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Elmazny A, Alkharisi MAA, Ibrahim YSJ, Albarakati ABA, Almutairi SS, Altalhi LA, Darwish EM, Magdy R, Elsebaie EH, Dahshan A. Public misconceptions and attitudes towards persons diagnosed with epilepsy in the Kingdom of Bahrain: A cross-sectional study. Epilepsy Behav 2024; 153:109731. [PMID: 38452516 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.109731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite significant advancements in the understanding and treatment of epilepsy, the quality of life for persons diagnosed with Epilepsy (PdwE) can still be negatively impacted due to prevalent misconceptions and societal attitudes. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, misconceptions, and attitudes towards epilepsy in Bahrain. METHODS This cross-sectional study involved 1079 participants aged ≥ 18 years living in Bahrain. Data collection occurred between June and December 2023 through an online questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of four sections: sociodemographic characteristics, sources of information, knowledge about epilepsy, and attitudes toward PdwE. RESULTS Most participants (1063 out of 1179) were familiar with epilepsy, with social media being the main source of information (56.7%). While 75.6% correctly recognized epilepsy as a nervous system disorder. About 30% of participants believed that body shaking and falling to the ground were the only types of seizures. In terms of attitudes, 47.9% believed that PdwE could achieve high levels of education, but 40% thought they might face job loss due to their condition. Additionally, 27.5% disagreed with the idea of marrying someone with epilepsy or allowing a family member to do so. Being female, young, highly educated, and having a family member with epilepsy were associated with significantly more positive attitudes compared to other groups. CONCLUSION The studied sample of the Bahraini public demonstrated a satisfactory level of knowledge about epilepsy. However, they still held certain misconceptions that could impact their attitudes towards PdwE. Community awareness campaigns can address this knowledge gap and reduce epilepsy stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Elmazny
- Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine and Medical Science, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain; Neurology Department, Faculty of medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Enas Mostafa Darwish
- College of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Bahrain, Bahrain; Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Rehab Magdy
- Neurology Department, Faculty of medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Eman Hany Elsebaie
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Dahshan
- Neurology Department, Faculty of medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Iderdar Y, Arraji M, Al Wachami N, Boumendil K, Mourajid Y, Saad E, Chahboune M. Misconceptions about traumatic brain injury among nursing students: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Educ Pract 2024; 76:103934. [PMID: 38461592 DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2024.103934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate nursing students' potential misconceptions about traumatic brain injuries and the relationship between these misconceptions and students' sociodemographic characteristics. BACKGROUND Although traumatic brain injuries have severe consequences, misconceptions about traumatic brain injury are widespread among healthcare professionals. Studying misconceptions about traumatic brain injury among nursing students can help enhance nursing curricula for better traumatic brain injury care and rehabilitation. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional observational study reported according to the STROBE guideline. METHODS We conducted a survey among nursing students in Morocco using a questionnaire "Common Misconceptions about Traumatic Brain Injury". A total of 550 nursing students from multiple nursing institutes in different cities in Morocco participated in the study. We calculated the average percentage of misconceptions for 7 different questionnaire domains. To study the relationship between misconceptions and sociodemographic factors, we used a t-test for independent samples and ANOVA, considering the total score for each participant. RESULTS Out of the 550 nursing students who participated in the study, most were female and the 20-21 years old category represented two-thirds of our sample. The domain related to "Amnesia" had the highest rate of misconceptions, followed by "Recovery", while the "brain damage" domain had the lowest rate of misconceptions. The overall mean score of misconceptions was higher than the value defined in our study as a reference cut-off. Interestingly, there were significant differences in the total score of misconceptions based on variables such as age, state of origin, city of the Institute and year of study. CONCLUSIONS Misconceptions about traumatic brain injuries were prevalent among nursing students, which could have a negative impact on patient assessment, treatment and education. The findings indicate the need to improve the level of knowledge related to traumatic brain injury among nursing students and to strengthen the nursing curriculum in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Iderdar
- Hassan First University of Settat, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Health Technologies, Settat 26000, Morocco.
| | - Maryem Arraji
- Hassan First University of Settat, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Health Technologies, Settat 26000, Morocco
| | - Nadia Al Wachami
- Hassan First University of Settat, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Health Technologies, Settat 26000, Morocco
| | - Karima Boumendil
- Hassan First University of Settat, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Health Technologies, Settat 26000, Morocco
| | - Yassmine Mourajid
- Hassan First University of Settat, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Health Technologies, Settat 26000, Morocco
| | - Elmadani Saad
- Hassan First University of Settat, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Health Technologies, Settat 26000, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Chahboune
- Hassan First University of Settat, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Health Technologies, Settat 26000, Morocco
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Buhler AV, Gibbard RS, Caranto AA. Tolerance, physical dependence, and addiction: Knowledge gaps and misconceptions of first-year pharmacy students. Curr Pharm Teach Learn 2024; 16:87-92. [PMID: 38158333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Misconceptions related to terminology used in the diagnosis and treatment of substance use disorders are common among healthcare providers and may contribute to inappropriate management and education of patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate baseline knowledge of addiction, tolerance, and physical dependence in first-year pharmacy students completing a unit on the neurobiological basis of addiction. METHODS Students were asked to define the terms addiction, tolerance, and dependence at the beginning of a didactic unit on nervous system pathophysiology and pharmacology. Handwritten responses were transcribed to a spreadsheet and deidentified by sequential assignment to a single numeric identifier. Data were analyzed by three reviewers through open coding and thematic analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the results. RESULTS One hundred eighty-seven individual student submitted responses were included in the analysis. Many students were unable to provide a substantive definition for the terms physical dependence (32%) and addiction (27%). The definition of tolerance was partially correct in >80% of student responses, though no students provided a complete description. Approximately 5% of students defined physical dependence as addiction, and > 18% incorrectly attributed withdrawal symptoms to addiction. CONCLUSIONS Significant knowledge gaps or misconceptions regarding terminology related to substance use disorder exists among first-year pharmacy students despite continuing efforts within professional organizations to develop consensus definitions. Developing effective teaching methods to identify and correct misinformation and preconceptions related to care for patients with substance use disorders should continue to be a priority for pharmacy educators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber V Buhler
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, 222 SE 8th Ave., Suite 451, Hillsboro, OR 97123, United States.
| | - Ryan S Gibbard
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, 222 SE 8th Ave., Suite 451, Hillsboro, OR 97123, United States.
| | - Andrew A Caranto
- Kaiser Permanente Mt. Talbert Medical Office, 10100 SE Sunnyside Rd, Clackamas, OR 97015, United States.
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Yimer A, Kebede Kassaw AA, Surur S, Mussa E. Prevalence of misconception about HIV/AIDS transmission and associated factors among reproductive age women in Ethiopia: a nationwide study. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:54. [PMID: 38184543 PMCID: PMC10770967 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08884-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misconceptions and myths are still the bottlenecks for the prevention of HIV/AIDS transmission in developing countries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of misconception about HIV transmission among reproductive age groups using the most recently available Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveydata. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was done using the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016 data set. The data analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to identify associated factors of misconception about HIV/AIDS transmission. A p-value of < 0.05 and an adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval were considered to confirm a statistically significant association. RESULTS From the sample of 11,425 reproductive-age women, the prevalence of misconception about HIV/AIDS transmission among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia was 27.47%. Women residing in rural area [AOR:1.24; 95% CI: 1.03-1.75] compared to urban resident participants, attended primary education [AOR:0.58;95%CI: 0.49-0.68], attended secondary education [AOR:0.36;95%CI:0.29-0.46], attended higher education [AOR:0.24;95%CI: 0.18-0.32] compared to those participants without education, had history of HIV test [AOR:0.77; 95%CI: 0.67-0.88] compared to their counterpart, respondents living in Amhara region [AOR:0.44:95% CI:0.35-0.54], Benishangul [AOR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.25-0.46], SNNPR [AOR:0.50; 95% CI: 0.38-0.67], Gambela [AOR:0.57; 95% CI: 0.42-0.79], Harari [AOR:0.62; 95% CI: 0.46-0.82], Addis Ababa [AOR:0.63; 95% CI: 0.49-0.81] compared to those living in Tigray and having richest wealth status[AOR:0.57;95% CI: 1.457-4.078] compared to those whose wealth index was poorest were significantly associated with the misconception about HIV transmission. CONCLUSION Over all the prevalence of misconception about HIV/AIDS transmission among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia was high. Residence, educational level, wealth index, region, and respondents who ever tested for HIV were significantly associated with the misconception about HIV/AIDS transmission. This high misconception could affect HIV/AIDS transmission and its prevention strategies unless timely and appropriate intervention should be taken. Strengthening strategies aimed at maximizing HIV/AIDS testing, scaling up educational status, and emphasizing regional-wide interventions might have a substantial contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yimer
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Abdul-Aziz Kebede Kassaw
- Department of Health Informatics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.
| | - Sebwedin Surur
- Department of statistics, College of natural and computational sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Endris Mussa
- Department of Software Engineering, College of Informatics, Wollo University, Kombolcha, Ethiopia
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Sornpom J, Suwannatrai AT, Suwannatrai K, Kelly M, Thinkhamrop K. Influence of misconceptions and inappropriate eating behaviors on Opisthorchis viverrini infection among at-risk populations undergoing cholangiocarcinoma screening in Northeastern Thailand. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:3131-3138. [PMID: 37855971 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Raw or undercooked freshwater fish consumption contributes to persistent Opisthorchis viverrini infection in Northeast Thailand. This study aims to assess the relationship between misconceptions, unhealthy eating habits, and O. viverrini infection. Data were obtained from the Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program in Northeast Thailand from 2019 to 2021. Participants were screened for O. viverrini annually over the following 2 years using the Kato-Katz technique. Misconceptions and unhealthy eating habits were assessed through questionnaires. The relationship between these factors and O. viverrini infection was evaluated using adjusted risk ratios (ARRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from generalized estimating equations under binomial regression framework. Of 5375 participants screened for O. viverrini over 3 years, infection rates were 21.53%, 10.7%, and 4.6% each year, respectively. Out of those, 636 participants responded to questions regarding misconceptions. Results showed that participants who believed in the efficacy of putting lime or red ants in Koi pla (raw fish salad) or eating Koi pla with white whiskey to kill parasites, and early-stage cholangiocarcinoma can be cured, were 41% (ARR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.03-1.94) and 57% (ARR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.06-2.33), respectively, more likely to be infected with O. viverrini. Our study confirms that belief in using lime or red ants in Koi pla or eating Koi pla with white whiskey to make it cooked, or early-stage cholangiocarcinoma can be cured, increases O. viverrini infection risk in high-risk populations. Changing health beliefs and eating habits is necessary to reduce O. viverrini infection and its risk to cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenwit Sornpom
- Doctor of Public Health Program, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Apiporn T Suwannatrai
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kulwadee Suwannatrai
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Matthew Kelly
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kavin Thinkhamrop
- Doctor of Public Health Program, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute (CARI), Khon Kaen, Thailand.
