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Delgado-Povedano MDM, Lara FJ, Gámiz-Gracia L, García-Campaña AM. Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis-time of flight mass spectrometry method to determine emerging mycotoxins. Talanta 2023; 253:123946. [PMID: 36167011 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enniatins (ENN) and beauvericin (BEA) are emerging mycotoxins that have been traditionally determined by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). However, to the best of our knowledge, no analytical methods based on capillary electrophoresis (CE)-MS/MS have been reported so far. Due to their non-polar nature, in this work, a non-aqueous CE (NACE) method coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight-MS is proposed for the first time to identify and quantify these mycotoxins. Determination was achieved in 4 min under optimum conditions: 40 mM ammonium acetate in 80:20 (v/v) acetonitrile-methanol (buffer), 30 kV (voltage), 80 cm (capillary length), 20 °C (capillary temperature) and 50 mbar × 30 s (injection). Higher selectivity can be achieved when compared with LC due to the formation of exclusive CE adducts such as [M + CH3CH2NH3]+. "All Ions" acquisition mode was selected as it allows the quantification of the usual ENNs, as well as the identity confirmation of less common ENNs. The method was validated for wheat samples, obtaining limits of quantification from 4.0 to 8.3 μg/kg depending on the emerging mycotoxin, recovery values higher than 87.4%, and intra- and inter-day precision values (RSDs) lower than 15.1% in all cases. Finally, 29 wheat samples were analyzed, finding 26 samples with concentrations of enniatin B higher than the limit of quantification (7.5-1480 μg/kg), 20 for enniatin B1 (5.2-550 μg/kg), 7 for enniatin A (10-55 μg/kg), 4 for enniatin A1 (12.6-77 μg/kg) and 5 for BEA (9.2-16.4 μg/kg). Moreover, two other ENNs were tentatively identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Delgado-Povedano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Avda. Fuente Nueva s/n, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Lara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Avda. Fuente Nueva s/n, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Laura Gámiz-Gracia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Avda. Fuente Nueva s/n, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana M García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Avda. Fuente Nueva s/n, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
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2
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Fang S, Liu Y, He J, Zhang L, Liyin Z, Wu X, Sun H, Lai J. Determination of aldehydes in water samples by coupling magnetism-reinforced molecular imprinting monolith microextraction and non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1632:461602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3
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KITAGAWA F, OSANAI O, NUKATSUKA I. LVSEP Analysis of Cationic Analytes in Non-Aqueous Capillary Electrophoresis. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2019. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2019.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko KITAGAWA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Osamu OSANAI
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Isoshi NUKATSUKA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
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4
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Rudisch BM, Pfeiffer SA, Geissler D, Speckmeier E, Robitzki AA, Zeitler K, Belder D. Nonaqueous Micro Free-Flow Electrophoresis for Continuous Separation of Reaction Mixtures in Organic Media. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6689-6694. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Rudisch
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Simon A. Pfeiffer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - David Geissler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Speckmeier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Andrea A. Robitzki
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Kirsten Zeitler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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5
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Kim MY, Park JH. Enantiomer Separation of Acidic Chiral Compounds on a Clarithromycin-Zirconia Hybrid Monolith by Capillary Electrochromatography. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Yeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Yeungnam University; Gyeongsan 38541 Korea
| | - Jung Hag Park
- Department of Chemistry; Yeungnam University; Gyeongsan 38541 Korea
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6
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Non-aqueous capillary electrophoretic separation of cholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol after derivatization with Girard P reagent. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 207:87-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Suzuki N, Miyabe K. Evaluation of Migration Time and Variance for Accurate Kinetic Studies Based on Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10487-10495. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Kanji Miyabe
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
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8
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Dixit S, Lee IS, Park JH. Carbamoylated azithromycin incorporated zirconia hybrid monolith for enantioseparation of acidic chiral drugs using non-aqueous capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1507:132-140. [PMID: 28558906 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Carbamoylated derivatives of two antibiotics, namely, clindamycin phosphate (CLIP) and erythromycin (ERY) were successfully employed as co-precursors, in combination of zirconium tetrabutoxide as a precursor, to prepare chiral organic-zirconia hybrid monoliths (i.e., CLIP-ZHMs and ERY-ZHMs, respectively) via a single-step in-situ sol-gel approach in our previous works. Their superiority over chiral organic-zirconia/silica monoliths, prepared by post-modification approach, in terms of better enantioresolution and enhanced stability inspired us to prepare ZHMs based on an another antibiotic, azithromycin (i.e., AZI-ZHMs). Monolithic columns were employed for capillary electrochromatographic enantioseparation of acidic chiral drugs in mobile phases consisting of acetonitrile (ACN) and methanol (MeOH) as organic modifiers, and acetic acid (AcOH) and triethylamine (TEA) as electrolytes. The effects of composition of mobile phase and applied voltage on chiral separation were investigated by using ketoprofen as a representative analyte. Baseline resolutions were obtained for six acidic drugs in mobile phase consisting of 80/20 (v/v) ACN/MeOH with 300mM AcOH and 10mM TEA at a 10kV applied voltage and 25°C capillary temperature. The relative standard deviations for resolution values regarding column to column and batch to batch repeatability were less than 2.5% (for n=3) under optimized conditions, indicating satisfactory stability of the columns and reproducibility of the column preparation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Il Seung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Jung Hag Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea.
