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El Ouahabi O, Mancera-Arteu M, Pont L, Giménez E, Sanz-Nebot V, Benavente F. On-line solid-phase extraction to enhance sensitivity in peptide biomarker analysis by microseparation techniques coupled to mass spectrometry: Capillary liquid chromatography versus capillary electrophoresis. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Evaluation of on-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry with a nanoliter valve for the analysis of peptide biomarkers. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1140:1-9. [PMID: 33218471 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
On-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (SPE-CE-MS) is a powerful technique for high throughput sample clean-up and analyte preconcentration, separation, detection, and characterization. The most typical design due to its simplicity and low cost is unidirectional SPE-CE-MS. However, in this configuration, the sample volumes introduced by pressure depend on the dimensions of the separation capillary and some matrix components could be irreversibly adsorbed in its inner walls. Furthermore, in many cases, the requirements of on-line preconcentration are incompatible with the background electrolyte necessary for an efficient separation and sensitive MS detection. Here, we present SPE-CE-MS with a nanoliter valve (nvSPE-CE-MS) to overcome these drawbacks while keeping the design simple. The nvSPE-CE-MS system is operated with a single CE instrument and two capillaries for independent and orthogonal SPE preconcentration and CE separation, which are interfaced through an external and electrically isolated valve with a 20 nL sample loop. The instrumental setup is proved for the analysis of opioid and amyloid beta peptide biomarkers in standards and plasma samples. NvSPE-CE-MS allowed decreasing the limits of detection (LODs) 200 times with regard to CE-MS. Compared to unidirectional SPE-CE-MS, peak efficiencies were better and repeatabilities similar, but total analysis times longer and LODs for standards slightly higher due to the heart-cut operation and the limited volume of the valve loop. This small difference on the LODs for standards was compensated for plasma samples by the improved tolerance of nvSPE-CE-MS to complex sample matrices. In view of these results, the presented setup can be regarded as a promising versatile alternative to avoid complicated matrix samples entering the separation capillary in SPE-CE-MS.
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Practical sample pretreatment techniques coupled with capillary electrophoresis for real samples in complex matrices. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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A critical retrospective and prospective review of designs and materials in in-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1079:1-19. [PMID: 31387699 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several strategies have been developed to decrease the concentration limits of detection (LODs) in capillary electrophoresis (CE). Nowadays, chromatographic-based preconcentration using a microcartridge integrated in the separation capillary for in-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis (SPE-CE) is one of the best alternatives for high throughput and reproducible sample clean-up and analyte preconcentration. This review covers different designs (geometrical configurations, with frits or fritless, capillary types, compatibility with commercial instrumentation, etc.) and materials (sorbents, supports, affinity ligands, etc.) applied for almost 30 years to prepare in-line SPE-CE microcartridges (i.e. analyte concentrators), with emphasis on the conventional unidirectional configuration in capillary format. Advantages, disadvantages and future perspectives are analyzed in detail to provide the reader a wide overview about the great potential of this technique to enhance sensitivity and address trace analysis.
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Kalmykova SD, Arapidi GP, Urban AS, Osetrova MS, Gordeeva VD, Ivanov VT, Govorun VM. In Silico Analysis of Peptide Potential Biological Functions. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816201804009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pero-Gascon R, Sanz-Nebot V, Berezovski MV, Benavente F. Analysis of Circulating microRNAs and Their Post-Transcriptional Modifications in Cancer Serum by On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6618-6625. [PMID: 29730931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, an on-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (SPE-CE-MS) method is described for the purification, preconcentration, separation, and characterization of endogenous microRNA (miRNA) and their post-transcriptional modifications in serum. First, analysis by CE-MS was optimized using a standard mixture of hsa-miR-21-5p (miR-21-5p) and hsa-let-7g-5p (let-7g-5p). For SPE-CE-MS, a commercial silicon carbide (SiC) resin was used to prepare the microcartridges. Under the optimized conditions with standards, the microcartridge lifetime (>25 analyses) and repeatability (2.8% RSD for the migration times; 4.4 and 6.4% RSD for the miR-21-5p and let-7g-5p peak areas, respectively) were good, the method was linear between 25 and 100 nmol·L-1, and the limit of detection (LOD) was around 10 nmol·L-1 (50 times lower than by CE-MS). In order to analyze human serum samples, an off-line sample pretreatment based on phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (PCA) extraction was necessary prior to SPE-CE-MS. The potential of the SPE-CE-MS method to screen for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was demonstrated by an analysis of serum samples from healthy controls and patients. MicroRNAs, specifically miR-21-5p and a 23 nucleotide long 5'-phosphorylated miRNA with 3'-uridylation (iso-miR-16-5p), were only detected in the CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Pero-Gascon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA·UB) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
