1
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Selemani MA, Martin RS. Use of 3D printing to integrate microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4749-4758. [PMID: 38581532 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
This paper describes the use of PolyJet 3D printing to fabricate microchip electrophoresis devices with integrated microwire electrodes for amperometric detection. The fabrication process involves 3D printing of two separate pieces, a channel layer and an electrode layer. The channel layer is created by 3D printing on a pre-fabricated mold with a T-intersection. For the electrode layer, a stencil design is printed directly on the printing tray and covered with a piece of transparent glass. Microwire electrodes are adhered over the glass piece (guided by underlaying stencil) and a CAD design of the electrode layer is then printed on top of the microwire electrode. After delamination from the glass after printing, the microwire is embedded in the printed piece, with the stencil design ensuring that alignment and positioning of the electrode is reproducible for each print. After a thermal bonding step between the channel layer and electrode layer, a complete electrophoresis device with integrated microelectrodes for amperometric detection results. It is shown that this approach enables different microwire electrodes (gold or platinum) and sizes (100 or 50 µm) to be integrated in an end-channel configuration with no gap between the electrode and the separation channel. These devices were used to separate a mixture of catecholamines and the effect of separation voltage on the potential voltage applied on the working electrode was also investigated. In addition, the effect of electrode size on the number of theoretical plates and limit of detection was studied. Finally, a device that contains different channel heights and a detection electrode was 3D-printed to integrate continuous flow sampling with microchip electrophoresis and amperometric detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Major A Selemani
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - R Scott Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Additive Manufacturing, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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2
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Lim S, Kim SW, Kim IK, Song BW, Lee S. Organ-on-a-chip: Its use in cardiovascular research. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2022; 83:315-339. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-221428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOAC) has attracted great attention during the last decade as a revolutionary alternative to conventional animal models. This cutting-edge technology has also brought constructive changes to the field of cardiovascular research. The cardiovascular system, especially the heart as a well-protected vital organ, is virtually impossible to replicate in vitro with conventional approaches. This made scientists assume that they needed to use animal models for cardiovascular research. However, the frequent failure of animal models to correctly reflect the native cardiovascular system necessitated a search for alternative platforms for preclinical studies. Hence, as a promising alternative to conventional animal models, OOAC technology is being actively developed and tested in a wide range of biomedical fields, including cardiovascular research. Therefore, in this review, the current literature on the use of OOACs for cardiovascular research is presented with a focus on the basis for using OOACs, and what has been specifically achieved by using OOACs is also discussed. By providing an overview of the current status of OOACs in cardiovascular research and its future perspectives, we hope that this review can help to develop better and optimized research strategies for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) as well as identify novel applications of OOACs in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Lim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woo Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Kwon Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Wook Song
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seahyoung Lee
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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3
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Abstract
Isotachophoresis (ITP) is a versatile electrophoretic technique that can be used for sample preconcentration, separation, purification, and mixing, and to control and accelerate chemical reactions. Although the basic technique is nearly a century old and widely used, there is a persistent need for an easily approachable, succinct, and rigorous review of ITP theory and analysis. This is important because the interest and adoption of the technique has grown over the last two decades, especially with its implementation in microfluidics and integration with on-chip chemical and biochemical assays. We here provide a review of ITP theory starting from physicochemical first-principles, including conservation of species, conservation of current, approximation of charge neutrality, pH equilibrium of weak electrolytes, and so-called regulating functions that govern transport dynamics, with a strong emphasis on steady and unsteady transport. We combine these generally applicable (to all types of ITP) theoretical discussions with applications of ITP in the field of microfluidic systems, particularly on-chip biochemical analyses. Our discussion includes principles that govern the ITP focusing of weak and strong electrolytes; ITP dynamics in peak and plateau modes; a review of simulation tools, experimental tools, and detection methods; applications of ITP for on-chip separations and trace analyte manipulation; and design considerations and challenges for microfluidic ITP systems. We conclude with remarks on possible future research directions. The intent of this review is to help make ITP analysis and design principles more accessible to the scientific and engineering communities and to provide a rigorous basis for the increased adoption of ITP in microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Ramachandran
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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4