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9
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High performance separation of quaternary amines using microchip non-aqueous electrophoresis coupled with contactless conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1499:190-195. [PMID: 28396087 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the development of an analytical methodology for the separation of quaternary amines using non-aqueous microchip electrophoresis (NAME) coupled with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D). All experiments were performed using a commercial microchip electrophoresis system consisting of a C4D detector, a high-voltage sequencer and a microfluidic platform to assemble a glass microchip with integrated sensing electrodes. The detection parameters were optimized and the best response was reached applying a 700-kHz sinusoidal wave with 14Vpp excitation voltage. The running electrolyte composition was optimized aiming to achieve the best analytical performance. The mixture containing methanol and acetonitrile at the proportion of 90:10 (v:v) as well as sodium deoxycholate provided separations of ten quaternary amines with high efficiency and baseline resolution. The separation efficiencies ranged from 8.7×104 to 3.0×105 plates/m. The proposed methodology provided linear response in the concentration range between 50 and 1000μmol/L and limits of detection between 2 and 27μmol/L. The analytical feasibility of the proposed methodology was tested in the determination of quaternary amines in corrosion inhibitor samples often used for coating oil pipelines. Five quaternary amines (dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, tetradecyltrimetylammonium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetraoctylammonium bromide and tetradodecylammonium bromide) were successfully detected at concentration levels from 0.07 to 6.45mol/L. The accuracy of the developed methodology was investigated and the achieved recovery values varied from 85 to 122%. Based on the reported data, NAME-C4D devices exhibited great potential to provide high performance separations of hydrophobic compounds. The developed methodology can be useful for the analysis of species that usually present strong adsorption on the channel inner walls.
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10
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Abstract
The term nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) commonly refers to capillary electrophoresis with purely nonaqueous background electrolytes (BGE). Main advantages of NACE are the possibility to analyze substances with very low solubility in aqueous media as well as separation selectivity that can be quite different in organic solvents (compared to water)-a property that can be employed for manipulation of separation selectivities. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become more and more popular as a detector in CE a fact that applies also for NACE. In the present chapter, the development of NACE-MS since 2004 is reviewed. Relevant parameters like composition of BGE and its influence on separation and detection in NACE as well as sheath liquid for NACE-MS are discussed. Finally, an overview of the papers published in the field of NACE-MS between 2004 and 2014 is given. Applications are grouped according to the field (analysis of natural products, biomedical analysis, food analysis, analysis of industrial products, and fundamental investigations).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria.
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, Linz, 4040, Austria
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11
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Rapid determination of catecholamines in urine samples by nonaqueous microchip electrophoresis with LIF detection. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1274:139-46. [PMID: 25673489 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2353-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonaqueous microchip electrophoresis (NAMCE), which makes use of an organic medium instead of a conventional aqueous buffer solution, is a promising separation method for analytical chemistry due to the enhanced solubility of hydrophobic analytes and tailored selectivity of separation. Here, we describe an NAMCE with LIF detection combined with a pump-free negative pressure sampling device for rapid determination of catecholamines (CAs) in urine samples, and the whole analysis time (including sampling time and separation time) was less than 1 min.