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
- Health and Epidemiology Geoinformatics Research (HEGER), Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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Elshami M, Ismail IO, Alser M, Al-Slaibi I, Ghithan RJ, Usrof FD, Qawasmi MAM, Okshiya HM, Shurrab NRS, Mahfouz II, Fannon AA, Hawa MRM, Giacaman N, Ahmaro M, Zaatreh RK, AbuKhalil WA, Melhim NK, Madbouh RJ, Hziema HJA, Lahlooh RAA, Ubaiat SN, Jaffal NA, Alawna RK, Abed SN, Abuzahra BNA, Kwaik AJA, Dodin MH, Taha RO, Alashqar DM, Mobarak RAAF, Smerat T, Albarqi SI, Abu-El-Noor N, Bottcher B. Common myths and misconceptions about breast cancer causation among Palestinian women: a national cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2370. [PMID: 38031084 PMCID: PMC10688078 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discussion about breast cancer (BC) causation continues to be surrounded by a number of myths and misbeliefs. If efforts are misdirected towards reducing risk from false mythical causes, individuals might be less likely to consider and adopt risk-reducing behaviors for evidence-based BC causes. This national study aimed to assess the awareness of BC causation myths and misbeliefs among Palestinian women, and examine the factors associated with having good awareness. METHODS This national cross-sectional study recruited adult women from government hospitals, primary healthcare centers, and public spaces in 11 governorates in Palestine. A modified version of the Cancer Awareness Measure-Mythical Causes Scale was used to collect data. The level of awareness of BC causation myths was determined based on the number of myths recognized to be incorrect: poor (0-5), fair (6-10), or good (11-15). RESULTS A total of 5,257 questionnaires were included. Only 269 participants (5.1%) demonstrated good awareness (i.e., recognizing more than 10 out of 15 BC mythical causes). There were no notable differences in displaying good awareness between the main areas of Palestine, the Gaza Strip and the West Bank and Jerusalem (5.1% vs. 5.1%). Having chronic disease as well as visiting hospitals and primary healthcare centers were associated with a decrease in the likelihood of displaying good awareness. Myths related to food were less frequently recognized as incorrect than food-unrelated myths. 'Eating burnt food' was the most recognized food-related myth (n = 1414, 26.9%), while 'eating food containing additives' was the least recognized (n = 599, 11.4%). 'Having a physical trauma' was the most recognized food-unrelated myth (n = 2795, 53.2%), whereas the least recognized was 'wearing tight bra' (n = 1018, 19.4%). CONCLUSIONS A very small proportion of Palestinian women could recognize 10 or more myths around BC causation. There is a substantial need to include clear information about BC causation in future educational interventions besides focusing on BC screening, signs and symptoms, and risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamedraed Elshami
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Ministry of Health, Gaza, Palestine.
| | | | - Mohammed Alser
- United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA), Gaza, Palestine
| | | | | | - Faten Darwish Usrof
- Department of a Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza City, Palestine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Manar Ahmaro
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nour Ali Jaffal
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tasneem Smerat
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Palestine Polytechnic University, Hebron, Palestine
| | | | | | - Bettina Bottcher
- Faculty of Medicine, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine
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Khaled SAA, Elzembely MM, Soliman AMA, Shwakat N, Rafaat N, Malek MA, Abdelmageed ES. Effective and Elaborative Induction Program for Mitigating Myths and Misconceptions Linked to Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in a Resource Limited Setting. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2023; 39:598-609. [PMID: 37786824 PMCID: PMC10542043 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-023-01634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first transplant in 1957 and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the curative modality for numerous hematological disorders. Nevertheless, it is not available for all patients. Besides unavailability of matched donors a lot of factors could hinder HSCT in a resource limited setting, as financial and administrative factors. In our daily practice we noticed other factors that hinder HSCT in our center, the common myths and misconceptions about HSCT and donation. This quasi-experimental study assessed, for the first time, common myths and misconceptions about HSCT among 218 medical and nursing students before and after an interventional educational program. The study tool was an investigators' developed self-administered questionnaire. Participants' male to female ratio was 1:2.5, and FAS was middle in 52.7%. Pretest high myths scores were reported in 53.4% and 90% of medical and nursing students that was reduced to 0% and 4% post-test, respectively. Pretest, 26.3% and 7% of medical and nursing students welling to donate HSC, that increased to 66% and 39% post-test, respectively. Rural residency, low and middle FAS associated with higher myths scores. Myths score is an independent effector of willingness to donate HSC among participants. In conclusion medical/nursing students had significant myths and misconceptions about HSCT that was corrected with the educational program. Thus, wide based educational programs about HSCT are mandatory to correct myths and augment HSC donation. www.clinicaltrrial.gov: clinical trial ID NCT05151406. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12288-023-01634-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa A. A. Khaled
- Department of Internal Medicine-Clinical Hematology Unit, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
- Unit of Bone Marrow Transplantation, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Elzembely
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M. A. Soliman
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nahed Shwakat
- Department of Nursing Administration, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nashwa Rafaat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Esmat S. Abdelmageed
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Prabhudessai S, Gaunkar R, Kamat AK, Pednekar G, Cacodcar JA. Misconceptions Regarding Essential Oral Health Care Amongst Pregnant Women Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in the State of Goa, India: A Descriptive Study. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2023; 73:30-36. [PMID: 37916011 PMCID: PMC10615994 DOI: 10.1007/s13224-023-01793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background of the Study Myths regarding oral health are extensively prevalent and have considerable impact on pregnant women's dental behaviour and practices. Thus, this study sought to understand misconceptions (pregnancy and early childhood oral care) and their determinants amongst pregnant women. Methods A questionnaire designed to assess the participants' demographics, parity, oral health behaviour and misconceptions was administered to 305 pregnant women attending antenatal care. Oral health (DMFT, bleeding on probing and periodontal pocket) was examined. Independent t test, analysis of variance and linear regression were used for statistical computations. Results Early childhood myths (5.54 ± 1.87) were more prevalent amongst the study population than pregnancy-related myths (3.28 ± 1.89). Bivariate analysis exhibited that myths were significantly more prevalent in mothers who were ≤ 30 years of age (8.79 ± 2.565), primi parous (8.90 ± 2.141), illiterate (9.07 ± 2.764) and who had never visited a dentist (8.46 ± 2.016). Both pregnancy and early childhood myth scores were positively correlated to DMFT (p = 0.00; p = 0.031). Educational status and age were significant negative predictors of myths with p values of 0.00 and 0.34, respectively. Parity emerged as the only significant positive predictor (p = 0.002). Conclusion The high prevalence of myths in the present study advocates that standardized, culturally appropriate and simple educational messages need to be developed and delivered to break these misconceptions. Minimum one visit to a dental surgeon during second trimester should be advocated and encouraged for all pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachi Prabhudessai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bmabolim, Goa India
| | - Ridhima Gaunkar
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa India
| | - Amita Kenkre Kamat
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa India
| | | | - Jagadish A. Cacodcar
- Department of Community Medicine, Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bmabolim, Goa India
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Kalata M, Richards M, Sheeder J. Negative Perceptions and Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive Choice in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2023; 36:465-471. [PMID: 36934799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) have high rates of safety, satisfaction, and continuation in adolescents and young adults (AYAs). Despite this, utilization of these methods by AYAs is low. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the negative personal perceptions or beliefs about birth control and LARCs and their association with contraceptive use in AYAs. METHODS We surveyed young people (14-24 years old) seeking care at a Title X-supported adolescent reproductive and sexual health clinic to assess negative perceptions of birth control methods, with an emphasis on LARCs. We used appropriate bivariate statistics to compare those endorsing 3 or fewer negative perceptions with those who had more than 3 and logistic regression to identify predictors of contraceptive choice. RESULTS We recruited 345 participants; 337 (97.7%) completed the survey. Among respondents, the median age was 20 (range 14-24) years, and 7.04% of participants had ever been pregnant. The most commonly held negative perceptions were fear of device migration or breakage causing adverse health effects and concern about effect on future fertility. The number of negative perceptions endorsed did not differ significantly by age. However, a greater number of negative perceptions and younger age were clinical predictors of LARC nonuse. CONCLUSION AYAs have negative perceptions about LARCs that are often inaccurate and may limit contraceptive acceptability and perceived options. Engaged and respectful dialogue with AYAs about their concerns and fears is essential to provide accurate and patient-centered contraceptive counseling and to ensure that young people can make informed contraceptive choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Kalata
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Molly Richards
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jeanelle Sheeder
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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Dumontheil I, Wilkinson HR, Farran EK, Smid C, Modhvadia R, Mareschal D. How Do Executive Functions Influence Children's Reasoning About Counterintuitive Concepts in Mathematics and Science? J Cogn Enhanc 2023; 7:257-275. [PMID: 38186609 PMCID: PMC10770252 DOI: 10.1007/s41465-023-00271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Many scientific and mathematical concepts are counterintuitive because they conflict with misleading perceptual cues or incorrect naive theories that we build from our everyday experiences of the world. Executive functions (EFs) influence mathematics and science achievement, and inhibitory control (IC), in particular, might facilitate counterintuitive reasoning. Stop & Think (S&T) is a computerised learning activity that trains IC skills. It has been found effective in improving primary children's mathematics and science academic performance in a large scale RCT trial (Palak et al., 2019; Wilkinson et al., Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 4, 296-314, 2020). The current study aimed to investigate the role of EFs and the moderating effects of S&T training on counterintuitive mathematics and science reasoning. A sample of 372 children in school Years 3 (7- to 8-year-olds) and 5 (9- to 10-year-olds) were allocated to S&T, active control or teaching as usual conditions, and completed tasks assessing verbal and visuospatial working memory (WM), IC, IQ, and counterintuitive reasoning, before and after training. Cross-sectional associations between counterintuitive reasoning and EF were found in Year 5 children, with evidence of a specific role of verbal WM. The intervention benefited counterintuitive reasoning in Year 3 children only and EF measures were not found to predict which children would most benefit from the intervention. Combined with previous research, these results suggest that individual differences in EF play a lesser role in counterintuitive reasoning in younger children, while older children show a greater association between EFs and counterintuitive reasoning and are able to apply the strategies developed during the S&T training to mathematics and science subjects. This work contributes to understanding why specifically the S&T intervention is effective. This work was preregistered with the ISRCTN registry (TRN: 54726482) on 10/10/2017. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41465-023-00271-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iroise Dumontheil
- Centre for Educational Neuroscience, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, Henry Wellcome Building, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX UK
| | - Hannah R. Wilkinson
- Centre for Educational Neuroscience, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, Henry Wellcome Building, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX UK
| | - Emily K. Farran
- Centre for Educational Neuroscience, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Claire Smid
- Centre for Educational Neuroscience, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Roshni Modhvadia
- Centre for Educational Neuroscience, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Denis Mareschal
- Centre for Educational Neuroscience, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, Henry Wellcome Building, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX UK
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11
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Geagea D, Ogez D, Kimble R, Tyack Z. Demystifying hypnosis: Unravelling facts, exploring the historical roots of myths, and discerning what is hypnosis. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2023; 52:101776. [PMID: 37402329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypnosis, a mind-body treatment dating back to early human history, has regained attention in the last decade, with research suggesting its effectiveness for varied physiological and psychological ailments such as distress, pain, and psychosomatic disorders. However, myths and misconceptions have prevailed among the general public and clinicians, hindering the adoption and acceptance of hypnosis. It is important to distinguish myths from facts and discern what is hypnosis and what is not to enhance the understanding, acceptance, and adoption of hypnotic interventions. METHODS This narrative review traces the history of myths surrounding hypnosis in contrast to the evolution of hypnosis as a treatment modality. In addition to comparing hypnosis to other interventions with similar procedures and features, the review unravels misconceptions that have impeded the adoption and acceptance of hypnosis in clinical and research settings and presents evidence to demystify this intervention. RESULTS This review examines the roots of myths while presenting historical facts and evidence that support hypnosis as a treatment modality and alleviate misconceptions depicting it as mystical. Further, the review distinguishes hypnotic and non-hypnotic interventions with overlapping procedures and phenomenological features to enhance our understanding of hypnotic techniques and phenomena. CONCLUSION This review enhances the understanding of hypnosis in historical, clinical, and research contexts by disproving related myths and misconceptions to promote the adoption of hypnosis in clinical and research contexts. Further, this review highlights knowledge gaps requiring further investigations to steer research toward an evidence-based practice of hypnosis and optimise multimodal therapies embedding hypnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Geagea
- Child Health Research Centre, Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - David Ogez
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Roy Kimble
- Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research, Queensland Children's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zephanie Tyack
- Child Health Research Centre, Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Australian Centre for Health Service Innovation and Centre for Healthcare Transformation, School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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12
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Yu JRT, Shuaib U, Mate KKV, Kaur H, Sonneborn C, Hogue O, Morrison J, Yu XX. Identifying misconceptions and knowledge gaps in functional neurological disorders among emergency care providers. J Clin Neurosci 2023; 114:81-88. [PMID: 37329664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional Neurologic Disorders (FND) are a common but heterogeneous group of disabling conditions. The Emergency Department (ED) is an important venue for care and referral as it is often the first point of contact when patients with FND are faced with a crisis or exacerbation of symptoms. METHODS ED providers (n = 273) practicing in the Cleveland Clinic Foundation Northeast Ohio network were invited to participate through secure web application electronic surveys. Data were collected on practice profiles, knowledge, attitudes, management of FND, and awareness of available resources for FND. RESULTS Sixty providers completed the survey (22% response rate; n = 50 ED physicians, 10 advanced care providers) with 95.0% (n = 57) reporting a lack of understanding about FND. The terms Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures and stress induced/stress related disease were used by 60.0% (n = 36) and 58.3% (n = 35) respectively. Ninety percent (n = 53) rated their experience with managing FND patients as at least more difficult. Eighty- five percent (n = 51) agreed with "rule out others" and 60% (n = 36) agreed with "caused by psych stress". Eighty six percent (n = 50) believe that there is a difference between FND from malingering. Only one respondent was familiar with any FND resources and 79% (n = 47) reported the need for FND specific educational materials. CONCLUSION This survey revealed major gaps in knowledge, inaccurate perceptions, and management that differs from the current standard of care among ED providers caring for patients with FND. Educational opportunities are needed to guide diagnosis and evidence-based treatment to optimize management of patients with FND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeryl Ritzi T Yu
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, United States
| | - Umar Shuaib
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, United States
| | - Kedar K V Mate
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Arizona, United States
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, United States
| | - Claire Sonneborn
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, United States; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, United States
| | - Olivia Hogue
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, United States; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, United States
| | - James Morrison
- Emergency Services Institute & Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, United States
| | - Xin Xin Yu
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH, United States.
