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Kaur H, Siwal SS, Saini RV, Singh N, Thakur VK. Significance of an Electrochemical Sensor and Nanocomposites: Toward the Electrocatalytic Detection of Neurotransmitters and Their Importance within the Physiological System. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 3:1-27. [PMID: 37101467 PMCID: PMC10125382 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A prominent neurotransmitter (NT), dopamine (DA), is a chemical messenger that transmits signals between one neuron to the next to pass on a signal to and from the central nervous system (CNS). The imbalanced concentration of DA may cause numerous neurological sicknesses and syndromes, for example, Parkinson's disease (PD) and schizophrenia. There are many types of NTs in the brain, including epinephrine, norepinephrine (NE), serotonin, and glutamate. Electrochemical sensors have offered a creative direction to biomedical analysis and testing. Researches are in progress to improve the performance of sensors and develop new protocols for sensor design. This review article focuses on the area of sensor growth to discover the applicability of polymers and metallic particles and composite materials as tools in electrochemical sensor surface incorporation. Electrochemical sensors have attracted the attention of researchers as they possess high sensitivity, quick reaction rate, good controllability, and instantaneous detection. Efficient complex materials provide considerable benefits for biological detection as they have exclusive chemical and physical properties. Due to distinctive electrocatalytic characteristics, metallic nanoparticles add fascinating traits to materials that depend on the material's morphology and size. Herein, we have collected much information on NTs and their importance within the physiological system. Furthermore, the electrochemical sensors and corresponding techniques (such as voltammetric, amperometry, impedance, and chronoamperometry) and the different types of electrodes' roles in the analysis of NTs are discussed. Furthermore, other methods for detecting NTs include optical and microdialysis methods. Finally, we show the advantages and disadvantages of different techniques and conclude remarks with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harjot Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, M.M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Samarjeet Singh Siwal
- Department of Chemistry, M.M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Reena V. Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Nirankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, M.M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
- Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
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Terashima H, Yamamoto A, Aizawa SI, Taga A, Mikami I, Ishihara Y, Kodama S. Enantioseparation of phenethylamines by using high-performance liquid chromatography column permanently coated with methylated β-cyclodextrin. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2932-2940. [PMID: 34077621 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins and their derivatives have been used for chiral high-performance liquid chromatography selectors, while they are costly to use as mobile phase additives in high-performance liquid chromatography. Here, we report application of phenyl column coated permanently with methylated β-cyclodextrin for chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. A 0.1% (v/v) phosphoric acid solution containing 1 M NaCl and 0.5% (w/v) methylated β-cyclodextrin was subjected to a phenyl column at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min at 30°C for 2 h. Using the precoating phenyl column, all the enantiomers of the four phenethylamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine, octopamine, and synephrine) were successfully separated simultaneously by high-performance liquid chromatography with a mobile phase without methylated β-cyclodextrin at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min at 30°C. The enantioseparation ability was retained for successive analyses during 1 week. It is suggested that inclusion complex of methylated β-cyclodextrin with a phenyl group on the surface of the stationary phase could be formed and that the inclusion complex could form the ternary complex with the injected analytes. The longer retention time of (S)-enantiomers of analytes than corresponding (R)-enantiomers for high-performance liquid chromatography could be explained from the higher stability of the methylated β-cyclodextrin complexes with (S)-enantiomers, which were confirmed by capillary electrophoresis and 1 H NMR spectroscopy experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Taga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikko Mikami
- School of Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | | | - Shuji Kodama
- School of Science, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
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Lv H, Luo S, Tian R, Zhang W, Sun B, Cui Y. Analysis of endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine enantiomers in rat plasma and application to a stereoselective pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 177:112859. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of epinephrine and norepinephrine based on cetyltrimethylammonium bromide assisted SnO 2 nanoparticles. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kirkpatrick D, Yang J, Trehy M. Determination of the enantiomeric purity of epinephrine by HPLC with circular dichroism detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017; 2017:1-8. [PMID: 28845100 PMCID: PMC5568804 DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1333962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Several hundred drug substances approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration are chiral molecules. For the enantiomeric purity assessment, current practice is to develop separation techniques using chiral columns or mobile phase modifiers to separate enantiomers before detection. An alternative approach is to use currently accepted HPLC assay methods and use chiral-specific detectors to confirm whether the correct enantiomer is present. In this paper, adding a circular dichroism (CD) detector to an achiral HPLC method from the US Pharmacopeia (USP) is shown to be amenable for the determination of the enantiomeric purity of epinephrine, a substance used to treat anaphylaxis. This HPLC-UV-CD approach was able to detect the inactive D-(+) enantiomer at 1% of the total epinephrine composition. The linearity, accuracy, and precision of HPLC-UV-CD were evaluated and compared to analyses using a chiral HPLC method. Additionally, an epinephrine drug product was analyzed for assay (concentration) and enantiomeric purity. The results from achiral and chiral methods were identical within the experimental error. Overall, achiral chromatography performed using a USP method with CD detection may serve as a general means of determining chiral drug enantiomer purity and avoids the need for the development of additional chiral-specific methods for each individual drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Kirkpatrick