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12
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Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Separation and analysis of triazine herbcide residues by capillary electrophoresis. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:835-42. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla A. Elbashir
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; University of Khartoum; Khartoum 11115 Sudan
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division; National Research Centre; Dokki Cairo 12311 Egypt
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13
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Posch TN, Pütz M, Martin N, Huhn C. Electromigrative separation techniques in forensic science: combining selectivity, sensitivity, and robustness. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:23-58. [PMID: 25381613 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this review we introduce the advantages and limitations of electromigrative separation techniques in forensic toxicology. We thus present a summary of illustrative studies and our own experience in the field together with established methods from the German Federal Criminal Police Office rather than a complete survey. We focus on the analytical aspects of analytes' physicochemical characteristics (e.g. polarity, stereoisomers) and analytical challenges including matrix tolerance, separation from compounds present in large excess, sample volumes, and orthogonality. For these aspects we want to reveal the specific advantages over more traditional methods. Both detailed studies and profiling and screening studies are taken into account. Care was taken to nearly exclusively document well-validated methods outstanding for the analytical challenge discussed. Special attention was paid to aspects exclusive to electromigrative separation techniques, including the use of the mobility axis, the potential for on-site instrumentation, and the capillary format for immunoassays. The review concludes with an introductory guide to method development for different separation modes, presenting typical buffer systems as starting points for different analyte classes. The objective of this review is to provide an orientation for users in separation science considering using capillary electrophoresis in their laboratory in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjorben Nils Posch
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Analytics ZEA-3, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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14
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Pelcová M, Langmajerová M, Cvingráfová E, Juřica J, Glatz Z. Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis of dextromethorphan and its metabolites. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2785-90. [PMID: 25044216 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study deals with the nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic separation of dextromethorphan and its metabolites using a methanolic background electrolyte. The optimization of separation conditions was performed in terms of the resolution of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan and the effect of separation temperature, voltage, and the characteristics of the background electrolyte were studied. Complete separation of all analytes was achieved in 40 mM ammonium acetate dissolved in methanol. Hydrodynamic injection was performed at 3 kPa for 4 s. The separation voltage was 20 kV accompanied by a low electric current. The ultraviolet detection was performed at 214 nm, the temperature of the capillary was 25°C. These conditions enabled the separation of four analytes plus the internal standard within 9 min. Further, the developed method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, and repeatability. Rat liver perfusate samples were subjected to the nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic method to illustrate its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pelcová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Kamenice, Czech Republic; Masaryk University, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Kamenice, Czech Republic
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15
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Řezanka P, Navrátilová K, Řezanka M, Král V, Sýkora D. Application of cyclodextrins in chiral capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2701-21. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Řezanka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Klára Navrátilová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Michal Řezanka
- Institute for Nanomaterials; Advanced Technologies and Innovation; Technical University of Liberec; Liberec Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Král
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; Prague Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Institute of Chemical Technology; Prague Czech Republic
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16
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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Determination of impurities and counterions of pharmaceuticals by capillary electromigration methods. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2039-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sille Štěpánová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
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17
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Sieradzka E, Witt K, Milnerowicz H. The application of capillary electrophoresis techniques in toxicological analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1507-13. [PMID: 24828301 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) comprises a group of techniques used to separate chemical mixtures. Analytical separation is based on different electrophoretic mobilities, thereby allowing qualitative and quantitative evaluations to be made. The application of CE in medical science, especially in toxicological studies, is developing rapidly because of the short time required for analysis and its high sensitivity, selectivity and ability to determine substances of an acidic, alkaline and neutral character. This review focuses on the possibility of applying CE in toxicological analysis. Advances in different CE analyses and detection techniques connected with this method are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Sieradzka
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
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18