| | - Victoria Sanz-Nebot
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA·UB) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
| | - Maxim V Berezovski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Fernando Benavente
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA·UB) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
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Pont L, Benavente F, Barbosa J, Sanz-Nebot V. On-line immunoaffinity solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry using Fab´antibody fragments for the analysis of serum transthyretin. Talanta 2017; 170:224-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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Development and application of a new in-line coupling of a miniaturized boronate affinity monolithic column with capillary zone electrophoresis for the selective enrichment and analysis of cis-diol-containing compounds. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1494:65-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Peró-Gascón R, Pont L, Benavente F, Barbosa J, Sanz-Nebot V. Analysis of serum transthyretin by on-line immunoaffinity solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry using magnetic beads. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1220-31. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Peró-Gascón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Laura Pont
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Fernando Benavente
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - José Barbosa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Victoria Sanz-Nebot
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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Benavente F, Medina-Casanellas S, Giménez E, Sanz-Nebot V. On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry for Preconcentration and Clean-Up of Peptides and Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1466:67-84. [PMID: 27473482 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-4014-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the major drawbacks of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and other microscale separation techniques, for the analysis of low abundant peptides and proteins in complex samples, are the poor concentration limits of detection. Several strategies have been developed to improve CE sensitivity. Here, we describe an on-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry method with a commercial C18 sorbent for clean-up and preconcentration of neuropeptides from highly diluted biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Benavente
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 647, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
| | - Silvia Medina-Casanellas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 647, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Estela Giménez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 647, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Victoria Sanz-Nebot
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 647, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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Ramautar R, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. Developments in coupled solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis 2013-2015. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:35-44. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rawi Ramautar
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Govert W. Somsen
- AIMMS Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry; VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Medina-Casanellas S, Tak YH, Benavente F, Sanz-Nebot V, Sastre Toraño J, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. Evaluation of fritless solid-phase extraction coupled on-line with capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for the analysis of opioid peptides in cerebrospinal fluid. Electrophoresis 2015; 35:2996-3002. [PMID: 25074562 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fritless SPE on-line coupled to CE with UV and MS detection (SPE-CE-UV and SPE-CE-MS) was evaluated for the analysis of opioid peptides. A microcartridge of 150 μm id was packed with a C18 sorbent (particle size > 50 μm), which was retained between a short inlet capillary and a separation capillary (50 μm id). Several experimental parameters were optimized by SPE-CE-UV using solutions of dynorphin A (DynA), endomorphin 1 (End1), and methionine-enkephaline (Met). A microcartridge length of 4 mm was selected, sample was loaded for 10 min at 930 mbar and the retained peptides were eluted with 67 nL of an acidic hydro-organic solution. Using SPE-CE-MS, peak area and migration time repeatabilities for the three opioid peptides were 12-27% and 4-5%, respectively. SPE recovery was lower for the less hydrophobic DynA (22%) than for End1 (66%) and Met (78%) and linearity was satisfactory in all cases between 5 and 60 ng/mL. The LODs varied between 0.5 and 1.0 ng/mL which represent an enhancement of two orders of magnitude when compared with CE-MS. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples spiked with the opioid peptides were analyzed to demonstrate the applicability to biological samples. Peak area and migration time repeatabilities were similar to the standard solutions and the opioid peptides could be detected down to 1.0 ng/mL.
