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Duarte LC, Figueredo F, Chagas CLS, Cortón E, Coltro WKT. A review of the recent achievements and future trends on 3D printed microfluidic devices for bioanalytical applications. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1299:342429. [PMID: 38499426 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
3D printing has revolutionized the manufacturing process of microanalytical devices by enabling the automated production of customized objects. This technology promises to become a fundamental tool, accelerating investigations in critical areas of health, food, and environmental sciences. This microfabrication technology can be easily disseminated among users to produce further and provide analytical data to an interconnected network towards the Internet of Things, as 3D printers enable automated, reproducible, low-cost, and easy fabrication of microanalytical devices in a single step. New functional materials are being investigated for one-step fabrication of highly complex 3D printed parts using photocurable resins. However, they are not yet widely used to fabricate microfluidic devices. This is likely the critical step towards easy and automated fabrication of sophisticated, complex, and functional 3D-printed microchips. Accordingly, this review covers recent advances in the development of 3D-printed microfluidic devices for point-of-care (POC) or bioanalytical applications such as nucleic acid amplification assays, immunoassays, cell and biomarker analysis and organs-on-a-chip. Finally, we discuss the future implications of this technology and highlight the challenges in researching and developing appropriate materials and manufacturing techniques to enable the production of 3D-printed microfluidic analytical devices in a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Duarte
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás, Campus Inhumas, 75402-556, Inhumas, GO, Brazil
| | - Federico Figueredo
- Laboratorio de Biosensores y Bioanalisis (LABB), Departamento de Química Biológica e IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Cyro L S Chagas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Cortón
- Laboratorio de Biosensores y Bioanalisis (LABB), Departamento de Química Biológica e IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Lobo‐Júnior EO, Chagas CLS, Duarte LC, Cardoso TMG, Souza FR, Lima RS, Coltro WKT. Inexpensive and nonconventional fabrication of microfluidic devices in PMMA based on a soft‐embossing protocol. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1641-1650. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyro L. S. Chagas
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
- Instituto de Química Universidade de Brasília Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Lucas C. Duarte
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
| | | | - Fabrício R. Souza
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
| | - Renato S. Lima
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais Campinas SP Brazil
- Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Wendell K. T. Coltro
- Instituto de Química Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiânia GO Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica Campinas SP Brazil
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Dias AA, Chagas CLS, Silva-Neto HDA, Lobo-Junior EO, Sgobbi LF, de Araujo WR, Paixão TRLC, Coltro WKT. Environmentally Friendly Manufacturing of Flexible Graphite Electrodes for a Wearable Device Monitoring Zinc in Sweat. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:39484-39492. [PMID: 31524381 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors based on graphite and polymers have emerged as powerful analytical tools for bioanalytical applications. However, most of the fabrication processes are not environmentally friendly because they often involve the use of toxic reagents and generate waste. This study describes an alternative method to produce flexible electrodes in plastic substrates using graphite powder and thermal laminating sheets by solid-solid deposition through hot compression, without the use of hazardous chemical reagents. The electrodes developed through the proposed approach have successfully demonstrated flexibility, robustness, reproducibility (relative standard deviation around 6%), and versatility. The electrodes were thoroughly characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. As a proof of concept, the electrode surfaces were modified with bismuth and used for zinc analysis in sweat. The modified electrodes presented linearity (R2 = 0.996) for a wide zinc concentration range (50-2000 ppb) and low detection limit (4.31 ppb). The proposed electrodes were tested using real sweat samples and the achieved zinc concentrations did not differ statistically from the data obtained by atomic absorption spectroscopy. To allow wearable applications, a 3D-printed device was fabricated, integrated with the proposed electrochemical system, and fixed at the abdomen by using an elastic tape to collect, store, and analyze the sweat sample. The matrix effect test was performed, spiking the real sample with different zinc levels, and the recovery values varied between 85 and 106%, thus demonstrating adequate accuracy and robustness of the flexible electrodes developed based on the proposed fabrication method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson A Dias
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , Goiás 74690-900 , Brazil
| | - Cyro L S Chagas
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
| | | | - Eulício O Lobo-Junior
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , Goiás 74690-900 , Brazil
| | - Lívia F Sgobbi
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , Goiás 74690-900 , Brazil
| | - William R de Araujo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química , Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas , São Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica , Campinas , São Paulo 13084-971 , Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , Goiás 74690-900 , Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica , Campinas , São Paulo 13084-971 , Brazil
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Abstract
This chapter describes the development of paper-based microchip electrophoresis (pME) devices for the separation of clinically relevant compounds. pME were fabricated by laser cut and thermal lamination process using polyester pouches. In addition, hand-drawn pencil electrodes were integrated to the device to perform capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D). Finished device costs less than US$ 0.10 and did not require either sophisticated instrumentation or clean room facilities. Furthermore, pME is lightweight, easy to handle, flexible, and robust. pME-C4D device revealed an excellent capacity to separate BSA and creatinine in less than 150 s with baseline resolution. The device proposed in this chapter has proven to be a good alternative as a platform for the diagnosis of diseases from renal disorders such as diabetes mellitus and heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyro L S Chagas
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Thiago M G Cardoso
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, GO, Brazil.