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Graphene oxide coated capillary for the analysis of endocrine-disrupting chemicals by open-tubular capillary electrochromatography with amperometric detection. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1671-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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A critical overview of non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis. Part II: separation efficiency and analysis time. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:31-41. [PMID: 24485541 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A survey of the literature on non-aqueous capillary zone electrophoresis leaves one with the impression of a prevailing notion that non-aqueous conditions are principally more favorable than conventional aqueous media. Specifically, the application of organic solvents in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is believed to provide the general advantages of superior separation efficiency, higher applicable electric field strength, and shorter analysis time. These advantages, however, are often claimed without providing any experimental evidence, or based on rather uncritical comparisons of limited sets of arbitrarily selected separation results. Therefore, the performance characteristics of non-aqueous vs. aqueous CZE certainly deserve closer scrutiny. The primary intention of Part II of this review is to give a critical survey of the literature on non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) that has emerged over the last five years. Emphasis is mainly placed on those studies that are concerned with the aspects of plate height, plate number, and the crucial mechanisms contributing to zone broadening, both in organic and aqueous conditions. To facilitate a deeper understanding, this treatment covers also the theoretical fundamentals of peak dispersion phenomena arising from wall adsorption; concentration overload (electromigration dispersion); longitudinal diffusion; and thermal gradients. Theoretically achievable plate numbers are discussed, both under limiting (at zero ionic strength) and application-relevant conditions (at finite ionic strength). In addition, the impact of the superimposed electroosmotic flow contributions to overall CZE performance is addressed, both for aqueous and non-aqueous media. It was concluded that for peak dispersion due to wall adsorption and due to concentration overload (electromigration dispersion, leading to peak triangulation) no general conjunction with the solvent can be deduced. This is in contrast to longitudinal diffusion: the plate height (and the plate number) obtainable under limiting conditions (at zero ionic strength) has the same ultimate value for all solvents. However, in background electrolytes with finite ionic strength, the maximum reachable plate number depends on the solvent, and in water it is higher than in the most commonly used organic solvents: methanol and acetonitrile. Thermal peak broadening is also larger in the organic solvents if compared to aqueous solutions under comparable conditions. However, its influence on the plate height is negligible under conditions established with commercial instrumentation. From the laws of electric and thermal conductance, it follows that no general conclusion can be drawn that with organic solvents higher field strength can be applied and shorter analysis time can be reached; the contrary is more evident: under comparable conditions aqueous solutions lead to more favorable results. This comprehensive analysis provides strong evidence that the broadly held notion of non-aqueous CZE being principally superior to aqueous CZE is a myth rather than a fact. However, several studies in which the employment of non-aqueous conditions has been instrumental to solve challenging analytical problems demonstrate that the intelligent use of non-aqueous CE has and will continue having its place in modern separation science.
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Asensi-Bernardi L, Van Schepdael A. Chiral separations by non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis in DMSO-based background electrolytes. Talanta 2014; 118:328-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bonvin G, Schappler J, Rudaz S. Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of acidic compounds using negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1323:163-73. [PMID: 24315358 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) is an attractive CE mode, in which water solvent of the background electrolyte (BGE) is replaced by organic solvent or by a mixture of organic solvents. This substitution alters several parameters, such as the pKa, permittivity, viscosity, zeta potential, and conductivity, resulting in a modification of CE separation performance (i.e., selectivity and/or efficiency). In addition, the use of NACE is particularly well adapted to ESI-MS due to the high volatility of solvents and the low currents that are generated. Organic solvents reduce the number of side electrochemical reactions at the ESI tip, thereby allowing the stabilization of the ESI current and a decrease in background noise. All these features make NACE an interesting alternative to the aqueous capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) mode, especially in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) detection. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of NACE coupled to negative ESI-MS for the analysis of acidic compounds with two available CE-MS interfaces (sheath liquid and sheathless). First, NACE was compared to aqueous CZE for the analysis of several pharmaceutical acidic compounds (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs). Then, the separation performance and the sensitivity achieved by both interfaces were evaluated, as were the impact of the BGE and the sample composition. Finally, analyses of glucuronides in urine samples subjected to a minimal sample pre-treatment ("dilute-and-shoot") were performed by NACE-ESI-MS, and the matrix effect was evaluated. A 20- to 100-fold improvement in sensitivity was achieved using the NACE mode in combination with the sheathless interface and no matrix effect was observed regardless of the interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Bonvin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julie Schappler
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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22
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Clinical applications of capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry in biomarker discovery: Focus on bladder cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2013; 7:779-93. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Ali I, Sanagi MM, Aboul-Enein HY. Advances in chiral separations by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:926-36. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia; (Central University) Jamia Nagar; New Delhi India
| | - Mohd Marsin Sanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division; National Research Centre; Dokki Cairo Egypt
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24
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Řezanka P, Sýkora D, Novotný M, Havlík M, Král V. Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoretic Enantioseparation of Water Insoluble Tröger's Base Derivatives Using β-Cyclodextrin as Chiral Selector. Chirality 2013; 25:810-3. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Řezanka
- Institute of Chemical Technology; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Prague Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- Institute of Chemical Technology; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Michal Novotný