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In-line coupling of an aptamer based miniaturized monolithic affinity preconcentration unit with capillary electrophoresis and Laser Induced Fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:109-17. [PMID: 26113415 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A composite 30-cm capillary was prepared. The head of the capillary was a 1.5-cm original and miniaturized aptamer-based monolithic affinity support that was in-line coupled to the end of the capillary used for capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. The device was used for the preconcentration, separation and quantification of ochratoxin A (OTA) as a test solute. The 1.5-cm preconcentration unit consists of a fritless affinity monolithic bonded with 5'-SH-modified oligonucleotide aptamers. A vinyl spacer was used for thiol-ene photoclick chemistry with a 5min irradiation at 365nm. Photografting allowed to confine the binding reaction to the desired silica monolithic segment, upstream the empty section of the CE capillary using an UV mask. The photografting procedure was optimized preparing 10-cm capillary monoliths for nano-LC. The retention factors of cationic solutes in ion-exchange nano-LC allowed to follow the aptamer binding on the monolith. The reproducibility of the photografting process was satisfactory with inter-capillary variation lower than 10%. The aptamer bonding density can be increased by successive graftings of 100μM aptamer concentration solution (5pmol/cm/grafting). The optimal conditions to successfully perform the in-line coupling (preconcentration, elution and separation of OTA) with the composite capillary were adjusted depending on individual requirements of each step but also insuring compatibility. Under optimized conditions, OTA was successfully preconcentrated and quantified down to 0.1pg (percolation of 2.65μL of a 40ng/L OTA solution). A quantitative recovery of OTA (93±2%) was achieved in a single elution of 30pg percolated OTA amount. The reproducibility of the overall process was satisfactory with a relative standard deviation lower than 10% with negligible non-specific adsorption. This device was applied for the preconcentration and analysis of OTA in beer and wine at the ppb level within a total analysis time of 30min.
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Weng Q, Fu L, Li X, An R, Li J. A sheath flow gating interface for the on-line coupling of solid-phase extraction with capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 857:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Ortiz-Villanueva E, Benavente F, Giménez E, Yilmaz F, Sanz-Nebot V. Preparation and evaluation of open tubular C18-silica monolithic microcartridges for preconcentration of peptides by on-line solid phase extraction capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 846:51-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Medina-Casanellas S, Domínguez-Vega E, Benavente F, Sanz-Nebot V, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. Low-picomolar analysis of peptides by on-line coupling of fritless solid-phase extraction to sheathless capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1328:1-6. [PMID: 24438833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel fritless solid-phase extraction (SPE) microcartridge was designed for combination with sheathless capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (sheathless CE-MS) employing a prototype porous-tip capillary for nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI). The inlet of the separation capillary (30μm inner diameter (id), 150μm outer diameter (od)) was inserted in a 4mm long SPE microcartridge (150μm id, 365μm od) packed with a C18 sorbent of 55-105μm particle size. Performance of the SPE-CE-MS system was evaluated using diluted solutions of the three opioid peptides dynorphin A (1-7) (DynA), endomorphin 1 (End1) and met-enkephalin (Met). Sample volumes of 1.5μL were loaded on the SPE microcartridge and the retained peptides were eluted with 22nL of an acidic methanol/water (60:40, v/v) solution. Using a pressure of 50mbar during separation to speed up the analysis, good peptide resolution was obtained with acceptable plate numbers (between 53,000 and 92,000). Intraday relative standard deviations (% RSD) for peptide migration times and peak areas were below 4% and 9%, respectively. The SPE-CE-MS method showed good linearity in the 0.05-5ngmL(-1) range and limits of detection (LODs) were 10pgmL(-1). However, loading a larger volume of sample (8μL), LODs could be decreased down to 2pgmL(-1) (2.2-3.5pM). This represents an improvement of up to 5000-fold with respect to the LODs achieved by sheathless CE-MS without on-line preconcentration demonstrating the potential of on-line SPE for further enhancing sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Medina-Casanellas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Biomolecular Analysis, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Biomolecular Analysis, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Benavente
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Victoria Sanz-Nebot
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Biomolecular Analysis, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands; AIMMS Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhardus J de Jong
- Biomolecular Analysis, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Jooß K, Sommer J, Bunz SC, Neusüß C. In-line SPE-CE using a fritless bead string design-Application for the analysis of organic sulfonates including inline SPE-CE-MS for APTS-labeled glycans. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:1236-43. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jooß
- Faculty of Chemistry; Aalen University; Aalen Germany
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Pont L, Benavente F, Barbosa J, Sanz-Nebot V. An update for human blood plasma pretreatment for optimized recovery of low-molecular-mass peptides prior to CE-MS and SPE-CE-MS. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3896-902. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pont
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Fernando Benavente
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - José Barbosa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Victoria Sanz-Nebot
