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Borisjuk L, Horn P, Chapman K, Jakob PM, Gündel A, Rolletschek H. Seeing plants as never before. New Phytol 2023; 238:1775-1794. [PMID: 36895109 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Imaging has long supported our ability to understand the inner life of plants, their development, and response to a dynamic environment. While optical microscopy remains the core tool for imaging, a suite of novel technologies is now beginning to make a significant contribution to visualize plant metabolism. The purpose of this review was to provide the scientific community with an overview of current imaging methods, which rely variously on either nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS) or infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and to present some examples of their application in order to illustrate their utility. In addition to providing a description of the basic principles underlying these technologies, the review discusses their various advantages and limitations, reveals the current state of the art, and suggests their potential application to experimental practice. Finally, a view is presented as to how the technologies will likely develop, how these developments may encourage the formulation of novel experimental strategies, and how the enormous potential of these technologies can contribute to progress in plant science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Patrick Horn
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Kent Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Peter M Jakob
- Institute of Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andre Gündel
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland-Gatersleben, Germany
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2
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Keskinoğlu C, Aydın A. The Design of Low-Cost Stand-Alone Microcontroller-Based Wireless Ultrasonic System for Process Monitoring and Analysis. J Ultrasound Med 2022; 41:2577-2589. [PMID: 35103346 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ultrasound technology is currently used in many areas, such as imaging, analysis, and process monitoring. The noninvasive implementation, nondestructive effect on the material to be applied, and low cost of the needed components give an advantage to the ultrasonic systems when compared to other methods for analysis and process monitoring studies. However, the current ultrasonic analysis setups used in the studies require additional devices such as a signal generator and oscilloscope. These devices used in the setup increase the cost, size, usage difficulty of the system and, most importantly, decrease the portability and stability. In order to prevent these disadvantages, an ultrasonic system that can work in real-time and its software are developed to be used in analysis and process monitoring without any additional devices. METHODS This system was designed by using a microcontroller. The developed system is portable, has a small size, and a Bluetooth Low Energy connection. It has a battery for using standalone. RESULTS Therefore, it can be easily used in different small and closed measurement environments such as incubators and controlled remotely. In addition, a mixture was analyzed with both the designed system and a commercial module. When the results are compared, two systems are found highly correlated r 2 = 1 . CONCLUSION: In this study, an embedded ultrasonic measurement system and its software are developed to be used in analysis studies, density measurements, and real-time process monitoring as a stand-alone device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemil Keskinoğlu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Aydın
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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3
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Barberis E, Amede E, Dondero F, Marengo E, Manfredi M. New Non-Invasive Method for the Authentication of Apple Cultivars. Foods 2021; 11:foods11010089. [PMID: 35010215 PMCID: PMC8750361 DOI: 10.3390/foods11010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food authentication is very important to protect consumers, sellers, and producers from fraud. Although several methods have been developed using a wide range of analytical techniques, most of them require sample destruction and do not allow in situ sampling or analysis, nor reliable quantification of hundreds of molecules at the same time. To overcome these limitations, we have developed and validated a new noninvasive analytical workflow for food authentication. The method uses a functionalized strip to adsorb small molecules from the surface of the food product, followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the desorbed analytes. We validated the method and applied it to the classification of five different apple varieties. Molecular concentrations obtained from the analysis of 44 apples were used to identify markers for apple cultivars or, in combination with machine learning techniques, to perform cultivar classification. The overall reproducibility of the method was very good, showing a good coefficient of variation for both targeted and untargeted analysis. The approach was able to correctly classify all samples. In addition, the method was also used to detect pesticides and the following molecules were found in almost all samples: chlorpyrifos-methyl, deltamethrin, and malathion. The proposed approach not only showed very good analytical performance, but also proved to be suitable for noninvasive food authentication and pesticide residue analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elettra Barberis
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.A.); (M.M.)
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Elia Amede
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.A.); (M.M.)
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Francesco Dondero
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (E.A.); (M.M.)
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
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Barberis E, Amede E, Khoso S, Castello L, Sainaghi PP, Bellan M, Balbo PE, Patti G, Brustia D, Giordano M, Rolla R, Chiocchetti A, Romani G, Manfredi M, Vaschetto R. Metabolomics Diagnosis of COVID-19 from Exhaled Breath Condensate. Metabolites 2021; 11:847. [PMID: 34940605 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can lead to severe respiratory tract damage and acute lung injury. Therefore, it is crucial to study breath-associated biofluids not only to investigate the breath's biochemical changes caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, but also to discover potential biomarkers for the development of new diagnostic tools. In the present study, we performed an untargeted metabolomics approach using a bidimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GCxGC-TOFMS) on exhaled breath condensate (EBC) from COVID-19 patients and negative healthy subjects to identify new potential biomarkers for the noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring of the COVID-19 disease. The EBC analysis was further performed in patients with acute or acute-on-chronic cardiopulmonary edema (CPE) to assess the reliability of the identified biomarkers. Our findings demonstrated that an abundance of EBC fatty acids can be used to discriminate COVID-19 patients and that they may have a protective effect, thus suggesting their potential use as a preventive strategy against the infection.