- Institute of Chemical Technology; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Martin Havlík
- Institute of Chemical Technology; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Král
- Institute of Chemical Technology; Department of Analytical Chemistry; Prague Czech Republic
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25
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Rapid separation of fatty acids using a poly(vinyl alcohol) coated capillary in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2072-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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26
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Dixit S, Park JH. Application of antibiotics as chiral selectors for capillary electrophoretic enantioseparation of pharmaceuticals: a review. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:10-26. [PMID: 23780664 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed several new trends in chiral separation, for example, the enantiorecognition ability of several new antibiotics has been explored using capillary electrophoresis (CE) prior to HPLC; antibiotics have been employed as chiral selectors (CSs) in a nonaqueous CE (NACE) mode; and several new detection techniques (namely, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection) have been used in combination with CE for quantification of enantiomers. On account of these emerging trends, this article aims to review the application of various classes of antibiotics for CE enantioseparation of pharmaceuticals. A detailed account of the basic factors affecting enantioseparation, certain limitations of antibiotics as CSs and strategies to mitigate them, and advantages of NACE while using antibiotics as CSs has also been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea
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27
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Orlandini S, Gotti R, Furlanetto S. Multivariate optimization of capillary electrophoresis methods: a critical review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 87:290-307. [PMID: 23669025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this article a review on the recent applications of multivariate techniques for optimization of electromigration methods, is presented. Papers published in the period from August 2007 to February 2013, have been taken into consideration. Upon a brief description of each of the involved CE operative modes, the characteristics of the chemometric strategies (type of design, factors and responses) applied to face a number of analytical challenges, are presented. Finally, a critical discussion, giving some practical advices and pointing out the most common issues involved in multivariate set-up of CE methods, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Orlandini
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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28
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Rodríguez J, Castañeda G, Muñoz L. Direct determination of pregabalin in human urine by nonaqueous CE-TOF-MS. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1429-36. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juana Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Ciudad Real; Spain
| | - Gregorio Castañeda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Ciudad Real; Spain
| | - Lorena Muñoz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Ciudad Real; Spain
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29
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An ion-pair principle for enantioseparations of basic analytes by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis using the di-n-butyl l-tartrate–boric acid complex as chiral selector. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1284:188-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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30
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Kuehnbaum NL, Britz-McKibbin P. New Advances in Separation Science for Metabolomics: Resolving Chemical Diversity in a Post-Genomic Era. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2437-68. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300484s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L. Kuehnbaum
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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31
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A study on the system of nonaqueous microchip electrophoresis with on-line peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:713-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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32
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Buglione L, See HH, Hauser PC. Study on the effects of electrolytes and solvents in the determination of quaternary ammonium ions by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:317-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Buglione
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel; Switzerland
| | | | - Peter C. Hauser
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel; Switzerland
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34
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Su HL, Lee YP, Hung HY, Lee CY, Chung WS, Hsieh YZ. Analysis of Calix[4]arenes Using Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201200259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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In situ synthesis of twelve dialkyltartrate–boric acid complexes and two polyols–boric acid complexes and their applications as chiral ion-pair selectors in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1248:182-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Lopez-Gazpio J, Garcia-Arrona R, Ostra M, Millán E. Optimization and validation of a nonaqueous micellar electrokinetic chromatography method for determination of polycyclic musks in perfumes. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1344-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Abstract
AbstractEnantiomers (stereoisomers) can exhibit substantially different properties if present in chiral environments. Since chirality is a basic property of nature, the different behaviors of the individual enantiomers must be carefully studied and properly treated. Therefore, enantioselective separations are a very important part of separation science. To achieve the separation of enantiomers, an enantioselective environment must be created by the addition of a chiral selector to the separation system. Many chiral selectors have been designed and used in various fields, such as the analyses of drugs, food constituents and agrochemicals. The most popular have become the chiral selectors and/or chiral stationary phases that are of general use, i.e., are applicable in various separation systems and allow for chiral separation of structurally different compounds. This review covers the most important chiral selectors / chiral stationary phases described and applied in high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis during the period of the last three years (2008–2011).