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Potvin P, Chastenay P, Thibault F, Riopel M, Ahr E, Brault Foisy LM. An understanding of falling bodies across schooling and experience based on the conceptual prevalence framework. Discip Interdscip Sci Educ Res 2023; 5:8. [PMID: 37305217 PMCID: PMC10249391 DOI: 10.1186/s43031-023-00075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we describe a study conducted online with 953 participants of varying levels of education and, when applicable, science/physics teaching experience. These participants were asked to solve a cognitive task in which many different pairs of objects were presented and to identify which, if any, would touch the ground first when dropped (in atmospheric or non-atmospheric environments). Recorded accuracies and response times allowed us to conduct an analysis based on the conceptual prevalence framework, which posits that the coexistence of conceptual and/or misconceptual resources can produce interference in response production. The results show that the influence of some of them decreases or, more surprisingly, increases with training. In fact, secondary and college physics teachers seem to cultivate some of them, and most likely have contributed to their spread. The implications for teaching and research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Potvin
- Département de Didactique, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Pierre Chastenay
- Département de Didactique, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - François Thibault
- Département de Didactique, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Martin Riopel
- Département de Didactique, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Emmanuel Ahr
- Département de Didactique, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Lorie-Marlène Brault Foisy
- Département de Didactique, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
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14
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Krittanawong C, Rodriguez M, Lui M, Misra A, Tang WHW, Bozkurt B, Yancy CW. Misconceptions and Facts about Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction. Am J Med 2023; 136:422-431. [PMID: 36740210 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2023.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is a significant driver of morbidity and mortality. There are common misconceptions regarding the disease processes underlying heart failure and best practices for therapy. The terms heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and left ventricular systolic dysfunction are not interchangeable terms. Key therapies for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction target the underlying disease processes, not the left ventricular ejection fraction alone. The absence of congestion does not rule out heart failure. Patients with cardiac amyloidosis can also present with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. A rise in serum creatinine in acute heart failure exacerbation is not associated with tubular injury. Guideline directed medical therapy should be continued during acute exacerbations of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and should be started in the same hospitalization in new diagnoses. Marginal blood pressure is not a relative contraindication to optimal guideline directed medical therapy. Guideline directed medical therapy should be continued even if ejection fraction improves. There are other therapies that provide significant benefit besides the four key medications in guideline directed medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Rodriguez
- John T Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Section of Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant, Barnes-Jewish Hospital/Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Mo
| | - Matthew Lui
- John T Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Section of Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant, Barnes-Jewish Hospital/Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Mo
| | - Arunima Misra
- Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio
| | - Biykem Bozkurt
- Winters Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Clyde W Yancy
- Chief, Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
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15
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Parajuli J, Chen ZJ, Walsh A, Williams GR, Sun V, Bakitas M. Knowledge, beliefs, and misconceptions about palliative care among older adults with cancer. J Geriatr Oncol 2023; 14:101378. [PMID: 36182659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Older adults with cancer have high symptom burden and unmet needs and may benefit from palliative care (PC). However, little is known about their knowledge and understanding of PC. This study examined the knowledge, beliefs, and misconceptions about PC in older adults with cancer in the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used data from National Cancer Institute's 2018 wave of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). A total of 370 individuals aged 65 and older with a diagnosis of cancer were included in this study. The outcomes included PC knowledge, goals, and misconceptions. The main predictors included general health status, chronic conditions, functional limitations, and types of cancer. RESULTS About two thirds of the sample (65.31%) did not have any knowledge of PC. Among those who had some knowledge, they had good understanding of PC goals, but also had many misconceptions about PC. Multiple regression analysis showed that older age (p < .001), racial minority (p = .021), and lower education (p = .001) was associated with lacking knowledge of PC. Individuals with some functional limitations tended to have better understanding and fewer misconceptions of PC. DISCUSSION The knowledge about PC is low in older adults with cancer in the US. Educational interventions need to be implemented to increase knowledge and reduce the misconceptions about PC in this population. Increasing knowledge of PC may ultimately lead to increased access to PC and improve the quality of life in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsana Parajuli
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, School of Nursing, Address: 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, United States of America.
| | - Zhuo Job Chen
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, School of Nursing, Address: 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, United States of America.
| | - Amanda Walsh
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Department of Public Health Sciences, Address: 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, United States of America.
| | - Grant R Williams
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Address: 1600 7th Ave S, Lowder 500, Birmingham, AL 35233, United States of America.
| | - Virginia Sun
- Division of Nursing Research and Education, City of Hope, Address: 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, United States of America.
| | - Marie Bakitas
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Nursing, Address: 1720 2(nd) Avenue South, NB 486, Birmingham, AL 35294-1210, United States of America.
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16
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Ruiz-Martin H, Portero-Tresserra M, Martínez-Molina A, Ferrero M. Tenacious educational neuromyths: Prevalence among teachers and an intervention. Trends Neurosci Educ 2022; 29:100192. [PMID: 36470620 DOI: 10.1016/j.tine.2022.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have revealed a common high prevalence of educational neuromyths among teachers from different countries. However, only one intervention aimed at reducing these beliefs among in-service teachers has been reported to date, and it was conducted in a non-naturalistic setting. PROCEDURE In the present study, we administered a survey to measure the prevalence of common neuromyths in a large sample (n = 807) of primary and secondary teachers from 203 schools across Catalonia (Spain), and then we evaluated the impact that a 15-hour online course on neuroscience had on a sample of them as compared to a control group. MAIN FINDINGS Results showed an initial distribution of neuromyth beliefs similar to those of previous studies and a large effect of the intervention on reducing their prevalence shortly after the training and in the long term. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that an intervention addressed to in-service teachers that is low-cost and easy to implement can cast corrective effects that persist over time in neuromyth beliefs.
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17
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Olcaysoy Okten I, Huang T, Oettingen G. Updating false beliefs: The role of misplaced vs. well-placed certainty. Psychon Bull Rev 2022. [PMID: 36266602 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
People can update their misconceptions or false beliefs by learning from corrective sources. However, research has shown that people vary drastically in the extent to which they learn from feedback and update their false beliefs accordingly. That past work drew attention to cognitive and motivational factors such as cognitive rigidity and closed-mindedness as inhibitors of belief updating. Here we examined a novel epistemic structure, misplaced certainty, a subjective sense of certainty while recognizing uncertainty in oneself or most people (e.g., I feel certain although I recognize X is technically uncertain or it is technically uncertain according to most people), as a unique predictor of lower belief updating. In a preregistered study, we hypothesized that those with high chronic misplaced certainty would be less likely to learn from feedback and revise their misconceptions in a feedback-learning task. In our analyses, we controlled for well-placed certainty-certainty while recognizing no doubt in oneself or most others. We also controlled for variables associated with closed-minded cognition. Consistent with our predictions, those with high misplaced certainty were less likely to revise their false beliefs in response to corrective feedback. In contrast, those with high well-placed certainty were more likely to learn from corrective feedback and revise their false beliefs. By shedding light on the nuances of different forms of subjective certainty, the present work aims to pave the way for further research on epistemic factors in the perseverance and correction of false beliefs.
