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Jin HF, Shi Y, Jiao YH, Cao J. Separation and determination of phenolic compounds using novel deep eutectic solvent-in-water microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1297:342359. [PMID: 38438236 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) is a mode of capillary electrophoresis with a wide range of applications in which microemulsion is utilized as background electrolyte to achieve the separation of analytes. Microemulsions are composed of oil droplets, aqueous buffer, surfactant, and co-surfactant. Currently, conventional organic reagents act as the most commonly used oil phase in microemulsions, which are unfriendly to the environment. Recently, deep eutectic solvent (DES) has become a new type of eco-friendly solvent due to its non-toxicity. Therefore, it is of great value to establish a new MEEKC method by replacing conventional organic reagents as the oil phase with DES. RESULTS The novel DES/W MEEKC method was established for phenolic compounds in Senecio scandens samples. Single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were performed to systematically optimize the crucial parameters for the method, including the type and content of the oil phase, surfactant content, concentration of borax buffer, and pH of the background solution. Under the optimized conditions, satisfactory regression curves were established for all standard analytes with correlation coefficients ≥0.9990. The method featured high sensitivity and favorable accuracy, with the instrumental detection limit in the range of 0.22-1.04 μg/mL, and intraday and interday precision for migration time expressed as relative standard deviations of 0.18-0.82% and 1.25-2.50%, respectively. The DES/W MEEKC method was successfully applied to Senecio scandens with good recoveries of 87.72-106.99%. In conclusion, the newly established DES/W MEEKC method is highly efficient, green and environmentally friendly. SIGNIFICANCE DES is considered a green and efficient solvent. The DES/W MEEKC method is highly efficient and environmentally friendly. Actually, the method provides a novel and effective analytical tool for the simultaneous separation and determination of multiple phenolic compounds, especially in complex plant matrices. In the future, the DES/W MEEKC method still has the prospect of being widely used in the separation of other complex phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Fei Jin
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Ying Shi
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yan-Hua Jiao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Jun Cao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
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Javed S, Ahsan W. Microemulsion based chromatographic techniques: Past lessons and future directions. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1584746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shamama Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Critical review of reports on impurity and degradation product profiling in the last decade. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chu C, Wei M, Wang S, Zheng L, He Z, Cao J, Yan J. Micro-matrix solid-phase dispersion coupled with MEEKC for quantitative analysis of lignans in Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus using molecular sieve TS-1 as a sorbent. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1063:174-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Blackney DM, Foley JP. Dual-opposite injection capillary electrophoresis: Principles and misconceptions. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:607-616. [PMID: 27859385 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dual-opposite injection capillary electrophoresis (DOI-CE) is a separation technique that utilizes both ends of the capillary for sample introduction. The electroosmotic flow (EOF) is suppressed to allow all ions to reach the detector quickly. Depending on the individual electrophoretic mobilities of the analytes of interest and the effective length that each analyte travels to the detection window, the elution order of analytes in a DOI-CE separation can vary widely. This review discusses the principles, applications, and limitations of dual-opposite injection capillary electrophoresis. Common misconceptions regarding DOI-CE are clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Blackney
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joe P Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Liao C, Lee YF, Tsai SC, Fang W, Lee E. Electrophoretic motion of a liquid droplet and a bubble normal to an air–water interface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) is a special mode of capillary electrophoresis employing a microemulsion as carrier electrolyte. Analytes may partition between the aqueous phase of the microemulsion and its oil droplets which act as a pseudostationary phase. The technique is well suited for the separation of neutral species, in which case charged oil droplets (obtained by addition of an anionic or cationic surfactant) are present. A single set of separation parameters may be sufficient for separation of a wide range of analytes belonging to quite different chemical classes. Fine-tuning of resolution and analysis time may be achieved by addition of organic solvents, by changes in the nature of the surfactants (and cosurfactants) used to stabilize the microemulsion, or by various additives that may undergo some additional interactions with the analytes. Besides the separation of neutral analytes (which may be the most important application area of MEEKC), it can also be employed for cationic and/or anionic species. In this chapter, MEEKC conditions are summarized that have proven their reliability for routine analysis. Furthermore, the mechanisms encountered in MEEKC allow an efficient on-capillary preconcentration of analytes, so that the problem of poor concentration sensitivity of ultraviolet absorbance detection is circumvented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Linz, TNF-Tower, T 209, Altenbergerstraße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria.
