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Nia NN, Hadjmohammadi MR. Preparation of Ferrofluid from Adipic Acid Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles and Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent Used in Dispersive Micro-Solid-Phase Extraction: Application for the Pre-Concentration and Determination of Clozapine in Biological Samples. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:569-578. [PMID: 36461781 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is the preparation of a novel magnetic ferrofluid (FF) based on a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES), which is used for the extraction of trace quantities of clozapine from biological samples. For this purpose, a highly stable FF was prepared through the combination of adipic acid-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) plus tetraethylammonium chloride/thymol hDES without an additional stabilizer. These solvents were synthesized by the available and less-toxic materials, which is the appropriate option to support the solvents for the preparation of FF. In this study, a water-immiscible DES acts simultaneously as a carrier and stabilizer for the MNPs. In addition, the strong interactions between clozapine and magnetic FF could increase the extraction efficiency. The fractional factorial design was used for screening the experimental parameters. Then, the effective factors were optimized using the Box-Behnken design. The optimum extraction conditions were the following: pH of the sample solution: 8, the volume of the desorption solvent: 200 μL and desorption time: 5 min. Moreover, the suggested method exhibited low limits of detection in the range of 2.8-3.1 μg L-1. The linear range was 10.0-500.0 μg L-1 for human plasma and urine samples with acceptable recoveries greater than 91.4%. In addition, the proposed method is convenient, sensitive, effective, rapid and environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Nooraee Nia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, NirooHavayii Boulevard, 47416-95447 Babolsar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Hadjmohammadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, NirooHavayii Boulevard, 47416-95447 Babolsar, Iran
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2
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Liu S, Lai Z, Zhang M, Tian H, Zhou J, Li Z. Facile synthesis of amino-functionalized magnetic materials for efficient enrichment of anionic metabolites from biological samples. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1250:340977. [PMID: 36898822 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of biological samples is often affected by the background matrix. Proper sample preparation is a critical step in the analytical procedure for complex samples. In this study, a simple and efficient enrichment strategy based on Amino-functionalized Polymer-Magnetic MicroParticles (NH2-PMMPs) with coral-like porous structures was developed to enable the detection of 320 anionic metabolites, providing detailed coverage of phosphorylation metabolism. Among them, 102 polar phosphate metabolites including nucleotides, cyclic nucleotides, sugar nucleotides, phosphate sugars, and phosphates, were enriched and identified from serum, tissues, and cells. Furthermore, the detection of 34 previously unknown polar phosphate metabolites in serum samples demonstrates the advantages of this efficient enrichment method for mass spectrometric analysis. The limit of detections (LODs) were between 0.02 and 4 nmol/L for most anionic metabolites and its high sensitivity enabled the detection of 36 polar anion metabolites from 10 cell equivalent samples. This study has provided a promising tool for the efficient enrichment and analysis of anionic metabolites in biological samples with high sensitivity and broad coverage, facilitating the knowledge of the phosphorylation processes of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Zhizhen Lai
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Mo Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Hongtao Tian
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jiang Zhou
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Zhili Li
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
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Vállez-Gomis V, Exojo-Trujillo S, Benedé JL, Chisvert A, Salvador A. Stir bar sorptive-dispersive microextraction by a poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)-based magnetic sorbent for the determination of tricyclic antidepressants and their main active metabolites in human urine. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:52. [PMID: 35000010 PMCID: PMC8742809 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)-based magnetic sorbent was used for the rapid and sensitive determination of tricyclic antidepressants and their main active metabolites in human urine. This material was characterized by magnetism measurements, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, and thermogravimetric analysis. The proposed analytical method is based on stir bar sorptive-dispersive microextraction (SBSDME) followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The main parameters involved in the extraction step were optimized by using the response surface methodology as a multivariate optimization method, whereas a univariate approach was employed to study the desorption parameters. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method was properly validated showing good linearity (at least up to 50 ng mL-1) and enrichment factors (13-22), limits of detection and quantification in the low ng L-1 range (1.4-7.0 ng L-1), and good intra- and inter-day repeatability (relative standard deviations below 15%). Matrix effects were observed for the direct analysis of urine samples, but they were negligible when a 1:1 v/v dilution with deionized water was performed. Finally, the method was successfully applied to human urine samples from three volunteers, one of them consuming a prescribed drug for depression that tested positive for clomipramine and its main active metabolite. Quantitative relative recoveries (80-113%) were obtained by external calibration. The present work expands the applicability of the SBSDME to new analytes and new types of magnetic sorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Vállez-Gomis
- GICAPC Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Exojo-Trujillo
- GICAPC Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan L Benedé
- GICAPC Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Chisvert
- GICAPC Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Amparo Salvador