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18
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Soeharto S, Csapó B. Exploring Indonesian student misconceptions in science concepts. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10720. [PMID: 36193523 PMCID: PMC9525911 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the development and the differences in student misconceptions in science based on gender and grade level, and to evaluate the developed two-tier multiple-choice diagnostic test in confirming the test’s validity and reliability. A sample of 856 participants from 10th–12th graders and prospective science teachers were collected. The two-tier multiple-choice diagnostic test with 32 items covering biology, chemistry, and physics was administered to evaluate students’ science misconceptions at the senior high school and university levels. The results met validity and reliability criteria using confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch parameters. The single-factor model has CFI = .973, RMSEA = .006, CI (.001, .014) and SRMR = .017 and the three-factor model has CFI = 0.939, RMSEA = .010, CI (.01, .017) and SRMR = .017. Based on the Rasch parameter, the infit and outfit MNSQ values achieve the acceptable fit (0.96 to 1) with good item reliability (.99) and person reliability (.80). All items have positive PTMA. Student misconceptions had significant differences in terms of grade and gender. We confirmed that prospective science teachers have higher misconceptions than 11th and 12th graders and slightly higher ones than 10th graders. Boys have a better conceptual understanding than girls based on the mean of correct answers. The multiple linear regression with the stepwise method confirmed that gender significantly predicted student misconceptions of science concepts, with 9% of variance explained. This study provided evidence that students and prospective teachers experience various misconceptions about science concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soeharto Soeharto
- Doctoral School of Education, University of Szeged, 30-34, Petőfi S. sgt., Szeged, H-6722, Hungary
- Corresponding author.
| | - Benő Csapó
- Institute of Education, University of Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Research Group on the Development of Competencies, Hungary
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Vayani OR, Lassner JW, Shehata C, Straus CM, Gadde JA. Using a Nationwide Virtual Radiology Student Interest Group to Expand Medical Students' General Awareness, Drive Greater Interest, and Achieve Uniform National Messaging in the Field of Radiology. Acad Radiol 2022; 30:1210-1219. [PMID: 35933283 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2022.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Many medical schools offer minimal exposure to radiology, leading to a decreased understanding of the field and negative perceptions among medical students. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a radiology intensive series piloted by a novel virtual radiology interest group. Specifically, we were interested in how radiologists and medical educators can expand students' general awareness, drive greater interest in the field, and achieve more uniform national messaging across all trainees. MATERIALS AND METHODS We launched a national/international interest group called Radiology Student Interest Group (RadSIG) and piloted the RadSIG Intensive, a series of five events aimed at increasing awareness and dispelling misconceptions among preclinical medical students. Validated pre-intensive and post-intensive surveys were used to ascertain the students' baseline and changed perspectives, respectively. A separate faculty survey was also distributed to understand how they perceived our events. Statistical analysis was carried out on the collected data to identify trends and assess the utility of our programming. RESULTS 205 students completed the pre-intensive survey, and 61 students completed the post-intensive survey. Of the pre-intensive survey respondents, 51.7% (106/205) indicated that they had a limited understanding of what a career in radiology entails. Of those who completed the entire RadSIG Intensive, average 5-point Likert scale scores for understanding of a radiology career rose from 3.30 to 4.38 respectively pre- to post-completion. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed that this difference was statistically significant (Z=-5.95, p<0.001), and that the RadSIG Intensive significantly improved perceptions of radiologists across every single question measured, except for perception of long hours worked (Z=-0.20, p=0.841). The results also showed increased student comfort in reaching out to radiology attendings (Z=-4.30, p<0.001) and residents (Z=-5.12, p<0.001). Faculty survey results indicated positive perceptions of the series. CONCLUSION Our results show that the RadSIG Intensive was effective in increasing students' understanding of radiology as a field and a potential career. Online outreach can also lower the resistance and improve student comfort in reaching out for mentorship, which may provide a new pathway to reach underserved students with a unifying message. By furthering a platform based on voluntary and supplemental resources, we see a far greater potential of impacting the perception and known role of the imager in patient care among our next generation of physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar R Vayani
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Jared W Lassner
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christina Shehata
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Judith A Gadde
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Chicago, Illinois
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Schons C, Obersteiner A, Reinhold F, Fischer F, Reiss K. Developing a Simulation to Foster Prospective Mathematics Teachers' Diagnostic Competencies: the Effects of Scaffolding. J Math Didakt 2022; 44:59-82. [PMID: 36919096 PMCID: PMC9328016 DOI: 10.1007/s13138-022-00210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To assess individual students' abilities and misconceptions in mathematics, teachers need diagnostic competencies. Although research has addressed the quality of teachers' diagnostic competencies in recent years, it is not very clear how to foster these competencies effectively in the course of prospective teachers' university education. Research suggests that simulations with instructional support are promising tools for fostering complex competencies. We have developed a simulation that aims at measuring and fostering prospective primary school teachers' competencies to assess students' mathematical abilities and misconceptions based on their written task solutions. In this study, we analysed data from prospective primary school mathematics teachers who used one of three different versions of the simulation. Two versions contained a specific type of scaffolding, while the third version did not contain scaffolding. Specifically, the two scaffolding types were content-related scaffolding that emphasized the use of specific pedagogical content knowledge, and strategic scaffolding that emphasized diagnostic activities. The results suggest that integrating scaffolding into the simulation did not substantially influence participants' overall perception of the simulation regarding presence, authenticity, or perceived cognitive load. Compared to participants in a control group without intervention, participants who used the simulation with scaffolding had higher diagnostic accuracy regarding overall assessment of students' competence level. However, only content-related scaffolding but not strategic scaffolding or no scaffolding tended to improve participants' competence in identifying students' specific misconceptions. The results provide a first empirical basis for further development of the simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schons
- Heinz Nixdorf-Chair of Mathematics Education, Technical University of Munich, Marsstraße 20, 80335 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Obersteiner
- Heinz Nixdorf-Chair of Mathematics Education, Technical University of Munich, Marsstraße 20, 80335 Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Reinhold
- Institute for Mathematics Education, Freiburg University of Education, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristina Reiss
- Heinz Nixdorf-Chair of Mathematics Education, Technical University of Munich, Marsstraße 20, 80335 Munich, Germany
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Salovich NA, Imundo MN, Rapp DN. Story stimuli for instantiating true and false beliefs about the world. Behav Res Methods 2022. [PMID: 35790682 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01904-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We offer short story (“vignette”) materials that have been developed and tested with the intention of influencing people’s true and false beliefs about the world. First, we present norming data on the baseline rates at which participants from both U.S.-census matched and general U.S. online samples were correctly able to classify a selected set of accurate (e.g., aerobic exercise strengthens your heart and lungs) and inaccurate (e.g., aerobic exercise weakens your heart and lungs) assertions as “True” or “False.” Next, we present data which validate that reading vignettes in which people discuss these accurate and inaccurate assertions influences participants’ subsequent judgments of the validity of the asserted claims. These vignettes are brief, easy-to-read, allow for flexible and accountable online data collection, and reflect realistic accurate and inaccurate claims that people routinely encounter (e.g., preventative health behaviors, use of alternative medicines and therapies, etc.). As intended, vignettes containing inaccurate assertions increased participants’ subsequent judgment errors, while vignettes containing accurate assertions decreased participants’ subsequent judgment errors, both relative to participants’ judgments after not reading related information. In an additional experiment, we used the vignette materials to replicate findings from Salovich et al. (2021), wherein participants reported lower confidence in correct judgments and higher confidence in incorrect judgments after having read inaccurate assertions. Overall, these materials are well suited for investigations on the consequences of exposures to accurate and inaccurate information, address limitations in currently available stimuli, and align with trends in research practice (e.g., online sampling) within psychological science.
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Jada SR, Tionga MS, Siewe Fodjo JN, Carter JY, Logora MY, Colebunders R. Community perception of epilepsy and its treatment in onchocerciasis-endemic villages of Maridi county, western equatoria state, South Sudan. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 127:108537. [PMID: 35026562 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the community's perception of epilepsy and its treatment in onchocerciasis-endemic villages of Maridi County, Western Equatoria State, South Sudan. The study was conducted prior to the setting up of a community-based intervention to manage the important disease burden caused by onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy in these villages. METHOD Five focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted with community leaders and with persons with epilepsy (PWE) and their families between November and December 2019. RESULTS Villages close to the Maridi dam were considered to be most affected by epilepsy. Misconceptions about the cause and treatment of epilepsy were identified. Most people believed that epilepsy is caused by bad spirits and is contagious, transmitted through saliva, air, and contact with PWE. Very few participants were aware of the link between onchocerciasis and epilepsy. Persons with epilepsy are restricted in their day-to-day activities and children with epilepsy are often denied going to school. Persons with epilepsy are stigmatized and seen as unfit for marriage. Most participants considered both traditional and medical treatment as ineffective. Uninterrupted anti-seizure treatment continuously was unaffordable for most families with one or more PWE. CONCLUSION There is a need to establish a comprehensive epilepsy treatment program which addresses misconceptions about epilepsy and reduces epilepsy-related stigma. Explaining the link between onchocerciasis and epilepsy could lead to a reduction in epilepsy-related stigma.
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Paull M, Holmes K, Omari M, Haski-Leventhal D, MacCallum J, Young S, Scott R. Myths and Misconceptions About University Student Volunteering: Development and Perpetuation. Voluntas 2022; 33:833-845. [PMID: 35002100 PMCID: PMC8720551 DOI: 10.1007/s11266-021-00437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines myths and misconceptions about university student volunteering. Our study explored the experiences of students, host organisations and universities participating in volunteering in Australia, identify good practice, and discover barriers to success. A qualitative approach involved 60 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders. Students were often seen as being energetic, having flexible time and having skills associated with their studies. Some organisations, however, viewed students as unreliable, hard to manage and requiring specific programs. Some hosts were viewed as not valuing student volunteers, or not having the capacity to supervise. These perceptions were found to be nuanced. Erroneous myths were seen to develop from a single event, later confirmed by a 'related' event; in scenarios with multiple players, motivations, and complexities. The potential for misconceptions to undermine the true value of student volunteering for all stakeholders is ameliorated when there is common understanding, clear expectation setting, and ongoing dialogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Paull
- Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Kirsten Holmes
- School of Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Curtin University, Bentley, WA Australia
| | - Maryam Omari
- School of Business and Law, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA Australia
| | | | - Judith MacCallum
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Susan Young
- Social Work and Social Policy, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA Australia
| | - Rowena Scott
- Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA Australia
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Gupta AA, Self M, Mueller M, Wardi G, Tainter C. Dispelling myths and misconceptions about the treatment of acute hyperkalemia. Am J Emerg Med 2021; 52:85-91. [PMID: 34890894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperkalemia represents a widespread and potentially lethal condition that affects millions of people across their lives. Despite the prevalence and severity of the condition, there are no consensus guidelines on the treatment of hyperkalemia or even a standard definition. Herein, we provide a succinct review of what we believe to be the most significant misconceptions encountered in the emergency care of hyperkalemia, examine current available literature, and discuss practical points on several modalities of hyperkalemia treatment. Additionally, we review the pathophysiology of the electrocardiographic effects of hyperkalemia and how intravenous calcium preparations can antagonize these effects. We conclude each section with recommendations to aid emergency physicians in making safe and efficacious choices for the treatment of acute hyperkalemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnav A Gupta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 200 W. Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92013, USA.