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Lobo‐Júnior EO, Chagas CLS, Duarte LC, Cardoso TMG, Souza FR, Lima RS, Coltro WKT. Inexpensive and nonconventional fabrication of microfluidic devices in PMMA based on a soft‐embossing protocol. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1641-1650. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyro L. S. Chagas
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
- Instituto de Química Universidade de Brasília Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Lucas C. Duarte
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
| | | | - Fabrício R. Souza
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
| | - Renato S. Lima
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais Campinas SP Brazil
- Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Wendell K. T. Coltro
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica Campinas SP Brazil
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5
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Chau MK, Arega NG, Nhung Tran NA, Song J, Lee S, Kim J, Chung M, Kim D. Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection for microfluidic capillary isoelectric focusing. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1124:60-70. [PMID: 32534676 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) of proteins separated by microfluidic capillary isoelectric focusing (μCIEF). To elucidate the evolution of negative conductivity peaks during focusing and seek IEF conditions for sensitive conductivity detection, numerical simulation was performed using a model protein GFP (green fluorescence protein) and hypothetical carrier ampholytes (CAs). C4D was successfully applied to the μCIEF by optimizing assay conditions using a simple and effective pressure-mobilization approach. The conductivity and fluorescence signals of a focused GFP band were co-detected, confirming that the obtained negative C4D peak could be attributed to the actual protein, not the non-uniform background conductivity profile of the focused CAs. GFP concentrations of 10 nM-30 μM was quantified with a detection limit of 10 nM. Finally, the resolving power was analyzed by separating a mixture of R-phycoerythrin (pI 5.01), GFP-F64L (pI 5.48), and RK-GFP (pI 6.02). The conductivities of the three separated fluorescence proteins were measured with average separation resolution of 2.06. We expect the newly developed label-free μCIEF-C4D technique to be widely adopted as a portable, electronics-only protein-analysis tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Khang Chau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17508, South Korea
| | - Nebiyu Getachew Arega
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17508, South Korea
| | - Nguyen Anh Nhung Tran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04066, South Korea
| | - Jin Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17508, South Korea
| | - Sangmin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04066, South Korea
| | - Jintae Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Minsub Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04066, South Korea
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17508, South Korea; Natural Science Research Institute, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17508, South Korea.
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6
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Ng JS, Hashimoto M. Fabrication of paper microfluidic devices using a toner laser printer. RSC Adv 2020; 10:29797-29807. [PMID: 35518222 PMCID: PMC9056319 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04301j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a method to fabricate microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) using a toner laser printer. Multiple methods have been reported for the fabrication of μPADs for point-of-care diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Despite successful demonstrations, however, existing fabrication methods depend on particular printers, in-house instruments, and synthetic materials. In particular, recent discontinuation of the solid wax printer has made it difficult to fabricate μPADs with readily available instruments. Herein we reported the fabrication of μPADs using the most widely available type of printer: a toner laser printer. Heating of printed toner at 200 °C allowed the printed toner to reflow, and the spreading of the hydrophobic polymer through the filter paper was characterized. Using the developed μPADs, we conducted model colorimetric assays for glucose and bovine serum albumin (BSA). We found that heating of filter paper at 200 °C for 60 min caused the pyrolysis of cellulose in the paper. The pyrolysis resulted in the formation of aldehydes that could interfere with molecular assays involving redox reactions. To overcome this problem, we confirmed that the removal of the aldehyde could be readily achieved by washing the μPADs with aqueous bleach. Overall, the developed fabrication method should be compatible with most toner laser printers and will make μPADs accessible in resource-limited circumstances. We developed a method to fabricate microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) using a toner laser printer. We addressed a potential problem of pyrolysis that resulted from long duration of heating required for the penetration of the toner.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Ng
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development
- Singapore University of Technology and Design
- Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Michinao Hashimoto
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development
- Singapore University of Technology and Design
- Singapore
- Singapore
- SUTD-MIT International Design Centre
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7
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Zhu G, Bao C, Liu W, Yan X, Liu L, Xiao J, Chen C. Rapid Detection of AGs using Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis Contactless Conductivity Detection. CURR PHARM ANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412913666170918160004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background:
In order to realize current aminoglycosides supervision in food and environment,
our team improved the sensitivity and separation efficiency of the portable ITO detector, based on
the technology of microchip capillary electrophoresis and contactless conductivity detection.