- GICAPC Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Ghorbani M, Mohammadi P, Keshavarzi M, Ziroohi A, Mohammadi M, Aghamohammadhasan M, Pakseresht M. Developments of Microextraction (Extraction) Procedures for Sample Preparation of Antidepressants in Biological and Water Samples, a Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:1285-1312. [PMID: 34955046 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2018648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressants are an important class of drugs to treat various types of depression. The determination of antidepressants is crucial in biological samples to control adverse effects in humans and study pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Direct measurement of antidepressants in biological and water samples is a considerable challenge for analysts due to their low concentration, the high matrix effects of real samples, and the presence of metabolites of these drugs in biological samples. The challenge leads to using sample preparation processes as a critical step in determining antidepressants. Extraction and microextraction procedures have been widely utilized as sample preparation procedures for these drugs. The purposes of extraction or microextraction methods for antidepressant medications are to preconcentrate the analyte, reduce the matrix effects, increase the selectivity of the procedures, and convert the sample to a suitable format for introducing it into detection systems. In the review, the various extraction and microextraction methods of these drugs in biological, real water, and wastewater samples were investigated. The theory of each technique was briefly addressed to understand the features and factors affecting each method. The extraction and microextraction methods were classified based on their application for antidepressants, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique were reviewed. The new developments to overcome the limitations of each procedure were discussed. The investigation indicated the number of applications of liquid-phase microextraction for extracting antidepressants has been almost equal to that of solid-phase microextraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ghorbani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parisa Mohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Majid Keshavarzi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Ziroohi
- Department of biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Morteza Mohammadi
- School of Medicine, Sechenov University of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Maryam Pakseresht
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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5
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Majidi SM, Hadjmohammadi MR. Air-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic droplets followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection for the determination of Clozapine in biological samples. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-019-01695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Cai J, Zhu GT, He XM, Zhang Z, Wang RQ, Feng YQ. Polyoxometalate incorporated polymer monolith microextraction for highly selective extraction of antidepressants in undiluted urine. Talanta 2017; 170:252-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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A liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method based on post column derivatization for automated analysis of urinary hexanal and heptanal. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1493:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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9
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Preparation of magnetic ODS-PAN thin-films for microextraction of quetiapine and clozapine in plasma and urine samples followed by HPLC-UV detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 125:319-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Electrochemically modified carbon fiber bundles as selective sorbent for online solid-phase microextraction of sulfonamides. Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1726-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Preparation, characterization and application of N-methylene phosphonic acid chitosan grafted magnesia–zirconia stationary phase. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 854:191-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Zhang J, Chen G, Tian M, Li R, Quan X, Jia Q. A novel organic–inorganic hybrid monolithic column prepared in-situ in a microchip and its application for the determination of 2-amino-4-chlorophenol in chlorzoxazone tablets. Talanta 2013; 115:801-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Hosseiny Davarani SS, Nojavan S, Asadi R, Banitaba MH. Electro-assisted solid-phase microextraction based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophen) combined with GC for the quantification of tricyclic antidepressants. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2315-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Nojavan
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran Iran
| | - Roghayeh Asadi
- Faculty of Chemistry; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran Iran
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14
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Breadmore MC, Shallan AI, Rabanes HR, Gstoettenmayr D, Abdul Keyon AS, Gaspar A, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2010-2012). Electrophoresis 2013; 34:29-54. [PMID: 23161056 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CE has been alive for over two decades now, yet its sensitivity is still regarded as being inferior to that of more traditional methods of separation such as HPLC. As such, it is unsurprising that overcoming this issue still generates much scientific interest. This review continues to update this series of reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, with updates published in 2009 and 2011 and covers material published through to June 2012. It includes developments in the field of stacking, covering all methods from field amplified sample stacking and large volume sample stacking, through to isotachophoresis, dynamic pH junction and sweeping. Attention is also given to online or inline extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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15
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Advances in monolithic materials for sample preparation in drug and pharmaceutical analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Trace analysis of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with antipsychotic drugs for Alzheimer’s disease by capillary electrophoresis with on column field-amplified sample injection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:3233-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6767-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Šlampová A, Malá Z, Pantůčková P, Gebauer P, Boček P. Contemporary sample stacking in analytical electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:3-18. [PMID: 23161176 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sample stacking is a term denoting a multifarious class of methods and their names that are used daily in CE for online concentration of diluted samples to enhance separation efficiency and sensitivity of analyses. The essence of these methods is that analytes present at low concentrations in a large injected sample zone are concentrated into a short and sharp zone (stack) in the separation capillary. Then the stacked analytes are separated and detected. Regardless of the diversity of the stacking electromigration methods, one can distinguish four main principles that form the bases of nearly all of them: (i) Kohlrausch adjustment of concentrations, (ii) pH step, (iii) micellar methods, and (iv) transient ITP. This contribution is a continuation of our previous reviews on the topic and brings an overview of papers published during 2010-2012 and relevant to the mentioned principles (except the last one which is covered by another review in this issue).