separated in less than 9.5 min with detection limits of 0.11-2.30 mg/L (calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3). The anions separation system utilized a UV LED (370 nm) in conjunction with an aqueous chromate electrolyte (absorption maximum at 371 nm) consisting of 10 mM chromium(VI) oxide and 10 mM sodium chromate, buffered with 40 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane at pH 8.05. All 15 target anions were baseline separated in less than 9 min with limits of detection ranging from 0.24 to 1.15 mg/L (calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3). Use of the portable instrumentation in the field was demonstrated by analyzing postblast residues in a mobile laboratory immediately after detonation of the explosive devices. Profiling the ionic composition of the inorganic IEDs allowed identification of the chemicals used in their construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Hutchinson
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
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Gottardo R, Bortolotti F, De Paoli G, Pascali JP, Miksík I, Tagliaro F. Hair analysis for illicit drugs by using capillary zone electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1159:185-9. [PMID: 17240388 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In forensic toxicology, hair analysis has become a well established analytical strategy to investigate retrospectively drug abuse histories. In this field, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are currently used, often after preliminary screening with immunoassays. However, on the basis of previous applications to pharmaceutical analysis, capillary zone electrophoresis coupled to ion trap mass spectrometry looks also highly promising. The purpose of the present work was the development of a simple and rapid CZE-MS method for sensitive and quantitative determination of the main drugs of abuse and their metabolites (namely, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethampthetamine (MDMA), benzoylecgonine, ephedrine and cocaine) in human hair. Hair samples (100 mg) were washed, cut and incubated overnight in 0.1 M HCl at 45 degrees C, then neutralized with NaOH and extracted by a liquid-liquid extraction method. CZE separations were carried out in a 100 cm x 75 microm (I.D.) uncoated fused silica capillary. The separation buffer was composed of 25 mM ammonium formate, pH 9.5; the separation voltage was 15 kV. Electrokinetic injections were performed at 7 kV for 30 s under field amplified sample stacking conditions. ESI-ion trap MS detection was performed in the ESI positive ionization mode using the following conditions: capillary voltage 4 kV, nebulizer gas (nitrogen) pressure 3psi, source temperature 150 degrees C and drying gas (nitrogen) flow rate 8l/min. A sheath liquid, composed of isopropanol-water (50:50, v/v) with 0.5% formic acid, was delivered at a flow rate of 4 microl/min. The ion trap MS operated in a selected ion monitoring mode (SIM) of positive molecular ions for each drug/metabolite. Collision induced fragmentation was also possible. Nalorphine was used as internal standard. Under the described conditions, the separation of all compounds, except amphetamine/methamphetamine, MDA/MDMA and morphine/6-MAM was achieved in 20 min, with limits of detection lower than the most severe cut-offs adopted in hair analysis (i.e. 0.1 ng/mg). Linearity was assessed within drug concentration ranges from 0.025 to 5 ng of each analyte/mg of hair. Analytical precision was fairly acceptable with RSD's < or = 3.06% for migration times and < or = 22.47% for areas in real samples, in both intra-day and day-to-day experiments. On these grounds, the described method can be proposed for rapid, selective and accurate toxicological hair analysis for both clinical and forensic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Gottardo
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Gottardo R, Fanigliulo A, Bortolotti F, De Paoli G, Pascali JP, Tagliaro F. Broad-spectrum toxicological analysis of hair based on capillary zone electrophoresis–time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1159:190-7. [PMID: 17586513 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry, combining efficiency and speed of separation with high mass accuracy and fast scanning capability, was for the first time applied to the determination of drugs of abuse (amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, ephedrine, cocaine, morphine, codeine) and their metabolites in hair (6-MAM, benzoylecgonine). Experimental conditions were as follows. Separation: voltage 15 kV, uncoated fused-silica capillary (75 microm ID, 100 cm total length), running electrolyte 25 mM ammonium formate, pH 9.5, field-amplified sample stacking injection. Forensic drugs could be identified by exact mass determination (mass accuracy typically < or = 5 ppm) and by match of the isotopic pattern. The method was fully validated, showing limit of detections (LODs) suitable for the determination of all the compounds below the cut-off usually adopted for hair analysis (0.1 ng/mg). Analytical precision in real matrices (tested at 0.1 and 1.0 ng/mg) was typically characterized by CV's < or = 24% in both intra-day and day-to-day experiments. Quantitative determination was also tested by using a single internal standard (folcodine). Results, although with a moderate accuracy, conceivably depending on the lack of deuterated internal standards, proved useful for diagnostic use of the results from hair analysis. A single liquid-liquid extraction procedure was applied for all analytes, allowing the detection of a broad spectrum of basic drugs and their major metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Gottardo
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Tagliaro F, Bortolotti F, Pascali JP. Current role of capillary electrophoretic/electrokinetic techniques in forensic toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1359-64. [PMID: 17572886 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current application of capillary electrophoresis in forensic toxicology has been critically reviewed with special focus on the areas where this technique has shown real advantages over chromatographic methods. For example, capillary electrophoresis has been most successfully applied to the chiral analysis of some drugs of forensic interest, including amphetamines and their congeners. Another typical application field of capillary electrophoresis is represented by protein analysis. Recently, special interest has been paid to carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT), the most important biological marker of chronic alcohol abuse. Other specific applications of capillary electrophoresis of potential forensic toxicological concern are also discussed. The review includes 62 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Tagliaro