Experiment:
Parameters (the separation voltage, buffer concentration, electrodes gap, elicitation frequency,
elicitation voltage) were optimized for the detection of three aminoglycosides, gentamicin,
kanamycin and streptomycin and the separation of their mixture in background electrolyte consists of
2-(N-Morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) and L-Histidine (His). The enhanced method was also
applied to other types of aminoglycosides.
Results:
Under optimal conditions, the monitoring of three types of aminoglycosides obtained such a
sensitive response that the limits of detection of gentamicin sulfate, kanamycin sulfate and streptomycin
sulfate were calculated as 3.1 µg/ml, 0.89 µg/ml and 0.96 µg/ml, at signal-to-noise ratio 3, respectively.
In addition they got separated completely from each other only in 40 s. The results of other varieties of
aminoglycosides including tobramycin sulfate and amikacin sulfate also met the standard.
Conclusion:
We successfully proposed here an unprecedentedly portable, miniaturized and rapid
microchip capillary electrophoresis contactless conductivity detection system to realize current
aminoglycosides supervision in food and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangzhi Zhu
- Haikou People's Hospital and Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan 570208, China
| | - Chunjie Bao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Wenfang Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xingxing Yan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Lili Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Chuanpin Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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8
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Jozanović M, Sakač N, Sak-Bosnar M, Carrilho E. A simple and reliable new microchip electrophoresis method for fast measurements of imidazole dipeptides in meat from different animal species. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4359-4369. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Urbaczek AC, Leão PAGC, Souza FZRD, Afonso A, Vieira Alberice J, Cappelini LTD, Carlos IZ, Carrilho E. Endothelial Cell Culture Under Perfusion On A Polyester-Toner Microfluidic Device. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10466. [PMID: 28874818 PMCID: PMC5585355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents an inexpensive and easy way to produce a microfluidic device that mimics a blood vessel, serving as a start point for cell culture under perfusion, cardiovascular research, and toxicological studies. Endpoint assays (i.e., MTT reduction and NO assays) were used and revealed that the components making up the microchip, which is made of polyester and toner (PT), did not induce cell death or nitric oxide (NO) production. Applying oxygen plasma and fibronectin improved the adhesion and proliferation endothelial cell along the microchannel. As expected, these treatments showed an increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) concentration profiles, which is correlated with adherence and cell proliferation, thus promoting endothelialization of the device for neovascularization. Regardless the simplicity of the device, our “vein-on-a-chip” mimetic has a potential to serve as a powerful tool for those that demand a rapid microfabrication method in cell biology or organ-on-a-chip research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Urbaczek
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, IQSC, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, INCTBio, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Augusto Gomes Carneiro Leão
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, IQSC, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, INCTBio, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fayene Zeferino Ribeiro de Souza
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, IQSC, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, INCTBio, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Afonso
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, IQSC, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.,GHTM - Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisboa, Portugal.,Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Vieira Alberice
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, IQSC, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, INCTBio, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Teresa Dias Cappelini
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, IQSC, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.,Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Unifesp, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, FCFar, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, IQSC, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, INCTBio, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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10
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Lobo-Júnior EO, Gabriel EFM, dos Santos RA, de Souza FR, Lopes WD, Lima RS, Gobbi AL, Coltro WKT. Simple, rapid and, cost-effective fabrication of PDMS electrophoresis microchips using poly(vinyl acetate) as photoresist master. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:250-257. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Renato S. Lima
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia; Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais; Campinas/SP Brazil
| | - Angelo L. Gobbi
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia; Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais; Campinas/SP Brazil
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11