- United States Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jingyue Yang
- United States Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Trehy
- United States Food and Drug Administration, CDER, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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6
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Sánchez-López E, Marcos A, Ambrosio E, Marina ML, Crego AL. Enantioseparation of the constituents involved in the phenylalanine-tyrosine metabolic pathway by capillary electrophoresis tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:372-382. [PMID: 27371023 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are well-known neurotransmitters playing different roles in the nervous and endocrine system. These compounds are biologically synthesized in the phenylalanine-tyrosine pathway which consists on the successive conversion of l-phenylalanine into l-tyrosine, l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. This work describes the development of an enantioselective CE-ESI-MS2 methodology enabling, for the first time, the simultaneous enantioseparation of all the constituents involved in the Phe-Tyr metabolic pathway, since all these compounds except dopamine are chiral. The developed method was based on the use of a dual CDs system formed by 180mM of methyl-β-CD and 40mM of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-CD dissolved in 2M formic acid (pH 1.2) and presented the advantage of avoiding the use of any time-consuming labelling procedure. LODs ranged from 40 to 150nM and the unequivocal identification of the compounds investigated was achieved through their MS2 spectra. The applicability of this methodology to the analysis of biological samples (rat plasma) was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-López
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Marcos
- Departamento de Psicobiología, UNED, Juan del Rosal 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Ambrosio
- Departamento de Psicobiología, UNED, Juan del Rosal 10, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio L Crego
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Deeb SE, Wätzig H, El-Hady DA, Albishri HM, de Griend CSV, Scriba GKE. Recent advances in capillary electrophoretic migration techniques for pharmaceutical analysis. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:170-89. [PMID: 24395663 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction about 30 years ago, CE techniques have gained a significant impact in pharmaceutical analysis. The present review covers recent advances and applications of CE for the analysis of pharmaceuticals. Both small molecules and biomolecules such as proteins are considered. The applications range from the determination of drug-related substances to the analysis of counterions and the determination of physicochemical parameters. Furthermore, general considerations of CE methods in pharmaceutical analysis are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Drug Analysis and Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Azhar University - Gaza, Gaza, Palestine; Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Determination of impurities and counterions of pharmaceuticals by capillary electromigration methods. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2039-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sille Štěpánová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
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Sánchez-López E, Salgado A, Crego AL, Marina ML. Investigation on the enantioseparation of duloxetine by capillary electrophoresis, NMR, and mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2842-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology; Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Antonio Salgado
- Center of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology (CQAB); University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Antonio L. Crego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology; Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology; Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
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Preparation and evaluation of a monolithic molecularly imprinted polymer for the chiral separation of neurotransmitters and their analogues by capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:849-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Fundamental aspects of chiral electromigration techniques and application in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 55:688-701. [PMID: 21131154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electromigration techniques are often considered ideal methods for the analysis of chiral compounds due to the high resolution power and flexibility of the technique. Therefore, especially capillary electrophoresis using a chiral selector in the background electrolyte, also termed electrokinetic chromatography, has found widespread acceptance in analytical enantioseparations of drug compounds in pharmaceuticals and biological media. Moreover, mechanistic studies on analyte complexation by the chiral selectors have continuously been conducted in an effort to rationalize enantioseparation phenomena. These studies combined capillary electrophoresis with spectroscopic techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance and/or molecular modeling. The present review focuses on recent examples of mechanistic aspects of capillary electromigration enantioseparations and summarizes recent applications of chiral pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis published between January 2009 and August 2010.
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