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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Medina-Casanellas S, Benavente F, Barbosa J, Sanz-Nebot V. Preparation and evaluation of an immunoaffinity sorbent with Fab′ antibody fragments for the analysis of opioid peptides by on-line immunoaffinity solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 789:91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Breadmore MC, Shallan AI, Rabanes HR, Gstoettenmayr D, Abdul Keyon AS, Gaspar A, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2010-2012). Electrophoresis 2013; 34:29-54. [PMID: 23161056 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CE has been alive for over two decades now, yet its sensitivity is still regarded as being inferior to that of more traditional methods of separation such as HPLC. As such, it is unsurprising that overcoming this issue still generates much scientific interest. This review continues to update this series of reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, with updates published in 2009 and 2011 and covers material published through to June 2012. It includes developments in the field of stacking, covering all methods from field amplified sample stacking and large volume sample stacking, through to isotachophoresis, dynamic pH junction and sweeping. Attention is also given to online or inline extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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Maijó I, Fontanals N, Borrull F, Neusüß C, Calull M, Aguilar C. Determination of UV filters in river water samples by in-line SPE-CE-MS. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:374-82. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Maijó
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Rovira i Virgili University; Tarragona; Spain
| | - Núria Fontanals
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Rovira i Virgili University; Tarragona; Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Rovira i Virgili University; Tarragona; Spain
| | | | - Marta Calull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Rovira i Virgili University; Tarragona; Spain
| | - Carme Aguilar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Rovira i Virgili University; Tarragona; Spain
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Wen Y, Li J, Ma J, Chen L. Recent advances in enrichment techniques for trace analysis in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2933-52. [PMID: 23019127 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CE is gaining great popularity as a well-established separation technique for many fields such as pharmaceutical research, clinical application, environmental monitoring, and food analysis, owing to its high resolving power, rapidity, and small amount of samples and reagents required. However, the sensitivity in CE analysis is still considered as being inferior to that in HPLC analysis. Diverse enrichment methods and techniques have been increasingly developed for overcoming this issue. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in enrichment techniques containing off-line preconcentration (sample preparation) and on-line concentration (sample stacking) to enhancing sensitivity in CE for trace analysis over the last 5 years. Some relatively new cleanup and preconcentration methods involving the use of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, supercritical fluid extraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, etc., and the continued use and improvement of conventional SPE, have been comprehensively reviewed and proved effective preconcentration alternatives for liquid, semisolid, and solid samples. As for CE on-line stacking, we give an overview of field amplication, sweeping, pH regulation, and transient isotachophoresis, and the coupling of multiple modes. Moreover, some limitations and comparisons related to such methods/techniques are also discussed. Finally, the combined use of various enrichment techniques and some significant attempts are proposed to further promote analytical merits in CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research-YIC, Chinese Academy of Sciences-CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, P. R. China
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Zhao SS, Zhong X, Tie C, Chen DD. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for analysis of complex samples. Proteomics 2012; 12:2991-3012. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Sherry Zhao
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Xuefei Zhong
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Cai Tie
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - David D.Y. Chen
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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Kohler I, Schappler J, Rudaz S. Microextraction techniques combined with capillary electrophoresis in bioanalysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:125-41. [PMID: 22965532 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, many environmentally sustainable sample-preparation techniques have been proposed, with the objective of reducing the use of toxic organic solvents or substituting these with environmentally friendly alternatives. Microextraction techniques (MEs), in which only a small amount of organic solvent is used, have several advantages, including reduced sample volume, analysis time, and operating costs. Thus, MEs are well adapted in bioanalysis, in which sample preparation is mandatory because of the complexity of a sample that is available in small quantities (mL or even μL only). Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful and efficient separation technique in which no organic solvents are required for analysis. Combination of CE with MEs is regarded as a very attractive environmentally sustainable analytical tool, and numerous applications have been reported over the last few decades for bioanalysis of low-molecular-weight compounds or for peptide analysis. In this paper we review the use of MEs combined with CE in bioanalysis. The review is divided into two sections: liquid and solid-based MEs. A brief practical and theoretical description of each ME is given, and the techniques are illustrated by relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Kohler