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Chagas CLS, Costa Duarte L, Lobo-Júnior EO, Piccin E, Dossi N, Coltro WKT. Hand drawing of pencil electrodes on paper platforms for contactless conductivity detection of inorganic cations in human tear samples using electrophoresis chips. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1837-44. [PMID: 25929980 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes for the first time the fabrication of pencil drawn electrodes (PDE) on paper platforms for capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C(4) D) on electrophoresis microchips. PDE-C(4) D devices were attached on PMMA electrophoresis chips and used for detection of K(+) and Na(+) in human tear samples. PDE-C(4) D devices were produced on office paper and chromatographic paper platforms and their performance were thoroughly investigated using a model mixture containing K(+) , Na(+) , and Li(+) . In comparison with chromatographic paper, PDE-C(4) D fabricated on office paper has exhibited better performance due to its higher electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the detector response was similar to that recorded with electrodes prepared with copper adhesive tape. The fabrication of PDE-C(4) D on office paper has offered great advantages including extremely low cost (< $ 0.004 per unit), reduced fabrication time (< 5 min), and minimal instrumentation (pencil and paper). The proposed electrodes demonstrated excellent analytical performance with good reproducibility. For an inter-PDE comparison (n = 7), the RSD values for migration time, peak area, and separation efficiency were lower than 2.5, 10.5, and 14%, respectively. The LOD's achieved for K(+) , Na(+) , and Li(+) were 4.9, 6.8, and 9.0 μM, respectively. The clinical feasibility of the proposed approach was successfully demonstrated with the quantitative analysis of K(+) and Na(+) in tear samples. The concentration levels found for K(+) and Na(+) were, respectively, 20.8 ± 0.1 mM and 101.2 ± 0.1 mM for sample #1, and 20.4 ± 0.1 mM and 111.4 ± 0.1 mM for sample #2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyro L S Chagas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Lucas Costa Duarte
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Evandro Piccin
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nicolò Dossi
- Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica (INCTBio), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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12
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Duarte Junior GF, Fracassi da Silva JA, Mendonça Francisco KJ, do Lago CL, Carrilho E, Coltro WKT. Metalless electrodes for capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection on electrophoresis microchips. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1935-40. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - José Alberto Fracassi da Silva
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica; Campinas São Paulo Brasil
| | | | | | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos; Universidade de São Paulo; São Carlos São Paulo Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica; Campinas São Paulo Brasil
| | - Wendell K. T. Coltro
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia Goiás Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica; Campinas São Paulo Brasil
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13
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Gabriel EFM, do Lago CL, Gobbi ÂL, Carrilho E, Coltro WKT. Characterization of microchip electrophoresis devices fabricated by direct-printing process with colored toner. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2169-76. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ângelo L. Gobbi
- Laboratório de Microfabricação; Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia; Campinas, SP; Brazil
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14
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da Silva ER, Segato TP, Coltro WKT, Lima RS, Carrilho E, Mazo LH. Determination of glyphosate and AMPA on polyester-toner electrophoresis microchip with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2107-11. [PMID: 23595638 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a method for rapid, simple, direct, and reproducible determination of glyphosate and its major metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). The platform described herein uses polyester-toner microchips incorporating capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection and electrophoresis separation of the analytes. The polyester-toner microchip presented 150 μm-wide and 12 μm-deep microchannels, with injection and separation lengths of 10 and 40 mm long, respectively. The best results were obtained with 320 kHz frequency, 4.5 Vpp excitation voltage, 80 mmol/L CHES/Tris buffer at pH 8.8, injection in -1.0 kV for 7 s, and separation in -1.5 kV. RSD values related to the peak areas for glyphosate and AMPA were 1.5 and 3.3% and 10.1 and 8.6% for intra- and interchip assays, respectively. The detection limits were 45.1 and 70.5 μmol/L, respectively, without any attempt of preconcentration of the analytes. Finally, the method was applied to river water samples in which glyphosate and AMPA (1.0 mmol/L each) were added. The recovery results were 87.4 and 83.7% for glyphosate and AMPA, respectively. The recovery percentages and LOD values obtained here were similar to others reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R da Silva
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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15
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On-chip immunoassay of a cardiac biomarker in serum using a polyester-toner microchip. Talanta 2013; 109:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Ansari K, Ying JYS, Hauser PC, de Rooij NF, Rodriguez I. A portable lab-on-a-chip instrument based on MCE with dual top-bottom capacitive coupled contactless conductivity detector in replaceable cell cartridge. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1390-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kambiz Ansari
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering; A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore; Singapore
| | - Jasmine Yuen Shu Ying
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering; A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore; Singapore