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38
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Forst MB, Warner AM. Development and validation of non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis methods to analyze boronic esters and acids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 64-65:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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Study on the use of boromycin as a chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1237:128-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Development of a non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis method with UV–visible and fluorescence detection for phenolics compounds in olive oil. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:279-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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41
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Kubáň P, Timerbaev AR. CE of inorganic species - A review of methodological advancements over 2009-2010. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:196-210. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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42
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Noblitt SD, Speights RM, Henry CS. Protonated diamines as anion-binding agents and their utility in capillary electrophoresis separations. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:2986-93. [PMID: 22002837 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Capillary zone electrophoresis is a proven method for separating small ions because of the inherent charge and differences in mobility of these analytes. Despite its resolving power, CZE can be insufficient for separating ions with similar mobilities. One remedy is to modify mobilities via the addition of background electrolyte complexation agents. However, this approach is not straightforward for inorganic anions, which lack complexation options. To address this shortfall, the diprotonated diamine moiety was investigated for complexation of dianions. Dicationic diamines significantly complexed dianions, and this interaction was not purely electrostatic in nature because affinities varied with dianion identity. Aqueous association constants were measured with affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) and found to be similar in magnitude but different in selectivity to those of dianions with magnesium ion. Binding was also investigated for zwitterionic buffers containing the protonated diamine moiety. Zwitterions exhibited binding constants as high as 18 M(-1) (30-mM ionic strength). This work discusses the observed binding constants and their potential usefulness in CZE separations of inorganic anions. Also covered are improvements to ACE methodology and an evaluation of some of the assumptions employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Noblitt
- Chemistry Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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43
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Oracz J, Nebesny E, Zyżelewicz D. New trends in quantification of acrylamide in food products. Talanta 2011; 86:23-34. [PMID: 22063508 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Methods applied in acrylamide quantification in foods have been reviewed in this paper. Novel analytical techniques like capillary electrophoresis (CE), immunoenzymatic test (ELISA) and electrochemical biosensors, which can replace traditional methods like high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) were presented. Short time of analysis and high resolution power of electrophoretic techniques caused that they became routinely used in food analysis apart from high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Application of modern chromatography methods like ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) in acrylamide quantification considerably shortened the time of analysis and decreased the consumption of indispensable reagents. The most promising approaches to acrylamide quantification in foods are electrochemical biosensors and immunoenzymatic tests. In contrast to chromatography and electrophoretic methods they require neither expensive equipment nor time consuming sample preparation and allow for fast screening of numerous samples without the usage of sophisticated apparatuses. Because of many advantages such as miniaturization, rapid and simple analysis, and high sensitivity and selectivity, biosensors are thought to replace conventional methods of acrylamide quantification in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Oracz
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Technical University of Lodz, 4/10 Stefanowskiego Street, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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44
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Gotti R. Capillary electrophoresis of phytochemical substances in herbal drugs and medicinal plants. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:775-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Baños CE, Silva M. A novel clean-up method for urine analysis of low-molecular mass aldehydes by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1412-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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46
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Wang LJ, Hu SQ, Guo QL, Yang GL, Chen XG. Di-n-amyl l-tartrate–boric acid complex chiral selector in situ synthesis and its application in chiral nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1300-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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47
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TENG H, YUAN BQ, YOU TY. Recent Advances in Application of Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(09)60078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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Sasajima Y, Lim LW, Takeuchi T, Suenami K, Sato K, Takekoshi Y. Simultaneous determination of antidepressants by non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis-time of flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7598-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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49
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Xu L, Basheer C, Lee HK. Solvent-bar microextraction of herbicides combined with non-aqueous field-amplified sample injection capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6036-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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50
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Application and potential of capillary electroseparation methods to determine antioxidant phenolic compounds from plant food material. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1130-60. [PMID: 20719447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidants are one of the most common active ingredients of nutritionally functional foods which can play an important role in the prevention of oxidation and cellular damage inhibiting or delaying the oxidative processes. In recent years there has been an increased interest in the application of antioxidants to medical treatment as information is constantly gathered linking the development of human diseases to oxidative stress. Within antioxidants, phenolic molecules are an important category of compounds, commonly present in a wide variety of plant food materials. Their correct determination is pivotal nowadays and involves their extraction from the sample, analytical separation, identification, quantification and interpretation of the data. The aim of this review is to provide an overview about all the necessary steps of any analytical procedure to achieve the determination of phenolic compounds from plant matrices, paying particular attention to the application and potential of capillary electroseparation methods. Since it is quite complicated to establish a classification of plant food material, and to structure the current review, we will group the different matrices as follows: fruits, vegetables, herbs, spices and medicinal plants, beverages, vegetable oils, cereals, legumes and nuts and other matrices (including cocoa beans and bee products). At the end of the overview, we include two sections to explain the usefulness of the data about phenols provided by capillary electrophoresis and the newest trends.
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