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Single-drop microextraction as a powerful pretreatment tool for capillary electrophoresis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 739:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Botello I, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. Investigation of in-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of drugs of abuse and their metabolites in water samples. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:528-35. [PMID: 22287181 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, in-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used as an enrichment technique in combination with CE for the preconcentration and separation of 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), cocaine (COC), codeine (COD) and 6-acetylmorphine (6AM). The separation buffer (BGE) used was 80 mM disodium phosphate anhydrous and 6 mM of HCl (final BGE pH of 3). The SPE extractor consists of a small segment of capillary filled with Oasis HLB sorbent and inserted into the inlet section of the electrophoretic capillary. Different parameters affecting preconcentration were evaluated, such as sample pH, the volume of the elution plug and sample injection time. The detection limits (LODs) reached for standard samples by in-line SPE-CE-UV ranged between 50 and 200 ng/L, with sensitivity enhancement factors ranging from 2300 to 5300. Reproducibility values (expressed in terms of relative standard deviation) were below 7.6% for standard samples. This is a simple and an effective method for the determination of the studied drugs of abuse and their metabolites. The applicability of the developed method was demonstrated in tap and river water samples which were directly analyzed without any off-line pretreatment. Analytical parameters were evaluated and LODs were between 70 and 270 ng/L with relative recoveries between 85 and 97%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Botello
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo, Tarragona, Spain
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Medina-Casanellas S, Benavente F, Barbosa J, Sanz-Nebot V. Preparation and evaluation of an immunoaffinity sorbent for the analysis of opioid peptides by on-line immunoaffinity solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 717:134-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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In-line solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry for determination of drugs of abuse in human urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:777-84. [PMID: 22370589 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5872-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In-line solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometric detection (SPE-CE-MS) has been used for determination of 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), codeine (COD), hydrocodeine (HCOD), and 6-acetylmorphine (6AM) in urine. The preconcentration system consists of a small capillary filled with Oasis HLB sorbent and inserted into the inlet section of the electrophoresis capillary. The SPE-CE-MS experimental conditions were optimized as follows: the sample (adjusted to pH 6.0) was loaded at 930 mbar for 60 min, elution was performed with methanol at 50 mbar for 35 s, 60 mmol L(-1) ammonium acetate at pH 3.8 was used as running buffer, the separation voltage was 30 kV, and the sheath liquid at a flow rate of 5.0 μL min(-1) was isopropanol-water 50:50 (v/v) containing 0.5% acetic acid. Analysis of urine samples spiked with the four drugs and diluted 1:1 (v/v) was studied in the linear range 0.08-10 ng mL(-1). Detection limits (LODs) (S/N = 3) were between 0.013 and 0.210 ng mL(-1). Repeatability (expressed as relative standard deviation) was below 7.2%. The method developed enables simple and effective determination of these drugs of abuse in urine samples at the levels encountered in toxicology and doping.
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Fast, selective, and sensitive analysis of low-abundance peptides in human plasma by electromembrane extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 716:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhu P, Bowden P, Zhang D, Marshall JG. Mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins from human blood. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:685-732. [PMID: 24737629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to convey the accelerating rate and growing importance of mass spectrometry applications to human blood proteins and peptides. Mass spectrometry can rapidly detect and identify the ionizable peptides from the proteins in a simple mixture and reveal many of their post-translational modifications. However, blood is a complex mixture that may contain many proteins first expressed in cells and tissues. The complete analysis of blood proteins is a daunting task that will rely on a wide range of disciplines from physics, chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, electromagnetic instrumentation, mathematics and computation. Therefore the comprehensive discovery and analysis of blood proteins will rank among the great technical challenges and require the cumulative sum of many of mankind's scientific achievements together. A variety of methods have been used to fractionate, analyze and identify proteins from blood, each yielding a small piece of the whole and throwing the great size of the task into sharp relief. The approaches attempted to date clearly indicate that enumerating the proteins and peptides of blood can be accomplished. There is no doubt that the mass spectrometry of blood will be crucial to the discovery and analysis of proteins, enzyme activities, and post-translational processes that underlay the mechanisms of disease. At present both discovery and quantification of proteins from blood are commonly reaching sensitivities of ∼1 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 2K3
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31