| | - Michael Self
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 200 W. Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92013, USA; Division of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at San Diego, 200 W. Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92013, USA
| | - Matthew Mueller
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 200 W. Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92013, USA; Division of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at San Diego, 200 W. Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92013, USA
| | - Gabriel Wardi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 200 W. Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92013, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 200 W. Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92013, USA
| | - Christopher Tainter
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 200 W. Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92013, USA; Division of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at San Diego, 200 W. Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92013, USA
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Demetrio GR, Jacobina UP, Barão KR. The Impact of Life Philosophy and Major Field of Study on Brazilian Students' Knowledge of Biological Evolution. Sci Educ (Dordr) 2021; 32:19-36. [PMID: 34690434 PMCID: PMC8520115 DOI: 10.1007/s11191-021-00286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Evolutionary theory (ET) is the unifying theory of Life Sciences, but it is largely misunderstood and the target of dispute in many countries, mainly because of conflicts with religious beliefs. Brazil is a country with a culture that is deeply rooted belief in God. In this paper, we report a study in Brazil where we applied a 12-question questionnaire to understand the relationship among the major field of study and the self-declared religious and philosophical context on the knowledge of evolutionary theory by Brazilian freshmen. We answer the following questions: (1) Is there a difference in ET comprehension according to the major field of study? (2) Are religious and philosophical contexts related to the comprehension of ET? (3) Are major field of study and religious/philosophical contexts together related to the comprehension of ET by Brazilian freshmen? A total of 153 freshmen students answered our questionnaire. Students from the Biological Sciences fared better than students from most other major field of study but were equal to students of Humanities. The philosophical perception of life had a major correlation with their knowledge about evolution, with self-declared atheists and agnostics showing better performance than religious students. There were no clear trends in the interaction of major field of study and philosophy of life. We discuss these results in the light of the rising ideological activism in Brazilian society since philosophy of life was the main driver of evolutionary theory perception. We highlight the importance of scientists and teachers in reassuring the role of science and scientific knowledge in modern societies. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11191-021-00286-z.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim Ribeiro Barão
- Unidade Educacional Penedo, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Penedo, AL Brazil
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Furlough K, Miner H, Crijns TJ, Jayakumar P, Ring D, Koenig K. What factors are associated with perceived disease onset in patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis? J Orthop 2021; 26:88-93. [PMID: 34341628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Newly symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) is often misinterpreted as new pathology or injury, which is associated with pain intensity and incapability. Methods Adult patients with hip and knee OA completed measures of catastrophic thinking, depression, capability, symptom duration, and perceived injury. Results Symptom duration was associated with OA grade and symptoms of depression. Perceived injury was common (31%) and associated with men and knee arthritis. Capability was associated with misinterpretation of symptoms and the work status 'other,' but not radiographic severity. Conclusions Misinterpretation of OA symptoms is common and has a greater influence on capability than radiographic grade of pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Furlough
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Harrison Miner
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tom J Crijns
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Prakash Jayakumar
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - David Ring
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Karl Koenig
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Bou Nasif M, Koubeissi M, Azar NJ. Epilepsy - from mysticism to science. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2021; 177:1047-1058. [PMID: 34218946 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of epilepsy has been in progressive evolution since Antiquity, with scientific advances culminating in the last few decades. Throughout history, epilepsy was plagued by mystical misconceptions involving either demonic possessions, witchcraft, or divine interventions. This has frequently altered or even halted any real progress in its scientific understanding or its social perception. This metaphysical context is also at the core of the stigma revolving around this condition, some of which still lingering today. This review explores the origins of these mystical beliefs, and describes the chronological evolution of epilepsy from mysticism to science across different civilizations and eras.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bou Nasif
- Department of Neurology, George-Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M Koubeissi
- Department of Neurology, George-Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - N J Azar
- Realtime Tele-epilepsy Consultants, 37203 Nashville, TN, USA
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Islam A, Pakrashi D, Vlassopoulos M, Wang LC. Stigma and misconceptions in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic: A field experiment in India. Soc Sci Med 2021; 278:113966. [PMID: 33940435 PMCID: PMC8080503 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A hidden cost of the COVID-19 pandemic is the stigma associated with the disease for those infected and groups that are considered as more likely to be infected. This paper examines whether the provision of accurate and focused information about COVID-19 from a reliable source can reduce stigmatization. We carry out a randomized field experiment in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, in which we provide an information brief about COVID-19 by phone to a random subsample of participants to address stigma and misconceptions. We find that the information brief decreases stigmatization of COVID-19 patients and certain groups such as religious minorities, lower-caste groups, and frontline workers (healthcare, police), and reduces the belief that infection cases are more prevalent among certain marginalized social and economic groups (Muslims, low caste, rural-poor population). We provide suggestive evidence that improved knowledge about the prevention and transmission of COVID-19 and reduced stress about the disease are important channels for the reduction in stigmatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Islam
- Centre for Development Economics and Sustainability (CDES), and Department of Economics, Monash University, Australia.
| | - Debayan Pakrashi
- Department of Economic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India.
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Farooq A, Kumar U, Uddin JBG, Rashid MHU, Gilani MM, Farooq TH, Shakoor A, Ahmad M. Climatological and social fallacies about COVID-19 pandemic. Environ Sustain (Singap) 2021; 4:579-584. [PMID: 38624610 PMCID: PMC8136260 DOI: 10.1007/s42398-021-00175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has emerged as a major global challenge since 2019. With the fast rise in the infected cases and deaths worldwide, many environmental and climate-related myths and fallacies spreaded fast. These fallacies include virus cannot spread in hot and humid conditions, cold weather can inhibit the virus, drinking hot water and sunlight can help cure the COVID-19, ultraviolet (UV) disinfectant lamps and UV rays from sunlight can kill the virus, use of hairdryers and hot showers for virus prevention, etc. Social norms and mindset of the people in the world towards a pandemic are quite similar. The primary purpose of this article is to enlighten the readers regarding these climatological misconceptions and social fallacies, helping spread proper knowledge and manage the outbreak of this deadly pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambar Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000 Punjab Pakistan
| | - Uttam Kumar
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Junaite Bin Gais Uddin
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian 350002 Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Haroon U. Rashid
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Matoor Mohsin Gilani
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Taimoor Hassan Farooq
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004 Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Awais Shakoor
- Department of Environment and Soil Sciences, University of Lleida, Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Matloob Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000 Punjab Pakistan
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Wirsiy FS, Boock AU, Akoachere JFTK. Assessing the determinants of Ebola virus disease transmission in Baka Community of the Tropical Rainforest of Cameroon. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:324. [PMID: 33827424 PMCID: PMC8028822 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe, often fatal illness in humans and nonhuman primates caused by the Ebola virus. The recently approved rVSV-EBOV vaccine is not available in many high-risk countries hence prevention is paramount. The design of effective prevention interventions requires an understanding of the factors that expose communities at risk. It was based on this that we investigated the Baka community of Abong-Mbang Health District in tropical rain forest of Cameroon. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with participants randomly selected from 13 villages in Abong-Mbang by multi-stage cluster sampling. A questionnaire was administered to them to collect demographic information, data on knowledge of EVD, their feeding and health-seeking behaviour. Data was analyzed using the chi-square test. Knowledge of EVD was assessed using an 8 item Morisky Scale. An adapted Threat Capability Basic Risk Assessment Guide was used to determine their risk of exposure to infection. RESULTS A total of 510 participants, most of whom were hunters (31.4%), farmers (29.8%), and had primary education (62.7%), were included in this study. Although 83.3% participants had heard of EVD, most (71%) did not know its cause. Their source of information was mainly informal discussions in the community (49%). Misconceptions were identified with regards to the cause and mode of transmission. Only 43.1% accepted EVD could be transmitted from human-to-human. Generally, participants' knowledge of EVD was poor. Demographic factors such as level of education, occupation and ethnic group significantly affected knowledge of EVD. The majority of participants were at a very high risk of exposure to infection as they consumed various forms of bush meat and were involved in other risky practices such as scarification and touching of corpses. Although over half of participants seek medical care, most of them preferred traditional medicine. Socio-cultural and service-related factors were deterrent factors to medical care. CONCLUSION Participants generally had poor knowledge of EVD and were at high risk of infection. We recommend rigorous sensitization campaigns in the study area to educate the population on EVD and clarify the misconceptions identified. EVD surveillance is recommended particularly as outbreaks have often been reported in the Congo Basin.
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Du Plessis C, Nel L, Taylor H. You're Going to Do What? Patients' Myths Regarding Hypnotherapy as Described by South African Psychologists. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2021; 55:527-540. [PMID: 33748910 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-021-09604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this qualitative study was to explore and describe South African registered psychologists' account of their patients' myths regarding hypnotherapy. A social constructivist approach was employed to explore the descriptions of eight psychologists. This article converges on myths of participants' patients and where they originate from, as described by the participants. Psychologists were selected by means of chain referral sampling and engaged in one semi-structured interview. Data were analyzed by means of thematic analysis (TA), and participants elaborated on their experience of patients' myths and the possible origins thereof. Furthermore, conclusions were drawn across themes, which contributed to the findings. The most important finding indicated that while hypnotherapy is of great value, misconceptions stemming largely from unscientific applications contribute to patients' reluctance in utilizing this mechanism. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications, limitations and strengths of the study, as well as recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarina Du Plessis
- Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa.
| | - Lindi Nel
- Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
| | - Henry Taylor
- Department of Psychology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
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Dusabimana A, Mandro MN, Siewe Fodjo JN, Dolo H, Coenen S, Colebunders R. Community perceptions and attitudes regarding epilepsy and disease cost after implementation of a community-based epilepsy treatment program in onchocerciasis-endemic communities in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 116:107773. [PMID: 33515932 PMCID: PMC7960634 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In October 2017, a community-based epilepsy treatment program (CBETP) was initiated in the Logo health zone (Ituri province, Democratic Republic of Congo), consisting mainly of community epilepsy education, provision of free antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and monthly follow-up of persons with epilepsy (PWE). Prior to the implementation of the CBETP, qualitative research had revealed several misconceptions about the cause of epilepsy, major epilepsy-related stigma, and high economic cost for families of PWE mainly because of costly treatment by traditional healers. One year after the implementation of the CBETP, we assessed the perceived effect of this program on the community's perceptions and attitudes regarding epilepsy and on disease costs. METHODS Focus group discussions (FGD) and semi-structured in-depth interviews (SSI) were conducted with different target groups. Additionally, the cost associated with epilepsy was evaluated using questionnaires administered to 74 PWE and/or their families. RESULTS Nine FGDs and 16 SSIs were conducted. There was a notable shift in perceptions and attitudes, as most community members no longer believed that epilepsy is contagious, while acknowledging that this condition can be treated in local health centers. Persons with epilepsy and their family experienced less epilepsy-related stigma and consulted less frequently traditional healers; the latter showed a growing willingness to collaborate with health professionals in the management of PWE. The direct and indirect costs for families caring for a PWE decreased by 95.2% and 95.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION The main perceived benefits of the CBETP were the decrease in misconceptions about epilepsy and epilepsy-related stigma. Families with PWE understood the benefit of seeking health care from trained health professionals rather than with traditional healers. The direct and indirect costs for families to take care of a PWE reduced considerably after the program. However, the cost-effectiveness and long-term sustainability of this approach remain to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Dusabimana
- Global Health Institute (GHI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Doornstraat 331, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Michel Ndahura Mandro
- Provincial Health Division Ituri, Ministry of Health, Bunia, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| | - Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo
- Global Health Institute (GHI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Doornstraat 331, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Husseini Dolo
- Filariasis Unit, International Center of Excellence in Research, Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology, Point G, Bamako, Mali.
| | - Samuel Coenen
- Department of Family Medicine & Population Health (FAMPOP), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Doornstraat 331, 2610 Antwerp (Wilrijk), Belgium; Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp (Wilrijk), Belgium.