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, P.le L.A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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Znaleziona J, Petr J, Maier V, Knob R, Horakova J, Smetanova D, Sevcik J. CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS AS A VERIFICATION TOOL FOR IMMUNOCHEMICAL DRUG SCREENING. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2007; 151:31-6. [PMID: 17690736 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2007.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this work was to develop a simple capillary electrophoretic method as the verification and confirmation tool in the screening analysis for amphetamines, opiates, benzodiazepines and cocaine and their metabolites for toxicological applications. METHODS 50 mM phosphate Tris pH 2.0 with 30% (v/v) of methanol was used as a background electrolyte that enabled fast separation of drugs and their metabolites in saliva and urine. Verification of the data from the electrophoretic method was done by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and the immunochemical screening test QuikScreen. RESULTS The experimental conditions of the Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) were partially optimized (mainly the influence of concentration and types of additives, e.g. cyclodextrines, organic solvents) and validated; the method was used for analysing samples from drug abusers. CONCLUSIONS The non-instrumental, immunoassay tests could only confirm qualitative addictions and are mainly employed when the emergency detection of drugs is needed. For quantitative analysis and verification of obtained results the confirmation step is strongly recommended. The simple screening capillary zone electrophoresis method allows recognition of the most abused drugs. The agreement of the results from CE, HPTLC and QuikScreen test was more than 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Znaleziona
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, tr. Svobody 8, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Brettell
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Cedar Crest College, 100 College Drive, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-6196, USA
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Hu A, Lo AAL, Chen CT, Lin KC, Ho YP. Identifying bacterial species using CE–MS and SEQUEST with an empirical scoring function. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1387-92. [PMID: 17465417 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CE-MS/MS analysis of proteolytic digests of bacterial cell extracts was combined with SEQUEST searching and a new scoring system to identify bacteria species in bacterial mixtures. Searches of MS/MS spectra against protein databases enabled the identification of bacterial species by the matching of the proteins associated with the corresponding species. An empirical scoring function was obtained by evaluating the SEQUEST search results of 38 samples that contained single bacterial species. The scoring by the empirical function helped move up the positive identification results from their original positions in the ranking based on Xcorr values alone. Therefore, the identification of bacteria in the samples that contained bacterial mixtures was improved. Bacterial species in 20 bacterial mixtures, including one real sample, were correctly identified by database searches and the new scoring function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anren Hu
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Cruces-Blanco C, Gámiz–Gracia L, García-Campaña A. Applications of capillary electrophoresis in forensic analytical chemistry. Trends Analyt Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Sun HW, He P, Lv YK, Liang SX. Effective separation and simultaneous determination of seven fluoroquinolones by capillary electrophoresis with diode-array detector. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 852:145-51. [PMID: 17336601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 12/10/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and accurate method has been developed for effective separation and simultaneous determination of lomefloxacin, gatifloxacin, enoxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin and pefloxacin residues in porcine tissue by capillary electrophoresis with diode-array detector. The separation conditions were investigated and optimized. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile, and a mixture consisted of 25 mM NaH(2)PO(4), 25 mM Na(2)B(4)O(7) and 25 mM H(3)BO(3) (pH 9.0) was used as a running buffer. A linear relationship between concentration and peak area for each compound was obtained in the concentration range of 0.5-100 mg/L with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.9994. For analysis of porcine tissue, the detection limits of lomefloxacin, gatifloxacin, enoxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin and pefloxacin were 0.013, 0.012, 0.023, 0.040, 0.037, 0.035 and 0.034 mg/kg, respectively. The recoveries are in the range of 72-93%. The intra-day precision is less than 5%, and the inter-day precision is less than 10%. The proposed method has high resolution, speed and the extremely small sample volume required. It can permit to confirm the presence of the studied seven fluoroquinolones in porcine tissue at the required maximum residue limit (MRL) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Wen Sun
- College of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Hebei University, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China.
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Guzman NA, Stubbs RJ, Phillips TM. Determination of inflammatory biomarkers by immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2006; 3:29-37. [PMID: 24980099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Advances in instrumentation and methodologies are urgently needed to achieve, rapid, simultaneous and sensitive determination of multiple substances found at a wide range of concentrations in biological fluids, tissues and cells. The application of immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis in life sciences is already having an impact on the quantification of many biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring the prognosis of diseases. This review explains how immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis, the combination of highly selective antibody capture agents with the high resolving power of capillary electrophoresis, can provide highly specific assays leading to the selective isolation, concentration, separation and quantification of analytes of interest in complex biological matrices. In addition to a discussion of the technology, some applications of clinical and pharmaceutical relevance will be presented.:
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto A Guzman
- Bioanalytical Drug Metabolism, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical, Research & Development, L.L.C., 1000 Route 202, P.O. Box 300, Raritan, NJ 08869, USA.
| | - R John Stubbs
- Global Bioanalytical, GPCD, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical, Research & Development, L.L.C., Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Terry M Phillips
- Ultramicro Analytical Immunochemistry, Division of Bioengineering and Physical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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