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Gotham JP, Li R, Tipple TE, Lancaster JR, Liu T, Li Q. Quantitation of spin probe-detectable oxidants in cells using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy: To probe or to trap? Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 154:84-94. [PMID: 32376456 PMCID: PMC7368495 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy coupled with spin traps/probes enables quantitative determination of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RNOS). Even with numerous studies using spin probes, the methodology has not been rigorously investigated. The autoxidation of spin probes has been commonly overlooked. Using the spin probe 1-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine (CMH), the present study has tested the effects of metal chelators, temperature, and oxygen content on the autoxidation of spin probes, where an optimized condition is refined for cell studies. The apparent rate of CMH autoxidation under this condition is 7.01 ± 1.60 nM/min, indicating low sensitivity and great variation of the CMH method and that CMH autoxidation rate should be subtracted from the generation rate of CMH-detectable oxidants (simplified as oxidants below) in samples. Oxidants in RAW264.7 cells are detected at an initial rate of 4.0 ± 0.7 pmol/min/106 cells, which is not considered as the rate of basal oxidants generation because the same method has failed to detect oxidant generation from the stimulation of phorbol-12-mysirate-13-acetate (PMA, 0.1 nmol/106 cells) in cells (2.5 ± 0.9 for PMA vs. 2.1 ± 1.5 pmol/min/106 cells for dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-treated cells). In contrast, the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO), which exhibits minimal autoxidation, reveals differences between PMA and DMSO treatment (0.26 ± 0.09 vs. -0.06 ± 0.12 pmol/min/106 cells), which challenges previous claims that spin probes are more sensitive than spin traps. We have also found that low temperature EPR measurements of frozen samples of CMH autoxidation provide lower signal intensity and greater variation compared to RT measurements of fresh samples. The current study establishes an example for method development of RNOS detection, where experimental details are rigorously considered and tested, and raises questions on the applications of spin probes and spin traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Gotham
- Science and Technology Honors College, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Trent E Tipple
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jack R Lancaster
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Medicine, and Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Taiming Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Xiao H, Zhang W, Li P, Zhang W, Wang X, Tang B. Versatile Fluorescent Probes for Imaging the Superoxide Anion in Living Cells and In Vivo. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceKey Laboratory of Molecular and Nano ProbesMinistry of EducationCollaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of ShandongInstitute of Biomedical SciencesShandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong University of Technology Zibo 255049 P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceKey Laboratory of Molecular and Nano ProbesMinistry of EducationCollaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of ShandongInstitute of Biomedical SciencesShandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceKey Laboratory of Molecular and Nano ProbesMinistry of EducationCollaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of ShandongInstitute of Biomedical SciencesShandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceKey Laboratory of Molecular and Nano ProbesMinistry of EducationCollaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of ShandongInstitute of Biomedical SciencesShandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceKey Laboratory of Molecular and Nano ProbesMinistry of EducationCollaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of ShandongInstitute of Biomedical SciencesShandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceKey Laboratory of Molecular and Nano ProbesMinistry of EducationCollaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of ShandongInstitute of Biomedical SciencesShandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
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Xiao H, Zhang W, Li P, Zhang W, Wang X, Tang B. Versatile Fluorescent Probes for Imaging the Superoxide Anion in Living Cells and In Vivo. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:4216-4230. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceKey Laboratory of Molecular and Nano ProbesMinistry of EducationCollaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of ShandongInstitute of Biomedical SciencesShandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong University of Technology Zibo 255049 P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceKey Laboratory of Molecular and Nano ProbesMinistry of EducationCollaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of ShandongInstitute of Biomedical SciencesShandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceKey Laboratory of Molecular and Nano ProbesMinistry of EducationCollaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of ShandongInstitute of Biomedical SciencesShandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceKey Laboratory of Molecular and Nano ProbesMinistry of EducationCollaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of ShandongInstitute of Biomedical SciencesShandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceKey Laboratory of Molecular and Nano ProbesMinistry of EducationCollaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of ShandongInstitute of Biomedical SciencesShandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceKey Laboratory of Molecular and Nano ProbesMinistry of EducationCollaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of ShandongInstitute of Biomedical SciencesShandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