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Kandioller W, Kubanik M, Bytzek AK, Jakupec MA, Roller A, Keppler BK, Hartinger CG. The rearrangement of tosylated flavones to 1′-(alkylamino)aurones with primary amines. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Derbina AA, Pirogov AV, Kargin ID, Shpigun OA. Application of water-in-oil microemulsions in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography and as extractants of polar substances. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Kaale E, Höllein L, Holzgrabe U. Development and validation of a generic stability-indicating MEEKC method for five fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2736-2744. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliangiringa Kaale
- University of Würzburg; Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry; Würzburg Germany
- School of Pharmacy; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences; Dar Es Salaam Tanzania
| | - Ludwig Höllein
- University of Würzburg; Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry; Würzburg Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- University of Würzburg; Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry; Würzburg Germany
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Kostromskikh AA, Pirogov AV, Sokolova LS, Shpigun OA. Sample Stacking and On-Line Derivatization for the Analysisof Ampicillin and Amoxicillin by Microemulsion Electrokinetic Chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.951764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia A. Kostromskikh
- Laboratory of Chromatography, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Pirogov
- Laboratory of Chromatography, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lidia S. Sokolova
- Laboratory of Chromatography, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg A. Shpigun
- Laboratory of Chromatography, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Effect of Bis-(2-ethylhexyl)Phosphoric Acid on Sodium Bis-(2-ethylhexyl)Phosphate Microemulsion for Selective Extraction of Non-Ferrous Metals. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-014-1598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Hermawan D, Yatim IM, Rahim KA, Sanagi MM, Ibrahim WAW, Aboul-Enein HY. Comparison of HPLC and MEEKC for Miconazole Nitrate Determination in Pharmaceutical Formulation. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Yang H, Ding Y, Cao J, Li P. Twenty-one years of microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (1991-2012): A powerful analytical tool. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1273-94. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University); Nanjing; P. R. China
| | - Yao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University); Nanjing; P. R. China
| | - Jun Cao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou; P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University); Nanjing; P. R. China
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Hu SQ, Lü WJ, Ma YH, Hu Q, Dong LJ, Chen XG. Chiral separation of β-blockers by MEEKC using neutral microemulsion: Analysis of separation mechanism and further elucidation of resolution equation. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:260-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xing-Guo Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou; P. R. China
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Liotta E, Gottardo R, Seri C, Rimondo C, Miksik I, Serpelloni G, Tagliaro F. Rapid analysis of caffeine in “smart drugs” and “energy drinks” by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC). Forensic Sci Int 2012; 220:279-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Yu L, Chu K, Ye H, Liu X, Yu L, Xu X, Chen G. Recent advances in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Jiang X, Xia Z, Deng L, Wei W, Chen J, Xu J, Li H. Evaluation of Accuracy for the Measurement of Octanol–Water Partition Coefficient by MEEKC. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Lynen F, Saveedra L, Nickerson B, Sandra P. Evaluation of a multiarray system for pharmaceutical analysis by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Talanta 2011; 84:724-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Comparison of chiral electrophoretic separation methods for phenethylamines and application on impurity analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1201-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Ryan R, McEvoy E, Sheila Donegan, Power J, Altria K. Recent developments in the methodology and application of MEEKC. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:184-201. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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22
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Aurora-Prado MS, Silva CA, Tavares MFM, Altria KD. Rapid Determination of Water-Soluble and Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Commercial Formulations by MEEKC. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Wongwan S, Scriba GKE. Impurity profiling of dexamphetamine sulfate by cyclodextrin-modified microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3006-11. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Hu SQ, Chen YL, Zhu HD, Shi HJ, Yan N, Chen XG. Effect of molecular structure of tartrates on chiral recognition of tartrate–boric acid complex chiral selectors in chiral microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5529-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Recent advances of capillary electrophoresis in pharmaceutical analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:29-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kartsova LA, Ganzha OV. New possibilities of micellar electrokinetic chromatography and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography in the determination of catechols and catecholamines in natural samples. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ryan R, Donegan S, Power J, Altria K. Advances in the theory and application of MEEKC. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:755-67. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Mikus P, Maráková K. Advanced CE for chiral analysis of drugs, metabolites, and biomarkers in biological samples. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:2773-802. [PMID: 19653234 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of recent trends indicates that CE can show real advantages over chromatographic methods in ultratrace enantioselective determination of biologically active compounds in complex biological matrices. It is due to high separation efficiency and many applicable in-capillary electromigration effects in CE (countercurrent migration, stacking effects) enhancing significantly (enantio)separability and enabling effective sample preparation (preconcentration, purification, analyte derivatization). Other possible on-line combinations of CE, such as column coupled CE-CE techniques and implementation of nonelectrophoretic techniques (extraction, membrane filtration, flow injection) into CE, offer additional approaches for highly effective sample preparation and separation. CE matured to a highly flexible and compatible technique enabling its hyphenation with powerful detection systems allowing extremely sensitive detection (e.g. LIF) and/or structural characterization of analytes (e.g. MS). Within