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Dias AA, Cardoso TMG, Chagas CLS, Oliveira VXG, Munoz RAA, Henry CS, Santana MHP, Paixão TRLC, Coltro WKT. Cover Feature: Detection of Analgesics and Sedation Drugs in Whiskey Using Electrochemical Paper-based Analytical Devices (Electroanalysis 10/2018). ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201881002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson A. Dias
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia, GO 74690-900 Brazil
| | - Thiago M. G. Cardoso
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia, GO 74690-900 Brazil
| | - Cyro L. S. Chagas
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia, GO 74690-900 Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo A. A. Munoz
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Uberlândia, MG 38408-100 Brazil
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO 80523 United States of America
| | - Mário H. P. Santana
- Unidade Técnico-Científica -; Superintendência Regional da Polícia Federal em MG; Uberlândia, MG 38408-6630 Brazil
| | - Thiago R. L. C. Paixão
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Wendell K. T. Coltro
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia, GO 74690-900 Brazil
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Lobo-Júnior EO, L S Chagas C, Coltro WKT. Determination of inorganic cations in biological fluids using a hybrid capillary electrophoresis device coupled with contactless conductivity detection. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3310-3317. [PMID: 29956462 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe the assembly of a hybrid electrophoresis device that contains fused silica capillaries interconnected to a microfabricated interface in a cross format for the determination of inorganic cations in biological samples. The sample transport in the proposed hybrid device was performed under gated injection mode and the separations were monitored with a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector. The capillary extremities were inserted into polypropylene tubes to create solution reservoirs. Sensing electrodes were produced using stainless-steel hypodermic needles previously cut with 2.0 mm length. The running composition and injection time were optimized and the best results were found using 50 mmol/L lactic acid, 20 mmol/L histidine and 3 mmol/L 18-crown-6 ether, and an electrokinetic injection time of 15 s. The separation of six inorganic cations was achieved with baseline resolution, and efficiencies were between 9.1 × 103 and 5.4 × 104 plates/m. The proposed hybrid device was explored for determining the concentration levels of inorganic cations in urine, saliva, and tear samples, employing Li+ as an internal standard. The achieved results were in good agreement with the data reported in the literature. The reliability of the proposed method ranged from 93 to 98%, thus suggesting satisfactory accuracy for bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyro L S Chagas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Dias AA, Cardoso TMG, Chagas CLS, Oliveira VXG, Munoz RAA, Henry CS, Santana MHP, Paixão TRLC, Coltro WKT. Detection of Analgesics and Sedation Drugs in Whiskey Using Electrochemical Paper-based Analytical Devices. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson A. Dias
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia, GO 74690-900 Brazil
| | - Thiago M. G. Cardoso
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia, GO 74690-900 Brazil
| | - Cyro L. S. Chagas
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia, GO 74690-900 Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo A. A. Munoz
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Uberlândia, MG 38408-100 Brazil
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO 80523 United States of America
| | - Mário H. P. Santana
- Unidade Técnico-Científica -; Superintendência Regional da Polícia Federal em MG; Uberlândia, MG 38408-6630 Brazil
| | - Thiago R. L. C. Paixão
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Wendell K. T. Coltro
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia, GO 74690-900 Brazil
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Ismail A, Araújo MO, Chagas CLS, Griveau S, D'Orlyé F, Varenne A, Bedioui F, Coltro WKT. Colorimetric analysis of the decomposition of S-nitrosothiols on paper-based microfluidic devices. Analyst 2016; 141:6314-6320. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A disposable paper microfluidic device was developed to analyse different S-nitrosothiols simultaneously decomposed by Hg2+ as well as UV, Vis and IR lamps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulghani Ismail
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal de Goiás
- Goiânia
- Brazil
- Chimie ParisTech
| | | | | | - Sophie Griveau
- Chimie ParisTech
- PSL Research University Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé
- 75005 Paris
- France
- INSERM
| | - Fanny D'Orlyé
- Chimie ParisTech
- PSL Research University Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé
- 75005 Paris
- France
- INSERM
| | - Anne Varenne
- Chimie ParisTech
- PSL Research University Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé
- 75005 Paris
- France
- INSERM
| | - Fethi Bedioui
- Chimie ParisTech
- PSL Research University Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé
- 75005 Paris
- France
- INSERM
| | - Wendell K. T. Coltro
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal de Goiás
- Goiânia
- Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica
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Chagas CLS, Costa Duarte L, Lobo-Júnior EO, Piccin E, Dossi N, Coltro WKT. Hand drawing of pencil electrodes on paper platforms for contactless conductivity detection of inorganic cations in human tear samples using electrophoresis chips. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1837-44. [PMID: 25929980 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes for the first time the fabrication of pencil drawn electrodes (PDE) on paper platforms for capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C(4) D) on electrophoresis microchips. PDE-C(4) D devices were attached on PMMA electrophoresis chips and used for detection of K(+) and Na(+) in human tear samples. PDE-C(4) D devices were produced on office paper and chromatographic paper platforms and their performance were thoroughly investigated using a model mixture containing K(+) , Na(+) , and Li(+) . In comparison with chromatographic paper, PDE-C(4) D fabricated on office paper has exhibited better performance due to its higher electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the detector response was similar to that recorded with electrodes prepared with copper adhesive tape. The fabrication of PDE-C(4) D on office paper has offered great advantages including extremely low cost (< $ 0.004 per unit), reduced fabrication time (< 5 min), and minimal instrumentation (pencil and paper). The proposed electrodes demonstrated excellent analytical performance with good reproducibility. For an inter-PDE comparison (n = 7), the RSD values for migration time, peak area, and separation efficiency were lower than 2.5, 10.5, and 14%, respectively. The LOD's achieved for K(+) , Na(+) , and Li(+) were 4.9, 6.8, and 9.0 μM, respectively. The clinical feasibility of the proposed approach was successfully demonstrated with the quantitative analysis of K(+) and Na(+) in tear samples. The concentration levels found for K(+) and Na(+) were, respectively, 20.8 ± 0.1 mM and 101.2 ± 0.1 mM for sample #1, and 20.4 ± 0.1 mM and 111.4 ± 0.1 mM for sample #2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyro L S Chagas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Lucas Costa Duarte
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Evandro Piccin
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nicolò Dossi
- Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica (INCTBio), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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