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de Campos RPS, Siegel JM, Fresta CG, Caruso G, da Silva JAF, Lunte SM. Indirect detection of superoxide in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells using microchip electrophoresis coupled to laser-induced fluorescence. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7003-12. [PMID: 26159570 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide, a naturally produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the human body, is involved in many pathological and physiological signaling processes. However, if superoxide formation is left unregulated, overproduction can lead to oxidative damage to important biomolecules, such as DNA, lipids, and proteins. Superoxide can also lead to the formation of peroxynitrite, an extremely hazardous substance, through its reaction with endogenously produced nitric oxide. Despite its importance, quantitative information regarding superoxide production is difficult to obtain due to its high reactivity and low concentrations in vivo. MitoHE, a fluorescent probe that specifically reacts with superoxide, was used in conjunction with microchip electrophoresis (ME) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection to investigate changes in superoxide production by RAW 264.7 macrophage cells following stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Stimulation was performed in the presence and absence of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitors, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and 2-metoxyestradiol (2-ME). The addition of these inhibitors resulted in an increase in the amount of superoxide specific product (2-OH-MitoE(+)) from 0.08 ± 0.01 fmol (0.17 ± 0.03 mM) in native cells to 1.26 ± 0.06 fmol (2.5 ± 0.1 mM) after PMA treatment. This corresponds to an approximately 15-fold increase in intracellular concentration per cell. Furthermore, the addition of 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1) to the cells during incubation resulted in the production of 0.061 ± 0.006 fmol (0.12 ± 0.01 mM) of 2-OH-MitoE(+) per cell on average. These results demonstrate that indirect superoxide detection coupled with the use of SOD inhibitors and a separation method is a viable method to discriminate the 2-OH-MitoE(+) signal from possible interferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P S de Campos
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Dr., Lawrence, KS, 66047-1620, USA
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Chen Z, Li Q, Sun Q, Chen H, Wang X, Li N, Yin M, Xie Y, Li H, Tang B. Simultaneous Determination of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Mitochondrial Compartments of Apoptotic HepG2 Cells and PC12 Cells Based On Microchip Electrophoresis–Laser-Induced Fluorescence. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4687-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300255n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wen CY, Liang KP, Chen H, Fu LM. Numerical analysis of a rapid magnetic microfluidic mixer. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3268-76. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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A simple and compact blue diode laser powered excitation source for fluorescence detection in capillary electrochromatographic microchip separation. Microchem J 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Salieb-Beugelaar GB, Simone G, Arora A, Philippi A, Manz A. Latest developments in microfluidic cell biology and analysis systems. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4848-64. [PMID: 20462184 DOI: 10.1021/ac1009707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Chen Z, Li Q, Wang X, Wang Z, Zhang R, Yin M, Yin L, Xu K, Tang B. Potent Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Glutathione and Hydrogen Peroxide in Mitochondrial Compartments of Apoptotic Cells with Microchip Electrophoresis-Laser Induced Fluorescence. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2006-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902741r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Pesticide and Medicine Intermediate Clean Production, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, and College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qingling Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Pesticide and Medicine Intermediate Clean Production, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, and College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Pesticide and Medicine Intermediate Clean Production, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, and College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Pesticide and Medicine Intermediate Clean Production, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, and College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Ruirui Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Pesticide and Medicine Intermediate Clean Production, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, and College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Miao Yin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Pesticide and Medicine Intermediate Clean Production, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, and College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Lingling Yin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Pesticide and Medicine Intermediate Clean Production, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, and College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Kehua Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Pesticide and Medicine Intermediate Clean Production, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, and College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Pesticide and Medicine Intermediate Clean Production, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, and College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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