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Walther AR, Andersen MØ, Dam CK, Karlsson F, Hedegaard MAB. Simple Defocused Fiber Optic Volume Probe for Subsurface Raman Spectroscopy in Turbid Media. Appl Spectrosc 2020; 74:88-96. [PMID: 31510785 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819873933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the ability to perform deep subsurface Raman spectroscopy in turbid media using a simple fiber optic volume probe. Being able to collect Raman signals from regions deep within a biological sample provides the ability to noninvasively study underlying living tissue and tissue engineered constructs with high chemical specificity. Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy has shown great potential for obtaining subsurface Raman signals in biological samples. The applicability of the method for in vivo studies depends on the system complexity and small size probes are often desirable. Most real-time studies on human patients utilizing Raman spectroscopy have been performed with easy-to-handle miniaturized probes. Here we show both experimentally and theoretically that the sampling depth from a simple volume probe can be controlled by changing the probe to sample distance effectively suppressing Raman and fluorescence contributions from shallow sample layers while favoring the collection of signals from deeper layers. Relative spectral intensities as function of probe to sample distance were investigated for layered phantoms of poly(methyl methacrylate) and trans-stilbene and compared with theory. The volume probe was then utilized for the collection of spectra from phantoms mimicking in vivo transcutaneous measurement configurations of bone and engineered scaffold as well as from an ex vivo sample of bone and soft tissue. Together the results show that Raman fiber optic volume probes can be utilized for subsurface Raman spectroscopy in turbid media, providing a simple alternative to spatially offset Raman systems for, e.g., noninvasive monitoring and studying mineralized tissue and implanted scaffolds in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Runge Walther
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Østergaard Andersen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Martin Aage Barsøe Hedegaard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Dias AA, Chagas CLS, Silva-Neto HDA, Lobo-Junior EO, Sgobbi LF, de Araujo WR, Paixão TRLC, Coltro WKT. Environmentally Friendly Manufacturing of Flexible Graphite Electrodes for a Wearable Device Monitoring Zinc in Sweat. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:39484-39492. [PMID: 31524381 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors based on graphite and polymers have emerged as powerful analytical tools for bioanalytical applications. However, most of the fabrication processes are not environmentally friendly because they often involve the use of toxic reagents and generate waste. This study describes an alternative method to produce flexible electrodes in plastic substrates using graphite powder and thermal laminating sheets by solid-solid deposition through hot compression, without the use of hazardous chemical reagents. The electrodes developed through the proposed approach have successfully demonstrated flexibility, robustness, reproducibility (relative standard deviation around 6%), and versatility. The electrodes were thoroughly characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. As a proof of concept, the electrode surfaces were modified with bismuth and used for zinc analysis in sweat. The modified electrodes presented linearity (R2 = 0.996) for a wide zinc concentration range (50-2000 ppb) and low detection limit (4.31 ppb). The proposed electrodes were tested using real sweat samples and the achieved zinc concentrations did not differ statistically from the data obtained by atomic absorption spectroscopy. To allow wearable applications, a 3D-printed device was fabricated, integrated with the proposed electrochemical system, and fixed at the abdomen by using an elastic tape to collect, store, and analyze the sweat sample. The matrix effect test was performed, spiking the real sample with different zinc levels, and the recovery values varied between 85 and 106%, thus demonstrating adequate accuracy and robustness of the flexible electrodes developed based on the proposed fabrication method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson A Dias
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , Goiás 74690-900 , Brazil
| | - Cyro L S Chagas
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
| | | | - Eulício O Lobo-Junior
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , Goiás 74690-900 , Brazil
| | - Lívia F Sgobbi
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , Goiás 74690-900 , Brazil
| | - William R de Araujo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química , Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas , São Paulo 13083-970 , Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica , Campinas , São Paulo 13084-971 , Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , Goiás 74690-900 , Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica , Campinas , São Paulo 13084-971 , Brazil
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Mazzarello V, Donadu MG, Ferrari M, Piga G, Usai D, Zanetti S, Sotgiu MA. Treatment of acne with a combination of propolis, tea tree oil, and Aloe vera compared to erythromycin cream: two double-blind investigations. Clin Pharmacol 2018; 10:175-181. [PMID: 30588129 PMCID: PMC6298394 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s180474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antibiotics that suppress Propionibacterium acnes are the standard treatment for acne but are becoming less effective, due to the appearance of antibiotic-resistant strains. Many plants are known to have innate antimicrobial action and can be used as alternatives to antibiotics; thus, it is necessary to prove their effectiveness in vivo. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-acne efficacy of a new cream based on three natural extracts, comparing it to erythromycin cream and placebo. Patients and methods Sixty patients with mild to moderate acne vulgaris were randomly divided into three groups: treated with cream containing 20% propolis, 3% "tea tree oil", and 10% "Aloe vera" (PTAC) (n=20); or with 3 % erythromycin cream (ERC) (n=20); or with placebo (n=20). At baseline, after 15 and 30 days, investigators evaluated response to treatment by counting acne lesions through noninvasive measurements and macrophotography. Results All the clinical and instrumental values studied were statistically different from placebo except for sebometry, pHmetry, and erythema index values, measured on healthy skin. Unlike in the placebo group, papular and scar lesions showed high erythema reduction after 15 and 30 days of PTAC and ERC application. Conclusion The PTAC formulation was better than ERC in reducing erythema scars, acne severity index, and total lesion count.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mazzarello
- Skinlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy,
| | - M G Donadu
- Skinlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy,
| | - M Ferrari
- Skinlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy,
| | - G Piga
- Skinlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy,
| | - D Usai
- Skinlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy,
| | - S Zanetti
- Skinlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy,
| | - M A Sotgiu
- Skinlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy,
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Abstract
Background Werner syndrome (WS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by premature aging in adults. Although not sufficient to diagnose WS, persistent short stature and alteration of the dentition are among the few early signs that appear at puberty and can lead to a suspected diagnosis. Objective The study aimed at quantifying the signs of WS skin aging through biophysical parameters to find new parameters to be applied together with clinical observations in order to diagnose the disease early. Patients and methods The skin disorders induced by the disease were studied using noninvasive techniques: Tewameter TM300, Corneometer CM825, Skin-pH-Meter PH900, Mexameter MX16, Visioscan VC98, and Cutometer MPA580. Twenty-four patients divided into young group, WS group, and elderly group were recruited for the study. Results The WS skin is quite similar to aged skin, with some differences concerning the barrier function and skin elasticity; for instance, a WS patient of 30 years of age has the same skin roughness of a 50/60 years old subject with a more severe skin condition leading to higher dryness, high transepidermal water loss, and less distensibility correlating with skin indurations. Conclusion In patients with WS, the biophysical parameters can quantify the damage induced on the skin by the disease. In order to stage the degree of the disease, biophysical parameters could be used in the future as a diagnostic procedure in the initial stages of the disease as they may reveal lesions not yet clinically perceptible or in advanced stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Mazzarello
- Skinlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy,
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Skinlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy,
| | - Pasquale Ena
- Skinlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy,
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Ishigaki M, Nishii T, Puangchit P, Yasui Y, Huck CW, Ozaki Y. Noninvasive, high-speed, near-infrared imaging of the biomolecular distribution and molecular mechanism of embryonic development in fertilized fish eggs. J Biophotonics 2018; 11:e201700115. [PMID: 29165906 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the distribution of biomaterials and its molecular mechanism of embryonic development in Japanese medaka fish were analyzed nondestructively and noninvasively without staining using near-infrared (NIR) imaging. The microscopic NIR imaging system used in this research was a device capable of ultra-high-speed imaging; using this system, one can acquire microscopic imaging data in a few seconds. Therefore, the medaka eggs remained alive throughout measurements and were successfully monitored in vivo. The distributions of biomolecules were examined by mapping the intensities of NIR bands resulting from lipids, proteins and water in 2 dimensions (2D). The structures of eyes, lipid bilayer membranes, micelles and water-structure differences at the interface of different substances constituting different structures on the egg were visualized. Furthermore, insights on the metabolic mechanisms of lipids and membrane functions were drawn from the biased distribution of lipoproteins and the presence of unsaturated fatty acids in the egg membrane. These results indicated the potential for NIR imaging in evaluating the biological functions and metabolic systems of cells and embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Ishigaki
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishii
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Paralee Puangchit
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Yui Yasui
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Christian W Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry, CCB-Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
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Abstract
Objects of cultural heritage significance are created using a wide variety of materials, or mixtures of materials, and often exhibit heterogeneity on multiple length scales. The effective study of these complex constructions thus requires the use of a suite of complementary analytical technologies. Moreover, because of the importance and irreplaceability of most cultural heritage objects, researchers favor analytical techniques that can be employed noninvasively, i.e., without having to remove any material for analysis. As such, analytical imaging has emerged as an important approach for the study of cultural heritage. Imaging technologies commonly employed, from the macroscale through the micro- to nanoscale, are discussed with respect to how the information obtained helps us understand artists' materials and methods, the cultures in which the objects were created, how the objects may have changed over time, and importantly, how we may develop strategies for their preservation.
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