the last decade, more as well as less conventional analytical on-line approaches have been effectively utilized in this field and their practical potentialities are demonstrated on many new application examples in this article. Here, three basic areas of (enantioselective) drug bioanalysis are highlighted and supported by a brief theoretical description of each individual approach in a compact review structure (to create integrated view on the topic), including (i) progressive enantioseparation approaches and new enantioselective agents, (ii) in-capillary sample preparation (preconcentration, purification, derivatization), and (iii) detection possibilities related to enhanced sensitivity and structural characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mikus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Hu S, Chen Y, Zhu H, Zhu J, Yan N, Chen X. In situ synthesis of di-n-butyl l-tartrate–boric acid complex chiral selector and its application in chiral microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7932-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ryan R, Donegan S, Power J, McEvoy E, Altria K. Recent advances in the methodology, optimisation and application of MEEKC. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:65-82. [PMID: 19107700 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MEEKC is an electrodriven separation technique. Oil-in-water microemulsions (MEs) and to a lesser extent water-in-oil MEs have been used in MEEKC as BGEs to achieve separation of a diverse range of solutes. The more common (oil-in-water) MEs are composed of nanometre-sized droplets of oil suspended in an aqueous buffer. Interfacial tension between the oil and aqueous phase is reduced close to zero by the presence of a surfactant and a co-surfactant. MEEKC is capable of providing fast and efficient separations for a wide range of acidic, basic and neutral, water-soluble and -insoluble compounds. This review details the advances in MEEKC-based separations from the period 2006 to 2008. Areas covered include online sample concentration, chiral separation, suppressed electroosmosis MEEKC, MEEKC-MS, and the use of MEEKC in predicting migration behaviour and solute characteristics. A fundamental introduction to MEEKC, along with the presentation and discussion of recent applications is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richie Ryan
- Waterford Institute of Technology, Cork Road Campus, Waterford, Ireland.
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On-line concentration of neutral analytes by complexation and acetonitrile sweeping in nonionic microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography with direct ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5608-13. [PMID: 19524933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To separate and detect neutral solutes in nonionic microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC), a novel method was developed, combining complex formation and acetonitrile (ACN) sweeping. In this report, dynamic borate complexation and on-line sweeping occurred simultaneously during a run. The operating parameters which affected the performance of analyte sweeping in nonionic MEEKC were examined in terms of borate complexation, ACN content, Brij-35 concentration and sample plug length. In addition, the validation of the method included tests of the limit of detection, reproducibility and sensitivity enhancement. 60-110-Fold of magnitude improvement in detection sensitivity for model compounds (ginsenoside Rf, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Re) using Brij-35 microemulsion was demonstrated. Furthermore, the method was applied to the determination of glucosides in the plant extract.
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Wu CH, Chen TH, Wang GR, Huang KP, Liu CY. Retention Behavior of Highly Hydrophobic, Structurally Related Corticosteroids with SDS Based Microemulsion. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902768088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hung Wu
- a Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Hsien Chen
- a Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ren Wang
- a Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Pin Huang
- a Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Ying Liu
- a Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
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Ortner K, Buchberger W, Himmelsbach M. Capillary electrokinetic chromatography of insulin and related synthetic analogues. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2953-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 10/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cao J, Qi LW, Chen J, Li P. Pressure and electrokinetic injections for on-line sample stacking neutral analytes in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography with salt-containing matrixes. Electrophoresis 2009; 29:4422-30. [PMID: 18942679 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An on-line technique for pressure and electrokinetic injections of long sample plugs with simultaneous stacking of neutral analytes (notoginsenoside R(1), ginsenoside Rg(1), ginsenoside Rf, ginsenoside Rh(1), ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rg3) in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography is presented. The effects of salt concentration, sample plug length, organic modification of the sample matrix, oil phase and SDS concentration on stacking efficiency were examined in order to optimize the two injection methods. In microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography, the effect of the type of oil and SDS content on stacking mechanism is often sophisticated. This study had demonstrated that the oil type and SDS content in microemulsion indeed markedly altered the affinity of microemulsion with analytes. Finally, in comparison with the electrokinetic injection method, the most apparent disadvantages of the pressure injection method were the relatively high LOD and poor reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, PR China
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Henchoz Y, Bard B, Guillarme D, Carrupt PA, Veuthey JL, Martel S. Analytical tools for the physicochemical profiling of drug candidates to predict absorption/distribution. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:707-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2634-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cao J, Qi LW, Liu EH, Zhang WD, Li P. Separation and on-line preconcentration by stacking and sweeping of charged analytes in the plant by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography with nonionic surfactants. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:475-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Terabe S. Capillary separation: micellar electrokinetic chromatography. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2009; 2:99-120. [PMID: 20636055 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.113005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), a separation mode of capillary electrophoresis (CE), has enabled the separation of electrically neutral analytes. MEKC can be performed by adding an ionic micelle to the running solution of CE without modifying the instrument. Its separation principle is based on the differential migration of the ionic micelles and the bulk running buffer under electrophoresis conditions and on the interaction between the analyte and the micelle. Hence, MEKC's separation principle is similar to that of chromatography. MEKC is a useful technique particularly for the separation of small molecules, both neutral and charged, and yields high-efficiency separation in a short time with minimum amounts of sample and reagents. To improve the concentration sensitivity of detection, several on-line sample preconcentration techniques such as sweeping have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Terabe