| | - Peter C. Hauser
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel; Switzerland
| | - Nico F. de Rooij
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne; Institute of Microengineering, Sensors; Actuators and Microsystems Laboratory Samlab; Neuchatel; Switzerland
| | - Isabel Rodriguez
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering; A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research); Singapore; Singapore
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Oliveira KA, Rodrigues de Oliveira C, Antonelli da Silveira L, Tomazelli Coltro WK. Laser-printing of toner-based 96-microzone plates for immunoassays. Analyst 2013; 138:1114-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36532d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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de Souza FR, Alves GL, Coltro WKT. Capillary-Driven Toner-Based Microfluidic Devices for Clinical Diagnostics with Colorimetric Detection. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9002-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302506k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Ribeiro de Souza
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia,
P.O. Box 131, 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Liberato Alves
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia,
P.O. Box 131, 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Wendell Karlos Tomazelli Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia,
P.O. Box 131, 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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19
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Polyester-toner electrophoresis microchips with improved analytical performance and extended lifetime. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2660-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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20
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Lima RS, Piazzetta MHO, Gobbi AL, Rodrigues-Filho UP, Nascente PAP, Coltro WKT, Carrilho E. Contactless conductivity biosensor in microchip containing folic acid as bioreceptor. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1963-1966. [PMID: 22549415 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40157f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report a glass/PDMS-based microfluidic biosensor that integrates contactless conductivity transduction and folic acid, a target for tumor biomarker, as a bioreceptor. The device presents relevant advantages such as direct determination--dismiss the use of redox mediators as in faradaic electrochemical techniques--and the absence of the known drawbacks related to the electrode-solution interface. Characterizations of the functionalization processes and chemical sensor are described in this communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato S Lima
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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21
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Duarte GRM, Coltro WKT, Borba JC, Price CW, Landers JP, Carrilho E. Disposable polyester-toner electrophoresis microchips for DNA analysis. Analyst 2012; 137:2692-8. [PMID: 22545263 DOI: 10.1039/c2an16220b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microchip electrophoresis has become a powerful tool for DNA separation, offering all of the advantages typically associated with miniaturized techniques: high speed, high resolution, ease of automation, and great versatility for both routine and research applications. Various substrate materials have been used to produce microchips for DNA separations, including conventional (glass, silicon, and quartz) and alternative (polymers) platforms. In this study, we perform DNA separation in a simple and low-cost polyester-toner (PeT)-based electrophoresis microchip. PeT devices were fabricated by a direct-printing process using a 600 dpi-resolution laser printer. DNA separations were performed on PeT chip with channels filled with polymer solutions (0.5% m/v hydroxyethylcellulose or hydroxypropylcellulose) at electric fields ranging from 100 to 300 V cm(-1). Separation of DNA fragments between 100 and 1000 bp, with good correlation of the size of DNA fragments and mobility, was achieved in this system. Although the mobility increased with increasing electric field, separations showed the same profile regardless of the electric field. The system provided good separation efficiency (215,000 plates per m for the 500 bp fragment) and the separation was completed in 4 min for 1000 bp fragment ladder. The cost of a given chip is approximately $0.15 and it takes less than 10 minutes to prepare a single device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela R M Duarte
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Grupo de Bioanalítica, Microfabricação e Separações, Brazil
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Liu J, Wang J, Chen Z, Yu Y, Yang X, Zhang X, Xu Z, Liu C. A three-layer PMMA electrophoresis microchip with Pt microelectrodes insulated by a thin film for contactless conductivity detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:969-973. [PMID: 21135967 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00341g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A three-layer poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) electrophoresis microchip integrated with Pt microelectrodes for contactless conductivity detection is presented. A 50 μm-thick PMMA film is used as the insulating layer and placed between the channel plate (containing the microchannel) and the electrode plate (containing the microelectrode). The three-layer structure facilitates the achievement of a thin insulating layer, obviates the difficulty of integrating microelectrodes on a thin film, and does not compromise the integration of microchips. To overcome the thermal and chemical incompatibilities of polymers and photolithographic techniques, a modified lift-off process was developed to integrate Pt microelectrodes onto the PMMA substrate. A novel two-step bonding method was created to assemble the complete PMMA microchip. A low limit of detection of 1.25 μg ml(-1) for Na(+) and high separation efficiency of 77,000 and 48,000 plates/m for Na(+) and K(+) were obtained when operating the detector at a low excitation frequency of 60 kHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
