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Abstract
Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is one of the most popular sample preparation methods which can be applied to organic compounds allowing the simultaneous extraction and pre-concentration of analytes from the sample matrix. It is based on the partitioning of the analyte between the extracting phase, generally immobilized on a fiber substrate, and the matrix (water, air, etc.), and has numerous advantages such as rapidity, simplicity, low cost, ease of use and automation, and absence of toxic solvents. Fiber SPME has been widely used in combination with various analytical instrumentation even if most of the work has been done coupling the extraction technique with gas and liquid chromatography (GC and LC). This manuscript presents an overview of the recent works (from 2010 to date) of solid phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography (SPME-LC) relevant to analytical applications performed using commercially available fibers or lab-made fibers already developed in previous papers, and to improved instrumental systems and approaches.
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Ramos-Payán M, Ocaña-Gonzalez JA, Fernández-Torres RM, Llobera A, Bello-López MÁ. Recent trends in capillary electrophoresis for complex samples analysis: A review. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:111-125. [PMID: 28791719 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CE has been a continuously evolving analytical methodology since its first introduction in the 1980s of the last century. The development of new CE separation procedures, the coupling of these systems to more sensitive and versatile detection systems, and the advances in miniaturization technology have allowed the application of CE to the resolution of new and complex analytical problems, overcoming the traditional disadvantages associated with this method. In the present work, different recent trends in CE and their application to the determination of high complexity samples (as biological fluids, individual cells, etc.) will be reviewed: capillary modification by different types of coatings, microfluidic CE, and online microextraction CE. The main advantages and disadvantages of the different proposed approaches will be discussed with examples of most recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ramos-Payán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan A Ocaña-Gonzalez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Andreu Llobera
- Carl Zeiss Vision GmbH, Technology & Innovation, Aalen, Germany
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Souza-Silva ÉA, Jiang R, Rodríguez-Lafuente A, Gionfriddo E, Pawliszyn J. A critical review of the state of the art of solid-phase microextraction of complex matrices I. Environmental analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Considerations on the application of miniaturized sample preparation approaches for the analysis of organic compounds in environmental matrices. OPEN CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-011-0114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe miniaturization and improvement of sample preparation is a challenge that has been fulfilled up to a point in many fields of analytical chemistry. Particularly, the hyphenation of microextraction with advanced analytical techniques has allowed the monitoring of target analytes in a vast variety of environmental samples. Several benefits can be obtained when miniaturized techniques such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) or liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) are applied, specifically, their easiness, rapidity and capability to separate and pre-concentrate target analytes with a negligible consumption of organic solvents. In spite of the great acceptance that these green sample preparation techniques have in environmental research, their full implementation has not been achieved or even attempted in some relevant environmental matrices. In this work, a critical review of the applications of LPME and SPME techniques to isolate and pre-concentrate traces of organic pollutants is provided. In addition, the influence of the environmental matrix on the effectiveness of LPME and SPME for isolating the target organic pollutants is addressed. Finally, unsolved issues that may hinder the application of these techniques for the extraction of dissolved organic matter from environmental samples and some suggestions for developing novel and less selective enrichment and isolation procedures for natural organic matter on the basis of SPME and LPME are included.
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Yu H, Tao Y, Chen D, Wang Y, Yuan Z. Development of an HPLC–UV method for the simultaneous determination of tetracyclines in muscle and liver of porcine, chicken and bovine with accelerated solvent extraction. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Segro SS, Tran M, Kesani S, Alhendal A, Turner EB, Abdul Malik. Sol-gel microextraction phases for sample preconcentration in chromatographic analysis. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3075-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Castro-Puyana M, Crego AL, Marina ML. Recent advances in the analysis of antibiotics by CE and CEC. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:229-50. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Segro SS, Malik A. Sol–gel coatings with covalently attached methyl, octyl, and octadecyl ligands for capillary microextraction. Effects of alkyl chain length and sol–gel precursor concentration on extraction behavior. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7677-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ma Q, Chen M, Shi ZG, Feng YQ. Preparation of a poly(N
-isopropylacrylamide-co
-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic capillary and its application for in-tube solid-phase microextrac-tion coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2592-600. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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García-Campaña AM, Gámiz-Gracia L, Lara FJ, del Olmo Iruela M, Cruces-Blanco C. Applications of capillary electrophoresis to the determination of antibiotics in food and environmental samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:967-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kumar A, Malik AK. A Review on the Hyphenation of Solid Phase Microextraction with Capillary Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15389580802570192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Segro SS, Cabezas Y, Malik A. Ultra-high-stability, pH-resistant sol–gel titania poly(tetrahydrofuran) coating for capillary microextraction on-line coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4329-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Edificio Anexo Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Bendito
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Edificio Anexo Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Zougagh M, Ríos A. Supercritical fluid extraction as an on-line clean-up technique for determination of riboflavin vitamins in food samples by capillary electrophoresis with fluorimetric detection. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3213-9. [PMID: 18600834 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An automatic method for the separation and determination of riboflavin (RF) vitamins (RF, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide) in food samples (chicken liver, tablet and powder milk) is proposed. The method is based on the on-line coupling of a supercritical fluid extractor (SFE) with a continuous flow-CE system with guided optical fiber fluorimetric detection (CF-CE-FD). The whole SFE-CF-CE-FD arrangement allowed the automatic treatment of food samples (clean-up of the sample followed by the extraction of the analytes), and the direct introduction of a small volume of the extracted plug to the CE-FD system for the determination of RF vitamins. Fluorescence detection introduced an appropriated sensitivity and contributed to avoid interferences of nonfluorescent polar compounds coming from the matrix samples in the extracted plug. Electrophoretic responses were linear within the 0.05-1 microg/g range, whereas the detection limits of RF vitamins were in the 0.036-0.042 microg/g range. The proposed arrangement opens up interesting prospects for the direct determination of polar analytes in complex samples with a good throughput and high level of automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zougagh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Domínguez-Álvarez J, Ruano-Miguel L, Carabias-Martínez R. In-capillary preconcentration of pirimicarb and carbendazim with a monolithic polymeric sorbent prior to separation by CZE. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4066-77. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Solvent-resistant sol–gel polydimethyldiphenylsiloxane coating for on-line hyphenation of capillary microextraction with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1205:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Segro SS, Malik A. Sol–gel methyl coating in capillary microextraction hyphenated on-line with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1200:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Morales-Cid G, Simonet BM, Cárdenas S, Valcárcel M. Electrical field-assisted solid-phase extraction coupled on-line to capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2033-40. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Puig P, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. Sorbent preconcentration procedures coupled to capillary electrophoresis for environmental and biological applications. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 616:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Macià A, Borrull F, Calull M, Benavente F, Hernández E, Sanz-Nebot V, Barbosa J, Aguilar C. Sensitivity enhancement for the analysis of naproxen in tap water by solid-phase extraction coupled in-line to capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:872-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Celo V, Yassine MM. Recent advances in CE and CEC of pollutants. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:310-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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