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Maijó I, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. An in-line SPE strategy to enhance sensitivity in CE for the determination of pharmaceutical compounds in river water samples. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2114-22. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Medina-Casanellas S, Benavente F, Barbosa J, Sanz-Nebot V. Transient isotachophoresis in on-line solid phase extraction capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight-mass spectrometry for peptide analysis in human plasma. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1750-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Breadmore MC. Ionic liquid-based liquid phase microextraction with direct injection for capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1347-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Breadmore MC, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2008-2010). Electrophoresis 2010; 32:127-48. [PMID: 21171119 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis has been alive for over two decades now; yet, its sensitivity is still regarded as being inferior to that of more traditional methods of separation such as HPLC. As such, it is unsurprising that overcoming this issue still generates much scientific interest. This review continues to update this series of reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, with an update published in 2009 and covers material published through to June 2010. It includes developments in the fields of stacking, covering all methods from field-amplified sample stacking and large volume sample stacking, through to ITP, dynamic pH junction and sweeping. Attention is also given to on-line or in-line extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
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Wang C, Jemere AB, Harrison DJ. Multifunctional protein processing chip with integrated digestion, solid-phase extraction, separation and electrospray. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3703-10. [PMID: 20967777 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We describe a microfluidic device in which integrated tryptic digestion, SPE, CE separation and electrospray ionization for MS are performed. The chip comprised of 10 × 30 μm channels for CE, and two serially connected 150 μm deep, 800 μm wide channels packed with 40 to 60 μm diameter beads, loaded with either immobilized trypsin, reversed-phase packing or both. On-chip digestion of cytochrome c using the trypsin bed showed complete consumption of the protein in 3 min, in contrast to the 2 h required for conventional solution phase tryptic digestion. SPE of 0.25 μg/mL solutions of the peptides leu-enkephalin, angiotensin II and LHRH gave concentration enhancements in the range of 4.4-12, for a ten times nominal volume ratio. A 100 nM cytochrome c sample concentrated 13.3 times on-chip gave a sequence coverage of 85.6%, with recovery values ranging from 41.2 to 106%. The same sample run without SPE showed only five fragment peaks and a sequence coverage of 41.3%. When both on-chip digestion and SPE (13.3 volume ratio concentration enhancement) were performed on 200 nM cytochrome c samples, a sequence coverage of 76.0% and recovery values of 21-105% were observed. Performing on-chip digestion alone on the same sample gave only one significant fragment peak. The above digestion/peptide concentration step was compared to on-chip protein concentration by SPE followed by on-chip digestion with solution phase trypsin. Both procedures gave similar recovery results; however, much larger trypsin autodigestion interference in the latter approach was apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Benavente F, Medina-Casanellas S, Barbosa J, Sanz-Nebot V. Investigation of commercial sorbents for the analysis of opioid peptides in human plasma by on-line SPE-CE. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1294-304. [PMID: 20187028 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the performance of several commercial sorbents (Sep-pack) C18, (t)C18, C8 and (t)C2, Oasis HLB, Isolute ENV+, Strata-X and Oasis MCX) for the determination of opioid peptides by solid-phase extraction coupled on-line to capillary electrophoresis (SPE-CE). First, standard solutions were analyzed in order to achieve the lowest LOD and the best electrophoretic separations using UV detection. The best results were obtained using C18, C8 and (t)C2 sorbents, which were examined for the analysis of spiked human plasma samples. A double-step sample clean-up pretreatment, which consisted of precipitation with acetonitrile and filtration, was needed to prevent saturation of the on-line SPE microcartridge. The filtration step was critical to obtain optimum analyte recovery and to clean up the sample matrix. A range of centrifugal filters and filtration conditions were tested and the recoveries of the sample pretreatment were evaluated by CE-ESI-MS. The LODs attained through SPE-CE-UV were approximately ten-fold better with C18 than with C8 and (t)C2. The 0.1 microg/mL LODs achieved by C18-SPE-CE-UV were further improved until we could detect 1 ng/mL concentrations of opioid peptides in plasma samples by C18-SPE-CE-ESI-MS, due to the outstanding selectivity of the MS detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Benavente
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Tucholska M, Florentinus A, Williams D, Marshall JG. The endogenous peptides of normal human serum extracted from the acetonitrile-insoluble precipitate using modified aqueous buffer with analysis by LC-ESI-Paul ion trap and Qq-TOF. J Proteomics 2010; 73:1254-69. [PMID: 20211283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Many peptides of biological or medicinal importance may be derived from proteolytic actions and are found at low concentrations in human blood fluids. Endogenous polypeptides from human serum were precipitated in acetonitrile and the precipitate was then selectively extracted with water modified by organic solvents and collected over C18 resin. Extraction of serum with C18 alone, and the acetonitrile supernatant or ultrafiltration collected over C18, served as controls. The samples were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, or C18 high pressure liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization using a Paul ion trap and Qq-TOF. Spectra were correlated without specifying an enzyme using the X!TANDEM or the Paragon