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
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38
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Enantioseparation of esbiothrin by cyclodextrin-modified microemulsion and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3911-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Chiral separation by capillary electromigration techniques. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1204:140-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Otieno AC, Mwongela SM. Capillary electrophoresis-based methods for the determination of lipids--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 624:163-74. [PMID: 18706322 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a high-resolution technique for the separation of complex biological and chemical mixtures. CE continues to emerge as a powerful tool in the determination of lipids. Here we review the analytical potential of CE for the determination of a wide range of lipids. The different classes of lipids are introduced, and the different modes of CE and optimization methods for the separation of lipids are described. The advantages and disadvantages of the different modes of CE compared to traditional methods like gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) in the determination of lipids are discussed. Finally, the potential of CE in the determination of lipids in the future is illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Otieno
- Department of Chemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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41
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Moliner-Martínez Y, Barrios M, Cárdenas S, Valcárcel M. Comparative study of carbon nanotubes and C60 fullerenes as pseudostationary phases in electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1194:128-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Ward
- Millsaps College 1701 North State Street, Box 150306, Jackson, Mississippi 39210, USA.
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43
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Koike R, Kitagawa F, Otsuka K. Separation of nonionic compounds by electrokinetic chromatography using an inorganic layered compound as a pseudostationary phase. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:829-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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Quantitative structure–retention (property) relationships in micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1182:1-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2007] [Revised: 11/24/2007] [Accepted: 12/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Xia Z, Jiang X, Mu X, Chen H. Improvement of microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography for measuring octanol–water partition coefficients. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:835-42. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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46
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Quantitative determination of drug encapsulation in poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1178:248-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2007] [Revised: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Reviews in the Spotlight: J. Sep. Sci. 16/2007. J Sep Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200790063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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48
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Wu CH, Chen TH, Huang KP, Wang GR, Liu CY. Separation of corticosteroids by microemulsion EKC with diethylL-tartrate as the oil phase. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3691-6. [PMID: 17893939 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel microemulsion based on a mixture of diethyl L-tartrate (DET) and SDS was developed for the microemulsion EKC (MEEKC) determination of structurally related steroids. The system consisted of 0.5% w/w DET, 1.7% w/w SDS, 1.2% w/w 1-butanol, 89.6% w/w phosphate buffer (40 mM, pH 7.0), and 7% w/w ACN. With an applied voltage of +10 kV, a baseline separation of aldosterone (A), cortisone acetate (CA), dexamethasone (D), hydrocortisone (H), hydrocortisone acetate (HA), prednisolone (P), prednisolone acetate (PA), prednisone (Ps), triamcinolone (T), and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) could be achieved. Under the optimized conditions, the reproducibility of the retention time (n = 4) for most of the compounds was less than +/-0.8% with the exception of A, Ps, and T. The average number of theoretical plates was 18 800 plates/m. The results were compared with those achieved by the modified micellar EKC (MEKC). MEEKC showed obvious advantages over MEKC for the separation of highly hydrophobic substances. To further evaluate the system, we tested the MEEKC method by analyzing corticosteroids in a spiked urine sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hung Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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49
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Poouthree K, Soonthorntantikul W, Leepipatpiboon N, Petsom A, Nhujak T. Comparison of resolution in microemulsion EKC and MEKC employing suppressed electroosmosis: Application to bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether and its derivatives. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3705-11. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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50
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Nilsson C, Birnbaum S, Nilsson S. Use of nanoparticles in capillary and microchip electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1168:212-24; discussion 211. [PMID: 17719051 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 05/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Applications of nanoparticles are of rising interest in separation science, due to their favorable surface-to-volume ratio as well as their applicability in miniaturization. A stationary phase with large surface area in combination with an electroosmotic flow-driven system has great potential in a highly efficient separation system. This review covers the use of various nanoparticles as stationary or pseudostationary phase in capillary and microchip electrochromatography. The use of nanoparticles in pseudostationary phase capillary electrochromatography and open-tubular capillary electrochromatography are thoroughly discussed. The stationary and pseudostationary phases that are described include polymer nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Nilsson
- Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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