| | - Robert Colebunders
- Global Health Institute (GHI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Doornstraat 331, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Mwaisaka J, Wado YD, Ouedraogo R, Oduor C, Habib H, Njagi J, Bangha MW. "Those are things for married people" exploring parents'/adults' and adolescents' perspectives on contraceptives in Narok and Homa Bay Counties, Kenya. Reprod Health 2021; 18:48. [PMID: 33622358 PMCID: PMC7903790 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-021-01107-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contraceptive use among adolescent girls is low in many sub-Saharan African countries including Kenya. Attitude and perspectives about contraception of community members including adolescent girls themselves may be likely to limit contraceptive use among adolescent girls. This study was conducted to explore and compare adults’/parents’ and adolescent girls’ narratives and perspectives about contraception in Narok and Homa Bay counties, Kenya. Methods Qualitative data from 45 in-depth-interviews conducted with purposively selected consenting adolescent girls aged 15–19 was used. Additionally, twelve focus group discussions were held with 86 consenting adults conveniently recruited from the two counties. All discussions were conducted in the local language and audio recorded following consent of the study participants. Female moderators were engaged throughout the study making it appropriate for the study to solicit feedback from the targeted respondents. Results Findings highlighted adults’ perceptions on adolescents’ sexuality and the presence of stringent conceptions about the side-effects of contraception in the study communities. Some participants underscored the need for open contraceptive talk between parents and their adolescent girls. Four main themes emerged from the discussions; (i) Perceptions about adolescents’ sexuality and risk prevention, (ii) Conceptions about contraception among nulligravida adolescents: fear of infertility, malformation and sexual libertinism, (iii) Post-pregnancy contraceptive considerations and (iv) Thinking differently: divergent views regarding contraceptives and parent/adolescent discussion. Conclusions Our findings suggest the need for increased attention towards adolescents and their caregivers particularly in demystifying contraceptive misconceptions. Programmatic responses and models which include the provision of comprehensive sexuality education and increased access to and utilization of SRH information, products and services through a well-informed approach need to be well executed. Programmatic efforts like SRH community education should further seek to enhance the capacity of parents to discuss sexuality with their adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Clement Oduor
- African Population and Health Research Center-APHRC, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Helen Habib
- College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Martin W Bangha
- African Population and Health Research Center-APHRC, Nairobi, Kenya
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Zhang F, Tan J, Shao B, Jiang T, Zhou R, Wang Y, Zhang J, Qiao F, Ji X, Wang Y, Hu P, Xu Z. Current attitudes and preconceptions towards expanded carrier screening in the Eastern Chinese reproductive-aged population. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:697-707. [PMID: 33409754 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-02032-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A growing number of Chinese individuals of reproductive age will face the choice of accepting or refusing expanded carrier screening (ECS). This study aimed to explore the awareness, wishes, and possible misconceptions of ECS among this population, as well as factors affecting their decision-making. METHODS Chinese reproductive-aged individuals in Eastern China who sought cell-free fetal DNA screening and peripheral blood karyotype were invited to complete a 31-item ECS survey by scanning a specific quick response code. We evaluated the relationship between awareness, attitudes, and intentions to participate in ECS, along with possible misconceptions. RESULTS Overall, 93.1% of participants intended to undergo ECS at their expenses, and 53.6% indicated they would pay less than 1000 CNY (approximately 145 USD) for the test. Around 96.5% of participants had misconceptions about ECS and genetic diseases. Participants whose first reaction was interest, who had prior awareness of the test, or who perceived benefits were more likely to intend to use ECS (p < 0.001). Participants with a bachelor's degree or above or with a household income over 150,000 CNY (approximately 21,700 USD) would be more likely to pay ≥ 1000 CNY (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that overall, the Eastern Chinese reproductive-aged population has positive attitudes towards ECS, although there are some misconceptions about ECS and genetic disorders. Population-based ECS appears to be desired by the reproductive-aged people in Eastern China. Steps should be taken to offer ECS along with pre- and post-test education and genetic counseling to raise awareness and to reduce misconceptions.
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Mbachu CO, Agu IC, Obayi C, Eze I, Ezumah N, Onwujekwe O. Beliefs and misconceptions about contraception and condom use among adolescents in south-east Nigeria. Reprod Health 2021; 18:7. [PMID: 33407642 PMCID: PMC7789795 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-020-01062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misconceptions about the usefulness of condoms and other contraceptives still expose many unmarried adolescents to the risk of unwanted teenage pregnancies and sexually-transmitted infections (STIs). This study explored beliefs and misconceptions about condoms and other contraceptives among adolescents in Ebonyi state, south-east Nigeria. METHOD A qualitative study was undertaken in six local government areas in Ebonyi state, southeast Nigeria. Data were collected within a period of one month from in and out-of-school adolescents aged 13-18 years using twelve focus group discussions (FGD). The data were analyzed using the thematic framework approach. RESULT Majority of the adolescents were knowledgeable about methods of contraception, how they are used and their modes of action. They were also knowledgeable about the dual effects of condoms in prevention of pregnancy and STIs. However, some misconceptions that were expressed by some adolescents were that pregnancy could be prevented by the use of (i) hard drugs, (ii) laxatives, (iii) white chlorine, and (iv) boiled alcoholic beverages. Condoms were described by some adolescent boys as reusable. Condoms were also perceived by some adolescents to reduce sexual pleasure, and this opinion was mostly held by boys. Coitus interruptus (withdrawal method) was therefore considered more preferable than condoms for prevention of pregnancy. CONCLUSION Although majority adolescents have knowledge about contraception and condom use, some misconceptions still persist. These misconceptions put many adolescents at increased risk for pregnancy and STIs which are detrimental to their health and wellbeing. Concerted efforts should be made through educational and behaviour change interventions in schools and within communities to debunk persisting misconceptions about contraception including the use of condom, and properly educate adolescents on safe sex practices. Adolescents engage in unprotected sexual intercourse and other risky sexual behaviours because of some mistaken beliefs and wrong impressions about how to prevent unwanted pregnancy. These risky sexual behaviours predispose adolescents to sexually transmitted infections, unsafe abortion and other reproductive health problems. In this qualitative study, we explored some of these mistaken beliefs about condoms and other methods of preventing pregnancy. During focus group discussions, adolescents identified modern contraceptive methods, and described their modes of action and how they are used. They also discussed their contraceptive preferences and perceived effects of condoms on sexual pleasure. Although some of these adolescents were able to correctly mention various types of contraceptives and their modes of action, there were numerous wrong impressions. Hard drugs, laxatives, white chlorine and boiled alcoholic beverage were listed as emergency contraceptive methods. Emergency pills were perceived to work by flushing away spermatozoa from a girl's system after sexual intercourse. Male condoms were perceived to be potentially dangerous because they could break and enter into the body of the female sexual partner. Some adolescent boys had the notion that particular brands of male condoms could be washed and reused. Notions about condom use and sexual pleasure varied for girls and boys. Some adolescent girls perceived that condom use during sex increases sexual pleasure because of the assurance of being protected from STIs and pregnancy. Adolescent boys were of the opinion that condoms interfere with the pleasure of direct 'flesh to flesh' contact during sex. There was a general belief that contraceptive use in early age reduces fertility prospects for boys and girls. Mistaken beliefs about methods of preventing pregnancy persist among adolescents, and this raises concerns about the quality of information they receive. Concerted efforts should be made to debunk these wrong beliefs and properly educate adolescents on safe sex practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinyere Ojiugo Mbachu
- Health Policy Research Group, University of Nigeria Enugu, Nsukka, Nigeria.,Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ifunanya Clara Agu
- Health Policy Research Group, University of Nigeria Enugu, Nsukka, Nigeria.
| | - Chinonso Obayi
- Health Policy Research Group, University of Nigeria Enugu, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Irene Eze
- Health Policy Research Group, University of Nigeria Enugu, Nsukka, Nigeria.,Department of Community Medicine, Ebonyi State University Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Nkoli Ezumah
- Health Policy Research Group, University of Nigeria Enugu, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Obinna Onwujekwe
- Health Policy Research Group, University of Nigeria Enugu, Nsukka, Nigeria.,Department of Health Administration and Management, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Kaddumukasa M, Smith PJ, Kaddumukasa MN, Kajumba M, Almojuela A, Bobholz S, Chakraborty P, Sinha DD, Nakasujja N, Kakooza-Mwesige A, Gualtieri A, Onuoha E, Nakku J, Sanchez N, Muhumuza C, Fuller AT, Haglund MM, Koltai DC. Epilepsy beliefs and misconceptions among patient and community samples in Uganda. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 114:107300. [PMID: 32758405 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to characterize and compare the attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions about epilepsy across community and patient cohorts in Uganda. METHODS This was a descriptive study utilizing two samples: a randomly selected, national survey community sample and a hospital-based patient sample of people with epilepsy (PWE) and their caregivers attending clinic settings in Kampala and Mbarara, Uganda for epilepsy care. Both samples were surveyed about their beliefs about epilepsy, its treatment, and people who have the illness. Multivariate linear regression was used to examine group differences and variables associated with specific beliefs. RESULTS Among the 15,818 community survey participants who participated in this study, 435 study participants reported symptoms suggestive of recurrent seizures, and all 626 subjects in the hospital-based sample had confirmed epilepsy. Results revealed significant differences across groups in their endorsement of epilepsy as a contagion; 37% of people in the community unaffected by epilepsy, and 39% of people with suspected epilepsy who did not seek care believed that epilepsy was contagious by touch, in contrast to 8% of PWE or their caregivers attending regular hospital-based care. Higher educational attainment and income, and seeking regular hospital-based medical care were associated with less endorsement of epilepsy as a contagion, while age, education, income, area of residence, and presence of seizure symptoms, were significant predictors of support or belief in the basic rights of PWE. Study participants within the community who screened negative for seizures placed the most restrictions on rights for PWE. To varying degrees, the samples all endorsed the effectiveness of allopathic, traditional, and religious providers, and the use of pharmaceutical drugs, traditional rituals and herbs, and prayer. CONCLUSIONS People with epilepsy who are attending biomedical care for routine epilepsy care think differently about epilepsy, its treatment, and the rights of those with the disease than the general population. Within the community setting, more erroneous beliefs and negative attitudes about epilepsy and PWE persist, and they not only contribute to stigma but also interfere with the patients' health-seeking behavior. Further confounding the care of PWE, the pluralistic healthcare system in Uganda is evident in endorsements spanning biomedical, traditional, and religious treatment methods. Focused awareness campaigns utilizing local epilepsy societies are needed to promote epilepsy health literacy, to favorably impact acceptance and opportunities for PWE in Uganda, and to facilitate efficient uptake of biomedical care. This article is part of the Special Issue "The Intersection of Culture, Resources, and Disease: Epilepsy Care in Uganda".
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kaddumukasa
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick J Smith
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, DUMC Box 3119; Trent Drive, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Martin N Kaddumukasa
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medicine, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Neurology Unit, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mayanja Kajumba
- Department of Mental Health and Community Psychology, Makerere University School of Psychology, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alysa Almojuela
- Section of Neurosurgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, GB1-820 Sherbrook Street, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada
| | - Samuel Bobholz
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Department of Neurology, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2281, USA
| | - Payal Chakraborty
- Duke Division of Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Box 3807, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, 310 Trent Dr, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Drishti D Sinha
- Duke University Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Noeline Nakasujja
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Angelina Kakooza-Mwesige
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Mulago Hill Road, P.O.Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Pediatric Neurology Unit, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alex Gualtieri
- Duke University Medical Center, Clinical Neuropsychology Service, Box 3333, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Erica Onuoha
- Duke University Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Juliet Nakku
- Butabika National Referral Mental Hospital, P.O.Box 7017, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nadine Sanchez
- Duke Division of Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Box 3807, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, 310 Trent Dr, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christine Muhumuza
- Duke Division of Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Box 3807, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Makerere University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, New Mulago Complex, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anthony T Fuller
- Duke Division of Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Box 3807, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, 310 Trent Dr, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University, School of Medicine, 3100 Tower Blvd, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Michael M Haglund
- Duke Division of Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Box 3807, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Duke Global Health Institute, 310 Trent Dr, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke University, School of Medicine, 3100 Tower Blvd, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Deborah C Koltai
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, DUMC Box 3119; Trent Drive, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Division of Global Neurosurgery and Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Box 3807, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Durham, NC, USA.