algorithms. Multiple endogenous peptides from plasminogen, coagulation factors, collagens, serum amyloid, receptors, zinc finger/bromo peptide proteins, ryanodine receptor, calmodulin binding activator, erythroid differentiation factor, testes cancer antigen, extracellular matrix protein, myeloid/lymphoid leukemia 2 and many low abundance proteins were correlated by X!TANDEM with protein expect values of approximately E-16 or less. Proteins with binding sites for nucleic acids, phosphoinositides, and other cellular locations were also observed using the Qq-TOF and Paragon algorithm. Proteins with low expectation scores and overlapping peptides sequences were observed. The existence of these proteins in serum has been confirmed by tryptic digestion and LC-ESI-MS/MS. The presence of plasminogen, serum amyloid and zinc finger RNA binding proteins were confirmed by Western blot. There was agreement on the detection of endogenous peptides from low abundance proteins associated with the biology of cancer from the examination of the blood peptides by ion trap and Qq-TOF, tryptic digests of blood proteins, and Western blot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tucholska
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5B 2K3
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38
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Phillips TM, Kalish H, Wellner E. Receptor affinity CE for measuring bioactive inflammatory cytokines in human skin biopsies. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:3947-54. [PMID: 19938183 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A chip-based receptor affinity CE system has been employed to measure the concentrations of bioactive pro-inflammatory cytokines in biopsy materials obtained from human atopic skin lesions. The device employs a replaceable affinity disk to which recombinant cytokine receptors have been chemically immobilized. Homogenates obtained from micro-dissected human skin samples were injected into the system where the bioactive cytokines were captured in the receptor affinity port and labeled in situ with a laser dye. The captured cytokines were released and separated by CE, the resolved peaks being detected and measured by laser-induced fluorescence. When compared with conventional cell-based bioassays, the affinity receptor chip showed reasonable correlation with r(2) values of 0.998 for interferon gamma, 0.994 for IL-6 and 0.991 for tumor necrosis factor alpha. The complete process including cytokine capture, labeling, and analysis took approximately 12.5 min with intra- and inter-assay CVs below 5.3% and recoveries of 84.9-98.4% at the 100 pg/mL concentration in buffer solutions and 84.5-95% in normal human tissue extract. The system could indicate clear differences between the various clinical stages of atopic dermatitis in human patients and could run 4-6 samples per hour. This system, like previous chip-based systems designed in our laboratory, holds the potential for being modified to be a portable unit that could be used in clinics and other biomedical screening studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry M Phillips
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Phillips TM, Wellner EF. Chip-based immunoaffinity CE: application to the measurement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in skin biopsies. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2307-12. [PMID: 19569127 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A chip-based immunoaffinity CE system has been employed to measure the concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in human skin biopsies, taken during atopic inflammatory events. The device employs a replaceable immunoaffinity disk to which capture antibodies have been chemically immobilized. Homogenates obtained from micro-dissected human skin samples were injected into the system, where the analyte of interest was captured in the immunoextraction port, thus allowing non-reactive materials to be removed prior to analysis. The captured analyte was labeled in situ with a red-emitting laser dye before being released from the capture antibody, separated by electrophoresis, and the resolved peaks detected by online LIF. Comparison of this chip-based system with conventional immunoassay demonstrated good correlation when analyzing both standards and patient samples. The system was semi-automated resulting in a CE analysis within 1.5 min and a total of circa 5 min. Intra- and inter-assay CV's of 3.85 and 4.19 were achieved with circa 98.8% recovery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor at a concentration of 100 pg/mL. The assay demonstrated clear differences between clinical stages of atopic dermatitis in human patients and could run 10-15 samples per hour. This system holds the potential for being modified to be a portable unit that could be used in clinics and other biomedical screening studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry M Phillips
- Ultramicro Immunodiagnostics Section, Laboratory of Bioengineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Zhang Z, Zhang M, Zhang S. Online purification and determination of β-antagonists in blood sample based on heart-cutting CE with electrochemical detection. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3449-57. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Martin GB, Mansion F, Servais AC, Debrus B, Rozet E, Hubert P, Crommen J, Fillet M. CE-MS method development for peptides analysis, especially hepcidin, an iron metabolism marker. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2624-31. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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43
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Lee WH, Her GR. The development of a two-leveled two cross interface for on-line coupling solid-phase extraction and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1675-83. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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44
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Determination of sulfonamide residues in water samples by in-line solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3372-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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