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šlampová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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Wen Y, Li J, Ma J, Chen L. Recent advances in enrichment techniques for trace analysis in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2933-52. [PMID: 23019127 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CE is gaining great popularity as a well-established separation technique for many fields such as pharmaceutical research, clinical application, environmental monitoring, and food analysis, owing to its high resolving power, rapidity, and small amount of samples and reagents required. However, the sensitivity in CE analysis is still considered as being inferior to that in HPLC analysis. Diverse enrichment methods and techniques have been increasingly developed for overcoming this issue. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in enrichment techniques containing off-line preconcentration (sample preparation) and on-line concentration (sample stacking) to enhancing sensitivity in CE for trace analysis over the last 5 years. Some relatively new cleanup and preconcentration methods involving the use of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, supercritical fluid extraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, etc., and the continued use and improvement of conventional SPE, have been comprehensively reviewed and proved effective preconcentration alternatives for liquid, semisolid, and solid samples. As for CE on-line stacking, we give an overview of field amplication, sweeping, pH regulation, and transient isotachophoresis, and the coupling of multiple modes. Moreover, some limitations and comparisons related to such methods/techniques are also discussed. Finally, the combined use of various enrichment techniques and some significant attempts are proposed to further promote analytical merits in CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research-YIC, Chinese Academy of Sciences-CAS, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, P. R. China
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19
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Review of recent developments of on-line sample stacking techniques and their application in capillary electrophoresis. OPEN CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-012-0007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractCapillary electrophoresis (CE) has become one of the most useful tools in separation science because of its high separation efficiency, low cost, versatility, ease of sample preparation and automation. However, some limitations of CE, such as poor concentration sensitivity due to its lower sample loading and shorter optical path length, limits its further applications in separation science. In order to solve this problem, various on-line sample preconcentration techniques such as transient isotachophoresis preconcentration, field-enhanced sample stacking, micelle to solvent stacking, micelle collapse, dynamic pH junction, sweeping, solid phase extraction, single drop microextraction and liquid phase microextraction have been combined with CE. Recent developments, applications and some variants together with different combinations of these techniques integrating in CE are reviewed here and our discussions will be confined to the past three years (2008–2011).
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20
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Determination of sulfonamides in food samples by membrane-protected micro-solid phase extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1219:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Namera A, Nakamoto A, Saito T, Miyazaki S. Monolith as a new sample preparation material: Recent devices and applications. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:901-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Kang QS, Li Y, Xu JQ, Su LJ, Li YT, Huang WH. Polymer monolith-integrated multilayer poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchip for online microextraction and capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3028-34. [PMID: 20872608 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We reported the in situ synthesis and use of porous polymer monolith (PPM) columns in an integrated multilayer PDMS/glass microchip for microvalve-assisted on-line microextraction and microchip electrophoresis for the first time. Under the control of PDMS microvalves, the grafting of the microchannel surface and in situ photopolymerization of poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith in a defined zone were successfully achieved. Different factors including the surface grafting, polymerization time, PDMS elastic properties (ratio of oligomer/curing reagent) and UV intensity that affect the monolith synthesis in the PDMS microchannel were investigated and optimized. Dopamine, a model analyte, has been online microextracted, eluted, electrophoresized and electrochemically detected in the microchip, with a mean concentration enrichment factor of 80 (n=3). The results demonstrated that the PPM could be synthesized successfully in the PDMS microchip with a homogeneous structure and excellent mechanical properties. Furthermore, owing to the intrinsic character using PDMS in large-scale integrated microsystems, the implantation of PPM pretreatment units in PDMS microchips would make it possible to deal with complicated analytical processes in a high-throughput way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Shu Kang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P R China
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23
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Malá Z, Gebauer P, Boček P. Contemporary sample stacking in analytical electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:116-26. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Zheng MM, Wang ST, Hu WK, Feng YQ. In-tube solid-phase microextraction based on hybrid silica monolith coupled to liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for automated analysis of ten antidepressants in human urine and plasma. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7493-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Porous monoliths: sorbents for miniaturized extraction in biological analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:3345-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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