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Richards MJ, Coleman-Minahan K, Sheeder J. Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptive Attitudes and Acceptability in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Key to Patient-Centered Contraceptive Counseling. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2020; 33:673-80. [PMID: 32860948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the attitudes of adolescent and young adults (AYA) toward long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), and to assess how attitudes are associated with acceptability. DESIGN Survey. SETTING Children's Hospital Colorado Adolescent Family Planning Clinic in Aurora, Colorado. PARTICIPANTS, INTERVENTIONS, AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Young persons 14-24 years of age presenting for any type of visit between March and August 2018. RESULTS A total of 332 participants were enrolled; the majority (62.3%) had high LARC acceptability. We found 5 "attitude" factors: 77.7% of the sample endorsed "Effective" attitudes (eg, wants most effective method), 37.3% endorsed "Good attributes" (eg, discreet, convenient), 23.1% endorsed "Scary" (eg, fears device will move), 16.1% endorsed "Bad for health," (eg, too many side effects), and 9% endorsed "Not for me" (eg, concerns about pain). Although participants who endorsed "Effective" (OR 6.60, 95% CI 3.01-14.49) and "Good attributes" (OR 3.17, 95% CI 1.51-6.66) were more likely to have high LARC acceptability than those who endorsed "Scary" (OR 0.28, 95% CI: (0.13-0.61)) and "Not for me" (OR 0.07, 95% CI 0.01-0.41) factors, approximately 10% of participants with high LARC acceptability endorsed "Scary" or "Bad for health" attitudes, whereas 54% of those with low LARC acceptability endorsed "Effective" attitudes. CONCLUSION Although most participants had high LARC acceptability and valued contraceptive effectiveness, the association between LARC attitudes and acceptability is nuanced. Providers should identify and discuss young people's contraceptive knowledge, attitudes, and acceptability.
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Bonus JA, Watts J. You can['t] catch the sun in a net!: Children's misinterpretations of educational science television. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 202:105004. [PMID: 33059267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.105004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Many science television shows feature refutation narratives where characters speculate about the value of scientific misconceptions (e.g., the sun circles the earth) before learning factual information. Previous research suggests that young children misunderstand these stories, and the current study examined whether learning could be improved using interventions previously validated with adults. Children (N = 201) aged 4-7 years viewed a refutation narrative in its original form or in a modified format that lacked misconceptions or that contextualized those misconceptions with additional scaffolds. Although children's comprehension of factual information was high across all conditions, their understanding of misconceptions depended on their prior knowledge. Specifically, children with low prior knowledge mistakenly identified misconceptions as intended factual lessons unless they viewed the story without misconceptions or with two forms of additional scaffolding. Conversely, children with high prior knowledge understood the original story best. These findings suggest that the inclusion of fantasy ideas in children's science programming can disrupt learning for certain children and bolster learning for others.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Alex Bonus
- School of Communication, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Judy Watts
- School of Communication, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Rigas G, Williams K, Sumithran P, Brown WA, Swinbourne J, Purcell K, Caterson ID. Delays in healthcare consultations about obesity - Barriers and implications. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020; 14:487-490. [PMID: 32888856 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity continues to rise, affecting nearly a third of Australian adults in 2017-18. The stigma and bias people with obesity (PwO) experience is one of the barriers hindering the dialogue between PwO and their Health Care Professionals (HCPs). The results from the ACTION IO Australian cohort are reported here. Identification of local barriers can inform strategies to improve access to quality obesity care within Australia. METHODS The ACTION-IO study was an online cross-sectional survey conducted in 11 countries during June-October 2018. In Australia 1,000 community based adult PwO (body mass index ≥30 kg/m based on self-reported height and weight) and 200 HCPs involved with direct patient care (seeing ≥10 patients with obesity/month) completed the survey. RESULTS There was a mean delay of 8.9 years from when a PwO first started to struggle with their weight, and the initial discussion with an HCP about this. HCPs acknowledged weight loss efforts in only 38.5% of their patients, although 74.6% of PwO had attempted weight loss. Most PwO (82.0%) assumed full responsibility for their weight loss. HCPs identified short appointment times (60.5%) and the cost of obesity medication, programmes and services (58.5%) as barriers to weight management conversations and weight loss, respectively. Most PwO want their HCP to raise the issue of weight with 64 % reporting finding such conversations positive and helpful. CONCLUSION Compared to global results, Australian PwO took 3 years longer to seek medical care about their weight. Better recognition of obesity's impact and targeting barriers to care are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Rigas
- Department of Bariatric Surgery, St. George Private Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Kathryn Williams
- Department of Bariatric Surgery, St. George Private Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, Australia; Nepean Hospital, Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District, Kingswood, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Priya Sumithran
- Department of Medicine (Austin), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Wendy A Brown
- Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica Swinbourne
- Boden Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Ian D Caterson
- Boden Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In medical physiology, educators and students face a serious challenge termed misconceptions. Misconceptions are incorrect ideas that do not match current scientific views. Accordingly, they have shown to hamper teaching and learning of physiological concepts. Conceptual Change Theory forms the basis of new teaching and learning practices that may alleviate misconceptions and facilitate critical thinking skills that are essential in becoming knowledgeable, self-regulated health professionals. In this study, we examined if such an intervention named refutation texts, could enhance medical students' cognition and metacognition. METHODS First-year medical students (N = 161) performed a pre-test and post-test on cardiovascular physiology concepts, including a self-perceived confidence rating. In between, students read either a standard text with an explanation of the correct answer, or a refutation text which additionally refuted related misconceptions. RESULTS In both groups, average performance scores (refutation: + 22.5%, standard: + 22.8%) and overall confidence ratings (refutation: Δ0.42 out of 5, standard: Δ0.35 out of 5) increased significantly (all p < .001), but a significant effect of the specific refutation element was not found. Initially incorrect answers were corrected less frequently in cases of high confidence (35.8%) than low confidence (61.4%). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that refutation texts significantly increased students' knowledge, however, the refutation element did not have a significant additional effect. Furthermore, high confidence in incorrect answers negatively affected the likelihood of correction. These findings provide implications for teaching practices on concept learning, by showing that educators should take into account the key role of metacognition, and the nature of misconceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Versteeg
- Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - M H van Loon
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Swiss Graduate School for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Wijnen-Meijer
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Medicine, TUM Medical Education Center, Munich, Germany
| | - P Steendijk
- Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Shawahna R. Agreement of Palestinian nursing students with recommendations to eliminate epilepsy stigma and change perception of the general public about epilepsy: A cross-sectional study. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 109:107126. [PMID: 32438121 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to assess the degree of agreement of Palestinian nursing students with recommendations and key messages to eliminate/reduce epilepsy stigma and change perception of the general public about epilepsy and people with epilepsy (PWE). METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among undergraduate nursing students. The study tool was a questionnaire with 24 items which collected the sociodemographic and academic characteristics of the participants (6 items) and agreements with 18 recommendations and key messages to eliminate/reduce epilepsy stigma. RESULTS A total of 342 nursing students completed the questionnaire with a response rate of 68.4%. The participants agreed with the 6 recommendations to inform media, improve awareness, and educate the general public on epilepsy (agreement rates: 87.7% to 92.4%), 4 recommendations to coordinate efforts to improve awareness and educate the general public on epilepsy and PWE (agreement rates: 89.8% to 93.0%), and 8 key messages to eliminate/reduce epilepsy stigma (agreement rates: 70.2% to 93.9%). In general, female students tended to express significantly higher levels of agreement with the recommendations and key messages (p-value < 0.05). CONCLUSION Results of the present study highlighted the importance of involving nurses and future nurses in eliminating/reducing epilepsy stigma and changing perception of the general public about epilepsy and PWE. Further studies are to be conducted to investigate if these recommendations and messages can eliminate or significantly reduce epilepsy stigma and change perception of the general public about epilepsy and PWE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Shawahna
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; An-Najah BioSciences Unit, Centre for Poisons Control, Chemical and Biological Analyses, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
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Ahmedani MY, Siddique M. Assessing the awareness and care of people with diabetes related to Ramadan fasting; a-cross sectional study from Pakistan. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:29-36. [PMID: 32550153 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-019-00471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aim To assess the awareness level and care of people with diabetes related to Ramadan fasting across the country. Methodology This cross-sectional survey was conducted by Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, between November 2016 to March 2017, using convenient sampling. The physicians involved in the care of people with diabetes were invited to participate. A preformed validated questionnaire was used to conduct face to face interview on one to one basis. Results Altogether 2187 people with diabetes were enrolled. Knowledge related to Ramadan fasting was poor (35.64%), misconceptions were common (57.02%), and unsafe practices (55.62%) were highly prevalent. One third (31.9%) of the subjects did not receive pre-Ramadan education while medications adjustments were not made in nearly half of the study population. Conclusion In this cross-sectional survey, we observed lack of awareness, misconceptions and unsafe practices among fasting people with diabetes across the country. Large scale awareness campaign is needed as comprehensive care is not widely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yakoob Ahmedani
- Department of Medicine, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Maheen Siddique
- Department of Research, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Abstract
Covid-19 and the related lockdown in many countries made digital work no longer just an option, but the new norm for many office workers who began to make sense of a new range of benefits of digital work tools. Based on my own observations and on observations shared by executives in New Zealand and Europe, I illustrate in this article how the lockdown acted as a facilitator for digital work. Further, I show how the lockdown gave many individuals a flawed impression of digital work, i.e. their experience occurred during exceptional circumstances and led them to draw false conclusions about digital work. I examine some misconceptions of locked-down digital work and discuss the implications of locked-down digital work for research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Richter
- Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington School of Business and Government, 55 Lambton Quay, Pipitea, Wellington, 6011, New Zealand
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Agu IC, Mbachu CO, Okeke C, Eze I, Agu C, Ezenwaka U, Ezumah N, Onwujekwe O. Misconceptions about transmission, symptoms and prevention of HIV/AIDS among adolescents in Ebonyi state, South-east Nigeria. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:244. [PMID: 32410689 PMCID: PMC7227299 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Nigeria has the second largest number of adolescents and young people living with HIV/AIDS in the world. Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS contribute to spread of HIV, and constrain uptake of preventive services. This paper explored misconceptions about HIV/AIDS among adolescents in south-east Nigeria. A qualitative study was conducted in six urban and rural local government areas of Ebonyi state. Data were collected through twelve focus group discussions (FGD) with unmarried adolescents aged 13–18 who were either attending school or out-of-school. The FGDs were conducted using a pre-tested topic guide. Data were coded manually and analyzed using a thematic framework approach. Results There are persistent misconceptions about transmission of HIV/AIDS through mosquito bites and sharing of personal belongings. Some adolescents had inaccurate notions that a HIV infected person could be identified through changes in physical features such as abdominal swelling and longer fingernails. A few of them also reported that HIV could be treated with antibiotics. These misconceptions were expressed by both male and female adolescents. Adolescents have some mistaken beliefs about HIV/AIDS which constrain them from taking necessary preventive measures. Hence, the need to target adolescents with health education interventions on HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chinyere Ojiugo Mbachu
- Health Policy Research Group, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria.,Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Chinyere Okeke
- Health Policy Research Group, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria.,Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Irene Eze
- Health Policy Research Group, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria.,Department of Community Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Chibuike Agu
- Health Policy Research Group, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria.,Department of Community Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Uchenna Ezenwaka
- Health Policy Research Group, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria.,Department of Health Administration and Management, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Nkoli Ezumah
- Health Policy Research Group, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Obinna Onwujekwe
- Health Policy Research Group, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria.,Department of Health Administration and Management, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