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Tomazelli Coltro WK, Fracassi da Silva JA, Carrilho E. Rapid prototyping of polymeric electrophoresis microchips with integrated electrodes for contactless conductivity detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2011; 3:168-172. [PMID: 32938126 DOI: 10.1039/c0ay00486c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple and easy approach to produce polymeric microchips with integrated copper electrodes for capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) is described. Copper electrodes were fabricated using a printed circuit board (PCB) as an inexpensive thin-layer of metal. The electrode layout was first drawn and laser printed on a wax paper sheet. The toner layer deposited on the paper sheet was thermally transferred to the PCB surface working as a mask for wet chemical etching of the copper layer. After the etching step, the toner was removed with an acetonitrile-dampened cotton. A poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film coated with a thin thermo-sensitive adhesive layer was used to laminate the PCB plate providing an insulator layer of the electrodes to perform C4D measurements. Electrophoresis microchannels were fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) by soft lithography and reversibly sealed against the PET film. These hybrid PDMS/PET chips exhibited a stable electroosmotic mobility of 4.25 ± 0.04 × 10-4 V cm-2 s-1, at pH 6.1, over fifty runs. Efficiencies ranging from 1127 to 1690 theoretical plates were obtained for inorganic cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendell Karlos Tomazelli Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Josà Alberto Fracassi da Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 13566-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Kubáň P, Hauser PC. Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection for microseparation techniques - recent developments. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:30-42. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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A simple poly(dimethylsiloxane) electrophoresis microchip with an integrated contactless conductivity detector. Mikrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Felhofer JL, Blanes L, Garcia CD. Recent developments in instrumentation for capillary electrophoresis and microchip-capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2469-86. [PMID: 20665910 PMCID: PMC2928674 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, there has been an explosion in the number of developments and applications of CE and microchip-CE. In part, this growth has been the direct consequence of recent developments in instrumentation associated with CE. This review, which is focused on the contributions published in the last 5 years, is intended to complement the articles presented in this special issue dedicated to instrumentation and to provide an overview of the general trends and some of the most remarkable developments published in the areas of high-voltage power supplies, detectors, auxiliary components, and compact systems. It also includes a few examples of alternative uses of and modifications to traditional CE instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Felhofer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
| | - Lucas Blanes
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Carlos D. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States of America
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Segato TP, Coltro WKT, de Jesus Almeida AL, de Oliveira Piazetta MH, Gobbi AL, Mazo LH, Carrilho E. A rapid and reliable bonding process for microchip electrophoresis fabricated in glass substrates. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2526-33. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Coltro WKT, de Jesus DP, da Silva JAF, do Lago CL, Carrilho E. Toner and paper-based fabrication techniques for microfluidic applications. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2487-98. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Fischer DJ, Hulvey MK, Regel AR, Lunte SM. Amperometric detection in microchip electrophoresis devices: effect of electrode material and alignment on analytical performance. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:3324-33. [PMID: 19802847 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication and evaluation of different electrode materials and electrode alignments for microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection is described. The influences of electrode material, both metal and carbon-based, on sensitivity and LOD were examined. In addition, the effects of working electrode alignment on analytical performance (in terms of peak shape, resolution, sensitivity, and LOD) were directly compared. Using dopamine (DA), norepinephrine, and catechol (CAT) as test analytes, it was found that pyrolyzed photoresist electrodes with end-channel alignment yielded the lowest LOD (35 nM for DA). In addition to being easier to implement, end-channel alignment also offered better analytical performance than off-channel alignment for the detection of all three analytes. In-channel electrode alignment resulted in a 3.6-fold reduction in peak skew and reduced peak tailing by a factor of 2.1 for CAT in comparison to end-channel alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Vázquez M, Frankenfeld C, Coltro WKT, Carrilho E, Diamond D, Lunte SM. Dual contactless conductivity and amperometric detection on hybrid PDMS/glass electrophoresis microchips. Analyst 2010; 135:96-103. [DOI: 10.1039/b908985c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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