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Wang Z, Yuan W, Tu X, Liang H, Miao M, Cheng Y, Jin L, Lou C. Misconceptions and Beliefs Regarding the Use of Intrauterine Devices for Nulliparous Women Among Chinese Health Care Providers. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2020; 33:33-38. [PMID: 31648037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To investigate the knowledge and beliefs regarding the use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) for nulliparous women among Chinese health care providers and assess the potential factors related to their misconceptions and conservative beliefs. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANT, INTERVENTIONS, AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A self-administered survey was conducted at 2 Chinese national academic conferences in 2015. The questionnaire data obtained from 103 health care providers were analyzed to examine the providers' knowledge regarding the safety and effectiveness of IUDs and the complications associated with IUD use, as well as their beliefs regarding the suitability of IUDs for nulliparous women. An ordinal logistic regression model was used to evaluate the potential factors related to their beliefs. RESULTS Misconceptions about the complications associated with IUD use were common among our respondents, and they were least likely to know that IUDs do not increase the risk of developing pelvic inflammatory disease (26/97) or ectopic pregnancy (23/102) (22.5%-26.8%). Only approximately 10% of the providers believed that adolescents (9/94) or unmarried nulliparas (10/95) could be candidates for IUDs. In contrast, they were more likely (37/96, 38.5%) to consider married nulliparous women as appropriate candidates (P < .001). Misconceptions about the complications of IUD use were associated with more conservative beliefs regarding IUD use for nulliparous women (adjusted odds ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.79). CONCLUSION The health care providers' insufficient knowledge regarding IUDs contributed to their outdated and conservative beliefs about the suitability of IUDs for nulliparous women. In addition, the difference in the providers' beliefs regarding IUD use for married and unmarried nulliparous women might reflect the stigma associated with premarital sex in Chinese traditional culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowen Tu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Liang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maohua Miao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Family Planning NSW Research Centre, Family Planning NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Longmei Jin
- Department of Women's Health Care, Minhang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaohua Lou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Wilkinson HR, Smid C, Morris S, Farran EK, Dumontheil I, Mayer S, Tolmie A, Bell D, Porayska-Pomsta K, Holmes W, Mareschal D, Thomas MSC. Domain-Specific Inhibitory Control Training to Improve Children's Learning of Counterintuitive Concepts in Mathematics and Science. J Cogn Enhanc 2019; 4:296-314. [PMID: 32832846 PMCID: PMC7410229 DOI: 10.1007/s41465-019-00161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from cognitive neuroscience suggests that learning counterintuitive concepts in mathematics and science requires inhibitory control (IC). This prevents interference from misleading perceptual cues and naïve theories children have built from their experiences of the world. Here, we (1) investigate associations between IC, counterintuitive reasoning, and academic achievement and (2) evaluate a classroom-based computerised intervention, called Stop & Think, designed to embed IC training within the learning domain (i.e. mathematics and science content from the school curricula). Cross-sectional analyses of data from 627 children in Years 3 and 5 (7- to 10-year-olds) demonstrated that IC, measured on a Stroop-like task, was associated with counterintuitive reasoning and mathematics and science achievement. A subsample (n = 456) participated either in Stop & Think as a whole-class activity (teacher-led, STT) or using individual computers (pupil-led, STP), or had teaching as usual (TAU). For Year 3 children (but not Year 5), Stop & Think led to better counterintuitive reasoning (i.e. near transfer) in STT (p < .001, ηp 2 = .067) and STP (p < .01, ηp 2 = .041) compared to TAU. Achievement data was not available for Year 3 STP or Year 5 STT. For Year 3, STT led to better science achievement (i.e. far transfer) compared to TAU (p < .05, ηp 2 = .077). There was no transfer to the Stroop-like measure of IC. Overall, these findings support the idea that IC may contribute to counterintuitive reasoning and mathematics and science achievement. Further, we provide preliminary evidence of a domain-specific IC intervention with transferable benefits to academic achievement for Year 3 children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R. Wilkinson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Claire Smid
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Su Morris
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Education, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Emily K. Farran
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Iroise Dumontheil
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Sveta Mayer
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Education, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Tolmie
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Education, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Derek Bell
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Learnus, London, UK
| | - Kaśka Porayska-Pomsta
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Education, University College of London, London, UK
| | - Wayne Holmes
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Nesta, London, UK
| | - Denis Mareschal
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael S. C. Thomas
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - The UnLocke Team
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Education, University College of London, London, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Learnus, London, UK
- Nesta, London, UK
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Gurusamy J, Gandhi S, Amudhan S, Veerabhadraiah KB, Narayanasamy P, Sreenivasan ST, Palaniappan M. Misconceptions about traumatic brain injury among nursing students in India: implications for nursing care and curriculum. BMC Nurs 2019; 18:64. [PMID: 31827390 PMCID: PMC6902454 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-019-0388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the devastating consequences of Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), TBI misconceptions are common among healthcare professionals. As an essential member of multi-professional team providing TBI care, it is important that nurses have correct information and adequate skills to achieve the best possible outcomes for TBI. For example, some common misconceptions about TBIs are that a second blow to the head can improve memory functioning and wearing seatbelts can cause as many brain injuries as it prevents. In India, perhaps such misconceptions towards TBI among nursing professionals were not yet documented. As nursing students form the future health workforce, understanding TBI misconceptions among nursing students in resource-limited settings like India will provide useful information for strengthening the nursing curricula for improved care and rehabilitation of TBIs. Methods We used a cross-sectional survey to study the TBI misconceptions among nursing students in India. A Common Misconceptions about Traumatic Brain Injury (CM-TBI) questionnaire was administered to 154 nursing students from a nursing college of a tertiary care neuro-centre in India. The mean percentage of misconceptions were calculated for 7-domains of CM-TBI. T-test for independent samples and ANOVA were used to study the association of misconception with socio-demographic variables using total score for each respondent. Results Of the 143 nursing students who completed the survey, majority of them were female (97%) and in the 19-20 year age-group (95.1%). Domain on brain damage (81.1%) had highest rate, while amnesia domain (42.0%) had lowest rate of misconception. The overall mean-score was 22.73 (Standard Deviation: 4.69) which was significantly higher than the median score of 19.5. The study did not show significant differences on overall misconceptions about TBI for any of the socio-demographic characteristics. Conclusions Misconceptions about TBIs were common among nursing students and it was pervasive irrespective of age, gender, place of residence and year of education. A need to strengthen nursing curriculum in the area of TBIs has been emphasized for improved care and management of TBIs. The study findings also suggest the need for understanding such misconceptions among other healthcare professionals involved in TBI care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jothimani Gurusamy
- 1College of Nursing, National Institute of Mental Health And Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029 India
| | - Sailaxmi Gandhi
- 2Department of Nursing, National Institute of Mental Health And Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029 India
| | | | - Kathyayani B Veerabhadraiah
- 1College of Nursing, National Institute of Mental Health And Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029 India
| | - Padmavathi Narayanasamy
- 1College of Nursing, National Institute of Mental Health And Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029 India
| | - Sunitha T Sreenivasan
- 1College of Nursing, National Institute of Mental Health And Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, 560029 India
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Abraham MN, Abraham PJ, Chen H, Hendershot KM. What is global surgery? Identifying misconceptions among health professionals. Am J Surg 2020; 220:271-3. [PMID: 31735259 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global surgery has emerged as a new field within academic surgery. Despite attempts to provide a common definition, it is unclear whether health professionals understand what is meant by the term "global surgery." This study aims to characterize current understanding of global surgery among healthcare workers. METHODS One hundred medical students, residents, physicians, nurses, and allied health professionals were interviewed on their perceptions of global surgery using a six-question qualitative survey. Responses were coded and analyzed for common themes. RESULTS Sixty-one percent of participants did not know the meaning of global surgery. Those under age 40 were more likely to relay an accurate definition. Of participants with knowledge of global surgery, 44% had previous exposure to global health and 85% expressed interest in global health or surgery. CONCLUSIONS Although often used in academic surgical settings, the term "global surgery" is not well-understood among health professionals. There is no clear consensus on what it means to be a global surgeon or what constitutes a successful career in global surgery.
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Teo LM, Smith HE, Lwin MO, Tang WE. Attitudes and perception of influenza vaccines among older people in Singapore: A qualitative study. Vaccine 2019; 37:6665-6672. [PMID: 31542261 PMCID: PMC7130882 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Despite recommendations for influenza vaccination of people aged 65 and above, uptake rate of influenza vaccines remains low. This study aims to understand barriers and motivators behind older adult’s decision on influenza vaccination. Methods Face to face interviews with participants aged 65 and above were conducted and audio recorded in Geylang polyclinic in Singapore. Thematic content analysis was used to organise the data. Results 15 older adults were interviewed, aged between 66 and 85 years old. 6 were vaccine refusers, 3 defaulters and 6 acceptors. A perceived lack of vulnerability, fear of side effects, and trivialisation of influenza were common reasons for not taking the vaccine. Encouragement from family and friends, travel and previous positive vaccination experiences were motivators for getting vaccinated. Healthcare workers played a role in influencing many of the participants’ decision-making. Common misconceptions included vaccines considered as necessary only before travel and as a cure rather than prevention. Most participants exhibited ambivalence, giving reasons both for and against vaccine uptake. Discussion Most older adults do not perceive influenza as a potentially serious disease nor trust in influenza vaccines’ efficacy. Misconceptions played a significant role in vaccine decline. Novel findings include the importance of the family unit in decision making, prioritization of chronic health problems over vaccination and misconception that vaccines are only needed when travelling out of country. Healthcare workers and family members appear to be important influencers in the decision making of older adults and should be actively engaged in future health promotion initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Teo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - H E Smith
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - M O Lwin
- Wee Kim Wee School of Communications and Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - W E Tang
- Clinical Research Unit, National Healthcare Group Polyclinics, Singapore
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50
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Hendriks WJAJ, Bakker N, Pluk H, de Brouwer A, Wieringa B, Cambi A, Zegers M, Wansink DG, Leunissen R, Klaren PHM. Certainty-based marking in a formative assessment improves student course appreciation but not summative examination scores. BMC Med Educ 2019; 19:178. [PMID: 31151456 PMCID: PMC6544949 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-019-1610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Study motivation and knowledge retention benefit from regular student self-assessments. Inclusion of certainty-based learning (CBL) in computer-assisted formative tests may further enhance this by enabling students to identify whether they are uninformed or misinformed regarding the topics tested, which may trigger future study actions including instructor consultation. METHODS Using a cross-over study design involving two out of thirteen computer-assisted formative assessments (CAFAs) of a first-year cell biology course, we compared student-instructor interactions, student learning experiences and final exam scores between two (bio)medical science student cohorts who worked with different CBL-containing CAFAs. RESULTS A total of 389 students participated in the study. After completion 159 (41%) filled in a questionnaire on their experience with CBL during supervised CAFAs. In the control group the median duration of student-instructor interactions was 90 s (range 60-140 s), and this increased with 20 s to 110 s (range 60-150 s) in the group working with a CBL-based CAFA. The number of interactions was similar in both groups (0.22 per student per hour, regardless of CBL inclusion). Forty percent of the students expected that CBL would positively influence their study behavior, and 23% also anticipated a positive effect on examination scores. Student examination scores, however, were not affected by CBL. Almost half of the students (43%) were in favor of CBL inclusion in future computer-assisted learning modules, whereas 33% did not see merit in including CBL in CAFAs. CONCLUSIONS Incorporation of CBL in a single formative assessment led to a slight increase in student-instructor interaction times, but had effect neither on the number of student-instructor interactions nor on exam scores. CBL inclusion positively influenced student's appreciation of the coursework, presumably by helping students to evaluate their mastery level and identify misconceptions. A more extensive enrollment of CBL beyond an individual formative assessment, throughout a course or a curriculum, may possibly reveal positive effects on study efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicole Bakker
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Helma Pluk
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan de Brouwer
- Department of Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bé Wieringa
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Zegers
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Derick G Wansink
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Leunissen
- Radboudumc Health Academy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H M Klaren
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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